Innovative Work Behavior in Start-Ups: Mediation and Moderation Analysis of Job Insecurity, Transformational Leadership, and Subjective Well-Being
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15408/tazkiya.v13i2.47338Keywords:
innovative work behavior, quantitative job insecurity, qualitative job insecurity, subjective well beingAbstract
Amid unstable funding and high rates of business failure, Indonesia’s start-up ecosystem increasingly depends on employees’ innovative work behavior. Yet, the psychological mechanisms that drive such behavior remain underexplored in start-up-focused research. This study aims to examine the direct and indirect relationships between subjective well-being, job insecurity, and transformational leadership on innovative work behavior among start-up employees in Indonesia. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, involving 421 start-up employees. Data analysis was performed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with a disjoint two-stage approach to address the hierarchical construct structure. The results indicate that job insecurity does not have a direct effect on innovative work behavior, whereas transformational leadership shows a significant direct effect. Additionally, subjective well-being serves as a mediator in the relationship between both job insecurity and transformational leadership with innovative work behavior. However, transformational leadership does not moderate the relationship between job insecurity and innovative work behavior. The findings suggest that organizations should develop policies or interventions that strengthen subjective well-being and transformational leadership as strategic efforts to enhance innovative work behavior among employees in start-up environments.
Downloads
References
Achmad, L. I., Noermijati, Rofiaty, & Irawanto, D. W. (2023). Job satisfaction and employee engagement as mediators of the relationship between talent development and intention to stay in generation Z workers. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(1), e0814. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i1.814
Adrian, A., Fiza, A. K., & Zulvia, Y. (2022). Job insecurity and innovative work behavior: Case study on hotel employees during COVID-19. Proceedings of the Eighth Padang International Conference on Economics Education, Economics, Business and Management, Accounting and Entrepreneurship, 346–353. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220702.053
Afsar, B., Badir, Y., & Saeed, B. (2014). Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 114(8), 1270–1300. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-05-2014-0152/FULL/XML
Afsar, B., & Umrani, W. A. (2020a). Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior: The role of motivation to learn, task complexity and innovation climate. European Journal of Innovation Management, 23(3), 402–428. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2018-0257/FULL/HTML
Afsar, B., & Umrani, W. A. (2020b). Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior: The role of motivation to learn, task complexity and innovation climate. European Journal of Innovation Management, 23(3), 402–428. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2018-0257/FULL/XML
Agaoglu, F. O., Bas, M., Tarsuslu, S., & Ekinci, L. O. (2025). Serial mediating role of transformational leadership and perception of artificial intelligence use in the effect of employee happiness on innovative work behaviour in nurses. BMC Nursing, 24(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12912-025-02776-9/TABLES/6
Akhtar, H. (2019). Evaluasi properti psikometris dan perbandingan model pengukuran konstruk subjective well-being. Jurnal Psikologi, 18(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.14710/JP.18.1.29-40
Aliane, N., Al-Romeedy, B. S., Agina, M. F., Salah, P. A. M., Abdallah, R. M., Fatah, M. A. H. A., Khababa, N., & Khairy, H. A. (2023). How job insecurity affects innovative work behavior in the hospitality and tourism industry? The roles of knowledge hiding behavior and team anti-citizenship behavior. Sustainability, 15(18), 139-156. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU151813956
Aliane, N., & Zakariya, A. (2023). Effects of technology and process innovation on employee performance: mediating role of job satisfaction, and moderating role of change readiness. International Journal of EBusiness and EGovernment Studies, 15(1), 234–254. https://doi.org/10.34109/ijebeg.2023150111
Aminova, M., & Marchi, E. (2021). The role of innovation on start-up failure vs. its success. International Journal of Business Ethics and Governance, 41–72. https://doi.org/10.51325/ijbeg.v4i1.60
Arcuri, M. C., Russo, I., & Gandolfi, G. (2024). Productivity of innovation: The effect of innovativeness on start-up survival. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 1–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10961-024-10069-7
Arshad, A. S., Rasli, A., Arshard, A. A., & Zain, Z. M. (2016). Transformational leadership style and business performance: An insight from techno-based SMEs in Malaysia. In The 3rd International Conference on Business and Economics, 34–42. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.11.02.5
Baidun, A., Murniasih, F., Lubis, R. H., Ghina, A., Latifa, R., & Irvan, Moh. (2024). Innovative work behavior of santri: The influence of proactive personality and boarding school climate. Tazkiya Journal of Psychology, 12(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.15408/tazkiya.v12i1.37945
Bak, H. U., Jin, M. H., & McDonald, B. D. (2022). Unpacking the transformational leadership-innovative work behavior relationship: The mediating role of psychological capital. Public Performance & Management Review, 45(1), 80–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2021.1939737
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Barhate, B., & Dirani, K. M. (2022). Career aspirations of generation Z: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(1–2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2020-0124/FULL/XML
Barker, T. (2024). Gen-Z in the modern workplace: Mental health and well-being matters. Forbes.
