Why do Polls Underestimate Mid-sized Parties in Indonesia?
Abstract
Abstract. Indonesian public opinion surveys consistently underestimate support for five mid-sized parties: PKB, PKS, NasDem, PAN, and PPP. This paper explores whether this consistent underestimation is the result of social desirability bias, late decisions or late mobilization, candidate-driven voter preferences, or sampling design. I find some evidence that parties with stronger mobilization networks and more candidate-centric strategies are more likely to be underestimated. A simulation study suggests that sampling design does not systematically disadvantage the parties in question. While social desirability bias is a possible cause of the downward bias, scholarly literature casts doubt on the social undesirability of expressed support for the parties. Further research should examine whether the types of voters who support the five underestimated parties might be harder to reach in surveys. Public opinion pollsters should consider noting in public statements that these mid-sized parties have tended to outperform their polls on election day.
Keywords: Public opinion surveys; mid-sized parties; social desirability bias; pollster; sampling design; Indonesia.
Abstrak. Survei-survei opini publik Indonesia pra-pemilu secara konsisten menemukan dukungan kepada lima partai menengah: PKB, PKS, NasDem, PAN, dan PPP cenderung lebih rendah dibanding hasil aktual pemilu. Artikel ini menginvestigasi apakah prediksi yang lebih rendah dan konsisten ini merupakan akibat dari bias keinginan sosial (social desirability bias), pilihan elektoral atau mobilisasi yang telat, preferensi pemilih yang digerakkan oleh kandidat, atau desain pengambilan sampel. Naskah ilmiah ini menemukan bukti bahwa partai-partai dengan jaringan mobilisasi yang kuat dan strategi yang lebih berpusat pada kandidat cenderung kurang tercermin dinamika elektabilitasnya dalam survei. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa desain sampling tidak secara sistematis berkontribusi atas kegagalan survei dalam memprediksi dukungan partai-partai menengah. Meskipun bias keinginan sosial adalah faktor yang memungkinkan penyebab angka elektabilitas yang terekam dalam survei cenderung rendah, literatur ilmiah sejauh ini meragukan bahwa bias tersebut merupakan faktor yang berpengaruh untuk kasus ini. Perlu studi lebih lanjut untuk mengkaji apakah sekelompok pemilih yang mendukung lima partai menengah yang mencatat bias dukungan lebih rendah di atas mungkin lebih sulit dijangkau dalam survei atau tidak. Lembaga-lembaga survei sebaiknya mempertimbangkan untuk menyampaikan kepada publik bahwa partai-partai menengah ini pada hari pemilihan cenderung mendapat dukungan lebih besar dibanding prediksi-prediksi survei pra-pemilu.
Kata Kunci: survei opini publik; partai menengah; bias keinginan sosial; lembaga survei; desain pengambilan sampel; Indonesia.
Keywords
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DOI: 10.15408/jisi.v4i1.33365
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