Publication Ethics

COPE establishes that authorship should be based on the following four criteria:

1. Significant contributions to the conception or design of the research, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; AND
2. Active involvement in drafting or critically revising the manuscript for important intellectual content; AND
3. Final approval of the version to be published; AND
4. Accountability for all aspects of the work, ensuring the accuracy and integrity of the research, and addressing any concerns that arise.

2. Contributorship
Contributors who do not meet the full authorship criteria will be acknowledged in the appropriate section.

3. Corresponding Author
The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that all listed authors have consented to the manuscript submission, are aware of the peer review process, and understand any associated publication costs. Readers are encouraged to contact the corresponding author via email for discussions related to the scientific content of TARBIYA articles.

4. Changes in Authorship
Authorship should be carefully determined before submission. Any request for changes—including additions, removals, or reordering of author names—must be approved by all listed authors, including those being added or removed. The corresponding author must submit an Authorship Change Form with signed consent from all authors and provide a rationale for the modification.

Requests for authorship changes after publication will be reviewed, and if approved, a Correction Notice will be issued.

When submitting a manuscript to TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, authors are required to disclose whether they have used AI-assisted technologies, such as Large Language Models (LLMs), chatbots, or image generators, in the preparation of their work.

Authors using AI technology must provide a transparent declaration, which includes:

1. The name of the AI technology used (e.g., ChatGPT, Grammarly, or DALL-E);
2. The reason for using AI technology (e.g., for language editing or data visualization);
3. How the AI technology was used (e.g., for text generation, data analysis, or image creation).

This declaration must be included in both the cover letter and the appropriate section of the manuscript. For example:

• If AI was used for writing assistance, it should be mentioned in the Acknowledgments section.
• If AI was used for data collection, analysis, or figure generation, its usage should be described in the Methods section.

Additionally, authors are encouraged to include a summary of the input, output, and the way AI-generated content was reviewed and edited as supplementary files or additional information for editorial review. Editors may request further details and/or require the inclusion of such information for internal use or publication.

Authors must carefully review and edit AI-generated content, as AI can produce authoritative-sounding text that may be incorrect, incomplete, or biased.

Authors must not list AI or AI-assisted technologies as an author or co-author, nor cite AI as an author. Human authors must guarantee proper attribution of all quoted material, including complete references that comply with academic standards.

TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society upholds the highest standards of academic integrity and only considers original and unpublished scholarly work. Submitting a manuscript to TARBIYA signifies that the work has not been published elsewhere and is not under review in another journal or publication.

1. Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism
Plagiarism is defined as the use of text, data, or findings from another source without proper acknowledgment, while self-plagiarism refers to the unauthorized reuse of an author’s own previously published content without appropriate citation or disclosure. Both are considered serious violations of ethical publishing practices.

To maintain the originality and integrity of published work, TARBIYA employs plagiarism detection tools to screen all submitted manuscripts.

2. Duplicate (Redundant) Publications
Duplicate or redundant publications occur when an author submits or publishes substantially the same work in multiple venues without proper cross-referencing. This includes overlapping assumptions, data, discussions, or conclusions.

If an article has been previously published in another language, full disclosure of the original source must be provided at the time of submission. Similarly, if an abstract has appeared in a conference proceeding, it may still be submitted to TARBIYA, provided that the prior publication is fully cited.

3. Preprint Policy
Authors submitting to TARBIYA may upload their Author’s Original Manuscript (AOM) to a non-commercial preprint server at any stage before acceptance, provided that the platform allows authors to retain full copyright and re-use rights.

A citation linking to the original preprint version must be included in the manuscript at submission or during the review process. Once the article is officially published, authors are encouraged to update the preprint record with a link to the final published article.

TARBIYA does not consider manuscripts that have already been formally published or are under active review in another journal or book.

The peer review process is a fundamental method in academic validation, where a submitted manuscript is critically assessed by expert reviewers who possess appropriate expertise in the subject area while maintaining independence from the work. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society adheres to a double-blind peer review process, ensuring that neither the authors nor the reviewers are aware of each other’s identities.

All manuscripts submitted to TARBIYA are reviewed by two or more independent reviewers. If the Editor-in-Chief, Associate Editors, or any member of the Editorial Board is a (co-)author of a submitted manuscript, the review process is arranged so that they are not involved in the evaluation or decision-making related to the submission.