Barkoczy, S., & Wilkinson, T. (2019). Innovation, Start-Ups and Venture Capital. 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6632-1_2
Bierbrier, C. V. (2022). Work value preferences of Generation Z in the United States (Master’s thesis).
Bobbio, A., Manganelli, A. M., & Cannone, S. (2017). Job insecurity, subjective well-being and the moderating role of locomotion. Giornale Italiano Di Medicina Del Lavoro Ed Ergonomia, 39(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.4081/GIMLE.603
Bohdziewicz, P. (2016). Career anchors of representatives of generation Z: Some conclusions for managing the younger generation of employees. Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi, (6), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.13602.32328
Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., Bywaters, D., & Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: Complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), 652–661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120927206
Cantamessa, M., Gatteschi, V., Perboli, G., & Rosano, M. (2018). Startups’ roads to failure. Sustainability, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU10072346
Carless, S. A., Wearing, A. J., & Mann, L. (2000a). A short measure of transformational leadership. Journal of Business and Psychology, 14(3), 389–405. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022991115523/METRICS
Carless, S. A., Wearing, A. J., & Mann, L. (2000b). A short measure of transformational leadership. Journal of Business and Psychology, 14(3), 389–405. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022991115523
Chang, J. C., Lee, C. Y., Wei, P. Y., & Huang, W. C. (2017). How do employees inspire innovative work behavior? Transformational leadership and work motivation perspectives. IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 1797–1801. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEM.2017.8290201
Chang, J., Park, O.-K. D., Lee, W., Siew, F., Bí Nczycki, B., Łukasí Nski, W., & Dorocki, S. (2023). Determinants of motivation to work in terms of industry 4.0—the gen Z perspective. Sustainability, 15(15), 12069. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU151512069
Chung, D. S., & Li, J. M. (2021). Curvilinear effect of transformational leadership on innovative behavior among R&D teams in South Korea: Moderating role of team learning. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 34(1), 252–270. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-01-2017-0017
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2007). Job insecurity in temporary versus permanent workers: Associations with attitudes, well-being, and behaviour. Work & Stress, 21(1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370701229050
De Cuyper, N., De Witte, H., Krausz, M., Mohr, G., & Rigotti, T. (2010). Individual and organizational outcomes of employment contracts. Employment Contracts, Psychological Contracts & Employee Well-Being: An International Study; Guest, DE, Isaksson, K., De Witte, H., Eds, 65–87.
