Indonesian Learners’ Self-directed Learning and Resilience in Online English Classes: Assessing Interaction with L2 Achievement
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to find the relationship between English for Academic Purposes (EAP) learners’ Self-directed Learning (SDL) and their achievement as measured with their EAP class grades as well as the relationship between these grades and their resilience. This study used a survey as the method of data collection and 157 learners who were enrolled in EAP online classes willingly participated in the study. Results of Pearson’s correlation and Regression analysis showed that learners’ SDL was very weakly associated with their grades (r (155) = .01, p > .05), with their SDL being unable to predict their ultimate achievement (R2 = .000). This study further found a very weak negative relationship between learners’ resilience and their grades (r (155) = -.02, p > .05). Learners’ resilience was not a predictor for their grades either (R2 = .000). As the present study is an exploratory study of the issue in question in the Indonesian context of English as a foreign language (EFL), it is suggested that further studies be conducted to establish more conclusive findings on the predictive power of learners’ SDL and resilience towards their English learning achievement.
ABSTRAK
Studi ini bertujuan menginvestigasi hubungan antara Self-directed Learning (SDL) pembelajar kelas Bahasa Inggris untuk tujuan akademik (EAP) dan pencapaian belajar di kelas Bahasa Inggris serta hubungan antara pencapaian belajar tersebut dengan ketahanan (resilience) mereka. Studi ini menggunakan metode survei dan sebanyak 157 pembelajar di kelas EAP bermoda daring berpartisipasi dalam studi ini. Studi ini menemukan bahwa SDL pembelajar berkorelasi sangat lemah dengan pencapaian belajar (r (155) = .01, p > .05) dan bahwa SDL tidak mampu memprediksi pencapaian belajar (R2 = .000). Studi ini juga menemukan bahwa ketahanan pembelajar berkorelasi sangat lemah dengan pencapaian belajar (r (155) = -.02, p > .05) dan tidak mampu memprediksi pencapaian belajar (R2 = .000). Karena studi ini termasuk studi awal dalam kajian SDL dan ketahanan pembelajar dalam kaitannya dengan pencapaian belajar pada konteks pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing di Indonesia, terkait dengan hasil studi ini, disarankan dilakukan studi-studi lain dalam konteks Indonesia. Studi-studi ini dapat dilakukan untuk mendapatkan kesimpulan yang lebih solid terkait besar kecilnya kemampuan SDL dan ketahanan pembelajar dalam memprediksi pencapaian belajar mereka dalam Bahasa Inggris.
Keywords
References
Abolmaali, K., & Mahmudi, R. (2013). The prediction of academic achievement based on resilience and perception of the classroom environment. Open Science Journal of Education, 1(1), 7–12.
Atmojo, A. E. P., & Nugroho, A. (2020). EFL classes must go online! Teaching activities and challenges during COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Register Journal, 13(1), 49–76.
Ayyildiz, Y., & Tarhan, L. (2015). Development of the self-directed learning skills scale. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 34(6), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2015.1091393
Basereh, N., & Pishkar, K. (2016). Self-directed learning and self-efficacy belief among Iranian EFL learners at the advanced level of language proficiency. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 3(1), 232–240.
Cho, Y. A., & Ma, J. H. (2015). The relationships between the self-directed learning, language strategies, and English proficiency in L2 learning. The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal, 23(3), 49–67.
Danesh, J., & Shahnaazari, M. (2020). A structural relationship model for resilience, L2 learning motivation, and L2 proficiency at different proficiency levels. Learning and Motivation, 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2020.101636
Dornyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics (First edit). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fu, J. S. (2013). ICT in education: A critical literature review and its implications. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 9(1), 112–125.
Gray, D. E. (2014). Doing research in the real world (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications, Ltd.
Gunawan, G., Suranti, N. M. Y., & Fathoroni, F. (2020). Variations of models and learning platforms for prospective teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Indonesian Journal of Teacher Education, 1(2), 61–70.
Hadi, M. M., Kalantari, B., & Ghaslani, R. (2014). Self-Regulated Learning (SRL), motivation, and language achievement of Iranian EFL Learners. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 1062–1068.
Hagger, M. S., & Hamilton, K. (2018). Grit and self-discipline as predictors of effort and academic attainment. British Journal of Educational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12241
Israel, M., & Hay, I. (2006). Research ethics for social scientists. London: Sage Publications.
Kamali, Z., & Fahim, M. (2011). The relationship between critical thinking ability of Iranian EFL learners and their resilience level facing unfamiliar vocabulary items in reading. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2(1), 104–111.
Karabiyik, C. (2020). Interaction between academic resilience and academic achievement of teacher trainees. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching, 7(4), 1585–1601.
Khajavy, G. H., Makiabadi, H., & Navokhi, S. A. (2019). The role of psychological capital in language learners’ Willingness to Communicate, motivation, and achievement. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 5(3), 495–513. https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.651346
Kim, T. Y. (2014). The relationships between Self-directed Learning Readiness, learning strategies, and achievement: A case of Korean High School English learners. Konkuk University Graduate School of Education.