All submissions to TARBIYA undergo a fair, independent, objective, and constructive peer review process. Only scientifically sound, original, and relevant articles will receive positive recommendations from reviewers and proceed to acceptance for publication.

The Editor-in-Chief has full authority over the acceptance or rejection of submitted manuscripts. Reviewers are required to maintain confidentiality regarding manuscripts before acceptance and publication. They must also declare any potential conflicts of interest.

If a revised version is submitted, it may be returned to the original reviewers for further review or assessed directly by the Editor-in-Chief or designated Editorial Board member for final decision.

TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society adheres to COPE guidelines regarding appeals to editorial decisions and complaints about the journal’s peer review process.

If an author wishes to appeal an editorial decision, the appeal letter should include:

1. A detailed explanation of why the decision is disputed;
2. Any new information or data for consideration;
3. Evidence of possible technical errors in review assessment;
4. Documentation of a potential conflict of interest involving a reviewer, if relevant.

All appeals will be reviewed carefully in accordance with COPE’s principles on complaints and appeals. The Editor-in-Chief may consult additional independent experts if necessary.

The Editorial Board’s decision on appeals is final, and no further appeals will be considered beyond this process.

To maintain transparency and best practices in scholarly publishing, TARBIYA requires authors, editors, and reviewers to disclose any potential conflicts of interest that could affect the integrity of the publication process.

In TARBIYA, a conflict of interest may arise when authors have financial, academic, political, or personal ties that could influence their interpretation of findings, even unintentionally.

• Authors must declare any financial, institutional, personal, or ideological influences related to their work and confirm that they have full control over their data.
• Reviewers must inform the journal of any conflicts that may affect their objectivity.
• Editors must also disclose any conflicts that may compromise fairness in handling a manuscript.

The journal follows COPE guidelines on handling suspected undisclosed conflicts of interest in both submitted and published articles and reserves the right to request additional information and take necessary actions, including retraction, where warranted.

TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society encourages authors to follow best practices in data sharing to enhance the transparency, reproducibility, and impact of their research.

• Authors are strongly encouraged to provide additional material, such as datasets, supplementary files, and research codes, that support the findings presented in their manuscript.
• Authors may request a waiver for data sharing if it involves confidentiality concerns, security risks, or privacy issues related to human subjects.
• Authors are encouraged to cite any datasets referenced in their work.
• Authors should include a Data Availability Statement explaining whether data is publicly accessible and, if so, providing relevant links or repository details.

TARBIYA works in consultation with editors, academic societies, and relevant stakeholders to define journal-level data-sharing policies so that published research remains credible, transparent, and reproducible.

TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society emphasizes strict adherence to ethical laws and regulations in educational research and academic publishing.

• Authors must include an ethical statement issued by their institution, particularly if the study involves human participants.
• Reviewers must maintain confidentiality throughout the peer review process and must not disclose manuscript content to third parties or use it for personal gain.

1. Statement of Informed Consent
Educational research involving human participants must obtain informed consent from the individuals involved or from a responsible guardian where necessary.

Identifying details such as names, initials, school affiliations, or other personal information must not be published unless scientifically necessary and accompanied by written consent for publication.

2. Statement of Human and Animal Rights
For educational research involving human subjects, authors must ensure that all procedures comply with the ethical standards set by the relevant institutional or national ethics committee.

For studies involving animals in educational experiments, authors must confirm that all procedures follow institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of animals in research.

• Authors certify that the submitted manuscript is their original intellectual property and that copyright has not been transferred to another party.
• Authors declare that the manuscript does not contain plagiarism, fabrication, falsification, or manipulated citations and that it complies with the authorship policies of TARBIYA.
• Authors confirm that permission has been obtained to reproduce any copyrighted tables, figures, data, or text from third parties.
• All manuscripts, revisions, drafts, and galleys remain the intellectual property of the authors, and authors fully retain copyright to their work.
• Authors have the full right to modify, redistribute, repost, or archive any version of their copyrighted work.

Editorial Team Responsibilities

• All review comments and reports remain the intellectual property of the reviewer or editor.
• Reviewers and editors must maintain confidentiality regarding communications, comments, and reports related to the editorial process.
• Reviewers and editors must also keep all manuscripts, revisions, and drafts confidential, except for the final published version.

3. Reporting Violations
Any suspected violations of this policy should be reported to the Editor-in-Chief through the Ethics Complaints and Appeals process.