Deloitte. (2025). 2025 Gen Z and Millennial Survey: Growth and the pursuit of money, meaning & well-being. Deloitte Global. https://www.deloitte.com/global/en/issues/work/genz-millennial-survey.html
De Spiegelaere, S., Van Gyes, G., De Witte, H., Niesen, W., & Van Hootegem, G. (2014a). On the relation of job insecurity, job autonomy, innovative work behaviour and the mediating effect of work engagement. Creativity and Innovation Management, 23(3), 318–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/CAIM.12079
De Spiegelaere, S., Van Gyes, G., De Witte, H., Niesen, W., & Van Hootegem, G. (2014b). On the relation of job insecurity, job autonomy, innovative work behaviour and the mediating effect of work engagement. Creativity and Innovation Management, 23(3), 318–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/CAIM.12079
De Witte, H., Vander Elst, T., & De Cuyper, N. (2015). Job insecurity, health and well-being (pp. 109–128). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9798-6_7
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Fadila, F., Wolor, C. W., & Marsofiyati. (2025). A analysis transformational leadership of gen Z on BukaLapak. International Student Conference on Business, Education, Economics, Accounting, and Management (ISC-BEAM), 3(1), 740–756. https://doi.org/10.21009/ISC-BEAM.013.50
Fernet, C., Trépanier, S. G., Austin, S., Gagné, M., & Forest, J. (2015). Transformational leadership and optimal functioning at work: On the mediating role of employees’ perceived job characteristics and motivation. Work and Stress, 29(1), 11–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2014.1003998
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. The American Psychologist, 56(3), 218. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.56.3.218
Friedline, T., Chen, Z., & Morrow, S. P. (2021). Families’ financial stress & well-being: The importance of the economy and economic environments. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 42(1), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10834-020-09694-9/METRICS
Grow, J. M., & Yang, S. (2018). Generation-Z enters the advertising workplace: Expectations through a gendered lens. Journal of Advertising Education, 22(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098048218768595
Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RMAL.2022.100027
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). In SAGE Publications (3rd ed.). SAGE.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203/FULL/XML
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277–319. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014
Ibrahim, M., Karollah, B., Juned, V., & Yunus, M. (2022). The effect of transformational leadership, work motivation and culture on millennial generation employees performance of the manufacturing industry in the digital era. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2022.908966
International Test Commission. (2017). ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests (2nd ed., Version 2.4). https://www.intestcom.org/files/guideline_test_adaptation_2ed.pdf
Iorgulescu, M. (2016). Generation Z and its perception of work. Cross-Cultural Management Journal, 18(1), 47–54.
Islam, A. I. I., Akagha, O. V., Dawodu, S. O., Obi, O. C., Anyanwu, A. C., & Onwusinkwue, S. (2024). Innovation management in tech start-ups: A review of strategies for growth and sustainability. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 11(1), 807–816. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0150
Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort-reward fairness and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(3), 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317900167038
Janssen, O., Van De Vliert, E., & West, M. (2004). The bright and dark sides of individual and group innovation: a Special Issue introduction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(2), 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/JOB.242
Karimi, S., Malek, A., Farani, Y., Liobikien, A., Naqshbandi, M. M., Bashir, M., Karimi, S., Malek, F. A., Farani, A. Y., & Liobikien˙ E, G. E. (2023). The role of transformational leadership in developing innovative work behaviors: The mediating role of employees’ psychological capital. Sustainability 2023, Vol. 15, Page 1267, 15(2), 1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU15021267
Keim, A. C., Landis, R. S., Pierce, C. A., & Earnest, D. R. (2014). Why do employees worry about their jobs? A meta-analytic review of predictors of job insecurity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(3), 269–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036743
Khan, N. A., & Khan, A. N. (2019). What followers are saying about transformational leaders fostering employee innovation via organisational learning, knowledge sharing and social media use in public organisations? Government Information Quarterly, 36(4), 101391. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GIQ.2019.07.003