Kim, T. Y., & Kim, Y. (2020). Structural relationship between L2 learning motivation and resilience and their impact on motivated behavior and L2 proficiency. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-020-09721-8.
Kim, T. Y., & Kim, Y. K. (2016). The impact of resilience on L2 learners’ motivated behaviour and proficiency in L2 learning. Educational Studies, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2016.1237866.
Kim, T. Y., Kim, Y., & Kim, J. Y. (2018). Role of resilience in (de)motivation and second language proficiency: Cases of Korean elementary school students. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 48(2), 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10936-018-9609-0.
Ko, H. S. (2018). Self-directed learning and English proficiency by Korean Learners. English Teaching, 73(1), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.15858/engtea.73.1.201803.49
Lancker, W. V., & Parolin, Z. (2020). Comment COVID-19, school closures, and child poverty: A social crisis in the making. The Lancet Public Health, 2019(20), 2019–2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30084-0.
Li, N., & Park, H. (2019). The relationships of Self-directed Learning Readiness and motivation with the English proficiency of Korean EFL learners. Studies in English Language & Literature, 45, 153–181.
Majedi, N., & Pishkar, K. (2016). The effect of Self-directed Learning on Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ speaking accuracy. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 3(2), 86–95.
Malekan, F., & Hajimohammadi, R. (2017). The relationship between Iranian ESP Learners’ translation ability and resilience in reading comprehension. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 5(2), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.5n.2p.47.
Najafzadeh, M., Jahedizadeh, S., & Ghanizadeh, A. (2019). A dynamic model of EFL learners’ personal best goals, resilience, and language achievement. International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 2(2018), 267–296. https://doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.2018.3011.
Nguyen, K., Stanley, N., Stanley, L., & Wang, Y. (2015). Resilience in language learners and the relationship to storytelling. Cogent Education, 2(1), 1–16.
Onyema, E. M., Eucheria, N. C., Obafemi, F. A., Sen, S., Atonye, F. G., Sharma, A., & Alsayed, A. O. (2020). Impact of coronavirus pandemic on education. Journal of Education and Practice, 11(13), 108–121. https://doi.org/10.7176/JEP/11-13-12.
Park, K. Y., Sung, T. S., & Joo, C. W. (2018). On the relationship between college students’ attitude toward the Internet and their self-directed English learning ability. Journal of Korea Society of Computer and Information, 23(2), 117–123.
Plaisance, M. (2018). Online course delivery. In J. I. Liontas (Ed.), The TESOL encyclopedia of English language teaching (First Edit). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0129.
Ramrathan, L., Grange, L., & Shawa, L. B. (2016). Ethics in educational research. In Education studies for initial teacher development (pp. 432–443).
Rapanta, C., Botturi, L., Goodyear, P., & Guàrdia, L. (2020). Online university teaching during and after the Covid-19 crisis: Refocusing teacher presence and learning activity. Postdigital Science and Education, 2, 923–945.
Rashid, T., & Asghar, H. M. (2016). Technology use, self-directed learning, student engagement and academic performance: Examining the interrelations. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 604–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.084.
Simons, J., Beaumont, K., & Holland, L. (2018). What factors promote student resilience on a level 1 distance learning module? The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 33(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2017.1415140.
Subekti, A. S. (2020). Covid-19-triggered online learning implementation: Pre-service English teachers’ beliefs. Metathesis: Journal of English Language Literature and Teaching, 4(3), 232–248.
Subekti, A. S. (2021). Indonesian L2 learners’ resilience and self-directed learning in online classes: A correlational study. JEELS (Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies), 8(1), 27–47.
Sumuer, E. (2018). Factors related to college students’ self-directed learning with technology. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 34(4), 29–43.
Sze-yeng, F., & Hussain, R. M. R. (2010). Self-directed learning in a socioconstructivist learning environment. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1913–1917. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.423.
Uz, R., & Uzun, A. (2018). The influence of blended learning environment on self-regulated and self-directed learning skills of learners. European Journal of Educational Research, 7(4), 877–886. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.7.4.877.
Wagnild, G., & Young, H. (1993). Development and pshycometric evaluation of a resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2010.05.001.
Xuan, L. Y., Razali, A. B., & Samad, A. A. (2018). Self-directed Learning Readiness (SDLR) among foundation students from high to low proficiency levels to learn English language. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 15(2), 55–81.
Zainuddin, Z., Habiburrahim, H., Muluk, S., & Keumala, C. M. (2019). How do students become self-directed learners in the EFL flipped-class pedagogy? A study in higher education. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8(3), 678–690. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v8i3.15270.
Zhu, M., Bonk, C. J., & Doo, M. Y. (2020). Self directed learning in MOOCs: Exploring the relationships among motivation, self monitoring, and self management. Educational Technology Research and Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09747-8.
DOI: 10.15408/ijee.v1i1.20681
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.