Kirchmayer, Z., & Fratričová. (2018). What motivates generation Z at Work? Insights into motivation drivers of business students in Slovakia. International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA). Proceedings of the 31st International Business Information Management Association Conference, IBIMA 2018: Innovation Management and Education Excellence through Vision 2020, 6019–6030. https://ibima.org/accepted-paper/what-motivates-generation-z-at-work-insights-into-motivation-drivers-of-business-students-in-slovakia/
Knezović, E., & Drkić, A. (2021). Innovative work behavior in SMEs: The role of transformational leadership. Employee Relations, 43(2), 398–415. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-03-2020-0124/FULL/XML
Kock, F., Berbekova, A., & Assaf, A. G. (2021). Understanding and managing the threat of common method bias: Detection, prevention and control. Tourism Management, 86, 104330. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2021.104330
König, C. J., & Staufenbiel, T. (2011). An evaluation of Borg’s cognitive and affective job insecurity scales. In International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(20). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230899004
Krishna, S. M., & Agrawal, S. (2024). Creative performance of millennials and generation z: what matters more, intrinsic or extrinsic rewards? Administrative Sciences, 15(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ADMSCI15010011
Kuo, C. C., Ni, Y. L., Wu, C. H., Duh, R. R., Chen, M. Y., & Chang, C. (2022). When can felt accountability promote innovative work behavior? The role of transformational leadership. Personnel Review, 51(7), 1807–1822. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-03-2021-0174/FULL/XML
Kwartawaty, N. N., Ismail, M. H., & Martadi, N. S. D. (2024). Most effective leadership styles for generation Z: A review. Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 3(9), 3321–3338. https://doi.org/10.55927/FJMR.V3I9.11009
Lange, F., Berger, S., Byrka, K., Brügger, A., Henn, L., Sparks, A. C., Nielsen, K. S., & Urban, J. (2023). Beyond self-reports: A call for more behavior in environmental psychology. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 86, 101965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.101965
Le, P. B. (2020). How transformational leadership facilitates radical and incremental innovation: The mediating role of individual psychological capital. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 12(3–4), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-04-2020-0129/FULL/XML
Li, H., Sajjad, N., Wang, Q., Ali, A. M., Khaqan, Z., & Amina, S. (2019). Influence of transformational leadership on employees’ innovative work behavior in sustainable organizations: Test of mediation and moderation processes. Sustainability, 11(6), 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11061594
Li, L., & Liu, Y. (2022). An integrated model of principal transformational leadership and teacher leadership that is related to teacher self-efficacy and student academic performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 42(4), 661–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1806036
Li, Y., & Li, Z. (2022). Dual-channel effect of job insecurity on knowledge workers’ innovative behavior. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1519717
Liu, W., Wang, W., & Yang, S. (2022). Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2022.1100645
Maloni, M., Hiatt, M. S., & Campbell, S. (2019). Understanding the work values of Gen Z business students. The International Journal of Management Education, 17(3), 100320. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJME.2019.100320
Martela, F. (2023). Managers matter less than we think: How can organizations function without any middle management? Journal of Organization Design, 12(1–2), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/S41469-022-00133-7/FIGURES/1
Montani, F., Courcy, F., Battistelli, A., & de Witte, H. (2021). Job insecurity and innovative work behaviour: A moderated mediation model of intrinsic motivation and trait mindfulness. Stress and Health : Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 37(4), 742–754. https://doi.org/10.1002/SMI.3034
Montani, F., Vandenberghe, C., Khedhaouria, A., & Courcy, F. (2020). Examining the inverted U-shaped relationship between workload and innovative work behavior: The role of work engagement and mindfulness. Human Relations, 73(1), 59–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718819055
Moroni, I., Arruda, A., & Araujo, K. (2015). The design and technological innovation: How to understand the growth of startups companies in competitive business environment. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 2199–2204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.361
Muttaqin, D. (2022). Invariansi pengukuran gender dan usia dari satisfaction with life scale versi indonesia (gender and age invariance of the indonesian version of satisfaction with life scale). https://publication.k-pin.org/index.php/jpu/article/view/438
Naresh, B., & Rathnam, B. V. (2015). Job hopping in software industry with reference to select software companies: A study. International Journal of Recent Research Aspects, 2(1), 38–45.
Nath, A., Rai, S., Bhatnagar, J., & Cooper, C. L. (2024a). Coping strategies mediating the effects of job insecurity on subjective well-being, leading to presenteeism: An empirical study. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 32(2), 209–235. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-10-2022-3476
Nath, A., Rai, S., Bhatnagar, J., & Cooper, C. L. (2024b). Coping strategies mediating the effects of job insecurity on subjective well-being, leading to presenteeism: An empirical study. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 32(2), 209–235. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-10-2022-3476/FULL/XML
Nguyen, M. T., & Petchsawang, P. (2024). Encouraging employees’ innovative behavior via the mediating effect of work engagement and the moderating effect of their proactive personality: the case of Generation Z in Vietnam. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2301162
Niesen, W., Van Hootegem, A., Elst, T. Vander, Battistelli, A., & De Witte, H. (2018). Job insecurity and innovative work behaviour: A psychological contract perspective. Psychologica Belgica, 57(4), 174. https://doi.org/10.5334/PB.381
Ogunola, A. A. (2024). Working conditions as a predictor of employees’ well-being in selected broadcasting organisations in Southwestern Nigeria. Tazkiya Journal of Psychology, 12(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.15408/tazkiya.v12i1.37845
Parker, K., & Igielnik, R. (2020). On the cusp of adulthood and facing an uncertain future: What we know about Gen Z so far. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/05/14/on-the-cusp-of-adulthood-and-facing-an-uncertain-future-what-we-know-about-gen-z-so-far/
Pladdys, J. (2024). Mitigating Workplace burnout through transformational leadership and employee participation in recovery experiences. HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine, 5(3), 215. https://doi.org/10.36518/2689-0216.1783
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7
Podsakoff, P. M., Podsakoff, N. P., Williams, L. J., Huang, C., & Yang, J. (2024). Common method bias: It’s bad, it’s complex, it’s widespread, and it’s not easy to fix. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 11, 17–61. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ORGPSYCH-110721-040030/1
Rademaker, T., & Süß, S. (2025). The role of transformational leadership in coping with followers’ technostress: A quantitative analysis. Management Revue, 36(2), 44017. https://doi.org/10.31083/MREV44017
Ramadhani, F., Komalasari, S., & Musfichin, M. (2023). Kebiasaan job hopping pada pekerja generasi milenial. Jurnal Al-Husna, 4(3), 200–211. https://doi.org/10.18592/JAH.V4I3.6637
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J. M. (2024). SmartPLS 4. SmartPLS. https://www.smartpls.com/
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Sari, G. K., Salendu, A., & Faidhil, M. (2025). Organizational learning culture and work engagement: A moderated mediation model of abusive supervision and employee resilience. TAZKIYA Journal of Psychology, 13(1), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.15408/tazkiya.v13i1.43118
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. H., Becker, J. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 27(3), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AUSMJ.2019.05.003
Schein, E. H. (2004). Learning when and how to lie. Human Relations, 57(3), 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726704043270
Segel, L. H., & Hatami, H. (2024). Mind the Gap: Gen Zers are obsessed with wellness. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/email/genz/2024/01/2024-01-23d.html
Shao, H., Fu, H., Ge, Y., Jia, W., Li, Z., & Wang, J. (2022). Moderating effects of transformational leadership, affective commitment, job performance, and job insecurity. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 847147. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2022.847147/BIBTEX
Silinevica, I., & Meirule, L. (2019). Generation Z enters into the Latvian business environment. Latgale National Economy Research, 1(11), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.17770/LNER2019VOL1.11.4317
Silva, D. S., Ghezzi, A., Aguiar, R. B. de, Cortimiglia, M. N., & ten Caten, C. S. (2020). Lean startup, agile methodologies and customer development for business model innovation: A systematic review and research agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 26(4), 595–628. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2019-0425/FULL/XML
Siregar, L. D., WK, W. F., & Meitisari, N. (2023). Transformational leadership: Gaya kepemimpinan ideal bagi generasi millenial. Jurnal Bisnis Dan Manajemen, 10(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.26905/JBM.V10I1.9919
Skala, A. (2019). Digital startups in transition economies: Challenges for management, entrepreneurship and education. Palgrave Macmillan.
Stankevičiūtė, Ž., Sanchez-Hernandez, M. I., & Staniškienė, E. (2021). The negative effect of job insecurity in the virtuous cycle between trust in the organization, subjective well-being, and task performance in the current volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity context. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 796669. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2021.796669/BIBTEX
Startup Ranking: Find the top and new startups worldwide. (n.d.). Retrieved September 29, 2025, from https://www.startupranking.com/
Sternberg, U., & Shoham, A. (2022). Explaining employee innovative behaviour: A test of an integrative model. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 26(1–2), 60–84. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEIM.2022.120887
Stiglbauer, B., & Batinic, B. (2015). Proactive coping with job insecurity: Is it always beneficial to well-being? Work & Stress, 29(3), 264–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2015.1074956
Sucahyo, W. B. (2019). Transformational leadership (TFL) dan subjective well-being (swb) pada karyawan produksi PT. X Salatiga. Humanitas (Jurnal Psikologi), 3(3), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.28932/HUMANITAS.V3I3.2272
Suprananto, S., Samudera, A., & Hamdi, M. D. F. (2024). Psychological well-being santri scale (PWBSs): Construct validity with Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Tazkiya Journal of Psychology, 12(2), 213–227.
Tandyana, Y., & Ayuningtyas, F. (2023). Strategy for start-up companies in building reputation after mass layoff (case study: Intention to apply for a job at Shopee Indonesia). International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 6(05). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i5-91
Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia’s startup ecosystem. (n.d.). Retrieved September 29, 2025, from https://www.techinasia.com/
Tran, T. T., Nguyen, T. T., & Nguyen, N. T. (2025). Determinants influencing job-hopping behavior and turnover intention: An investigation among Gen Z in the marketing field. Asia Pacific Management Review, 30(2), 100358. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APMRV.2025.100358
Tummers, L. G., & Bakker, A. B. (2021). Leadership and job demands-resources theory: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 722080. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2021.722080/BIBTEX
Ulrych, W. (2021). The mediating role of job autonomy between performance feedback and work performance: A millennial perspective. Human Systems Management, 41(4), 423–433. https://doi.org/10.3233/HSM-211513
Utami, A. F., Ghita., Shalihah, I., Trihadi., & Erhan, P. (2025). Why millennials job hop: Navigating pay, culture, and growth. Binus Business Review, 16(2), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.21512/BBR.V16I2.12616
Vander Elst, T., Richter, A., Sverke, M., Näswall, K., De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2014). Threat of losing valued job features: The role of perceived control in mediating the effect of qualitative job insecurity on job strain and psychological withdrawal. Work & Stress, 28(2), 143–164.
Van Hootegem, A., Niesen, W., & De Witte, H. (2019). Does job insecurity hinder innovative work behaviour? A threat rigidity perspective. Creativity and Innovation Management, 28(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/CAIM.12271
Vo, A. H. K., Nguyen, T. D., Le, Y. N., Cao, H. N. Q., Le, V. N. T., & Huynh, K. L. (2024a). Is transformational leadership always good for innovation? The moderating effect of transformational leadership on the personality–innovativeness link through knowledge sharing. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 32(1), 131–152. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-10-2022-3444/FULL/XML
Vo, A. H. K., Nguyen, T. D., Le, Y. N., Cao, H. N. Q., Le, V. N. T., & Huynh, K. L. (2024b). Is transformational leadership always good for innovation? The moderating effect of transformational leadership on the personality–innovativeness link through knowledge sharing. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 32(1), 131–152. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-10-2022-3444
Vu, G. T. H., Nguyen, T. D., & Le, T. P. (2025). Transformational leadership and innovative work behaviors: The mediating effects of psychological empowerment and work engagement. SAGE Open, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251335464
Wallen, S. (2024). Gen Z and millennials are changing careers and job hopping more than older generations . ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-06-08/gen-z-millennials-change-careers-job-hopping-older-generations/103949612
Wang, D., Li, X., Zhou, M., Maguire, P., Zong, Z., & Hu, Y. (2019). Effects of abusive supervision on employees’ innovative behavior: The role of job insecurity and locus of control. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 60(2), 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/SJOP.12510
Wang, J., Yang, J., & Xue, Y. (2017). Subjective well-being, knowledge sharing and individual innovation behavior: The moderating role of absorptive capacity. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 38(8), 1110–1127. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2015-0235/FULL/XML
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
Yang, X., Cai, X., & Cai, J. (2024). The effect of the tenure track on faculty member’s job insecurity and innovative work behavior. Higher Education, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10734-024-01194-1/METRICS
Yusuf, M. P., & Etikariena, A. (2023). Perilaku kerja inovatif pada perusahaan rintisan: peran kepemimpinan inklusif, keamanan psikologis, dan pemberdayaan psikologis. Gadjah Mada Journal of Psychology (GamaJoP), 9(1), 123–144. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamajop.78672
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Mutiah Rana Athifah, Gumgum Gumelar, Yufiarti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
