Chemometric Analysis for Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment of Beach Sediments in Balongan, Indramayu
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v12i1.46477Keywords:
Balongan Indramayu, beach sediment, chemometric analysis, heavy metals, pollution assessmentAbstract
Balongan is a coastal area whose waters are vulnerable to contamination heavy metals due to anthropogenic activities, particularly oil refinery operations. This study aimed to (1) characterize the physicochemical properties and quantify heavy metal concentrations in sediments from Balongan; (2) identify the contamination level, sources, spatial distribution, and ecological risk; and (3) analyze inter-parameter relationships, site similarities, and dominant factors controlling contamination pattern variability using a chemometric approach. Sampling was conducted in May 2025, and heavy metal analysis was performed using F-AAS. The results showed that the concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cr remained within safe limits, whereas Cd and Ni exceeded the threshold values. Cd was predominantly attributed to anthropogenic sources (CF>6), whereas Ni was mainly attributed to natural processes (CF<1). Although still below threshold values, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni concentrations were higher at sites closer to the oil refinery, suggesting influences from oil-related activities. Elevated Cd and Ni concentrations were the primary contributors to sediment toxicity, with PERI values ranging from moderate to severe. The clay fraction and organic matter showed positive correlations with heavy metals. Thus, the dominant factors controlling the variability of contamination patterns are the similarity of pollution sources and sediment physicochemical properties.
Downloads
References
1. Nasution M. Potensi dan tantangan blue economy dalam mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi di indonesia: kajian literatur. Jurnal Budget : Isu dan Masalah Keuangan Negara. 2022;7(2). doi:10.22212/jbudget.v7i2.136
2. Pane DDP, Tortora P, Anindito IA. Blue Economy Development Framework for Indonesia’s Economic Transformation. BAPPENAS; 2021.
3. Sugandi A, Wibowo YS, Budiharjo MIF. Kabupaten Indramayu Dalam Angka 2024. BPS Kabupaten Indramayu; 2024.
4. Bidari MC. Analisis Kerentanan Lingkungan Wilayah Pesisir Akibat Tumpahan Crude Oil - Studi Kasus Kabupaten Indramayu. Undergraduate thesis. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember; 2014.
5. Quist AJL, Van Horne YO, Farzan SF, Johnston JE. Metal Exposures in Residents Living Near an Urban Oil Drilling Site in Los Angeles, California. Environ Sci Technol. 2022;56(22):15981-15989. doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c04926
6. Hasan AMA, Kamal RS, Farag RK, Abdel-raouf ME. Petroleum sludge formation and its treatment methodologies: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2024;31(6):8369-8386. doi:10.1007/s11356-023-31674-3
7. Kiran, Bharti R, Sharma R. Effect of heavy metals: An overview. Mater Today Proc. 2022;51:880-885. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.278
8. Mitra S, Chakraborty AJ, Tareq AM, et al. Impact of heavy metals on the environment and human health: Novel therapeutic insights to counter the toxicity. J King Saud Univ Sci. 2022;34(3):101865. doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101865
9. Schoofs H, Schmit J, Rink L. Zinc Toxicity: Understanding the Limits. Molecules. 2024;29(13):3130. doi:10.3390/molecules29133130
10. ANZECC & ARMCANZ. Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality.; 2000.
11. Amadi AN, Ebieme E, Musa, Olasehinde PI. Stream Sediments as Pollution Indicators within Shikira Gold Mining Sites, Niger State, North-Central Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology. 2018;54(2):119-131.
12. Chiaia-Hernández AC, Casado-Martinez C, Lara-Martin P, Bucheli TD. Sediments: sink, archive, and source of contaminants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2022;29(57):85761-85765. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-24041-1
13. Fitriani T. Kandungan Logam Pb Dan Cd Pada Air Laut Dan Sedimen Di Perairan Pantai Balongan Indah Kabupaten Indramayu. Universitas Padjajaran; 2023.
14. Sihombing LM. Tingkat Pencemaran Perairan Pantai Balongan Indah, Indramayu Berdasarkan Kandungan Logam Berat Kadmium (Cd) Dan Kromium (Cr) Pada Sedimen. Universitas Jendral Soedirman; 2023.
15. Inobeme A, Nayak V, Mathew TJ, et al. Chemometric approach in environmental pollution analysis: A critical review. J Environ Manage. 2022;309:114653. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114653
16. Wehrens R. Multivariate Data Analysis in the Natural Sciences and Life Sciences. In: Chemometrics with R. Springer; 2011:43-65.
17. Pedersen KB, Lejon T, Jensen PE, Ottosen LM. Chemometric Analysis for Pollution Source Assessment of Harbour Sediments in Arctic Locations. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2015;226(5):150. doi:10.1007/s11270-015-2416-4
18. Ali J, Tuzen M, Shaikh Q ul ain, et al. A review of sequential extraction methods for fractionation analysis of toxic metals in solid environmental matrices. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2024;173:117639. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2024.117639
19. Rachman RA, Armono HD, Wibowo M, Istiyanto DC. Studi Karakteristik Sedimen Dasar Perairan Tanjung Pasir Banten menggunakan Metode Gradistat. Buletin Oseanografi Marina. 2023;12(2):201-212. doi:10.14710/buloma.v12i2.48287
20. Sultana S, Sultana N, Moniruzzaman M, Dastagir MR, Hossain MK. Unmasking heavy metal contamination: Tracing, risk estimating and source fingerprinting from coastal sediments of the Payra River in Bangladesh. Mar Pollut Bull. 2025;211:117455. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117455
21. Zhang C, Yu Z gang, Zeng G ming, et al. Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability. Environ Int. 2014;73:270-281. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.010
22. Yona D, Fuad MAZ, Hidayati N. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments of the Southern Coast of Pacitan, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry. 2018;18(1):137. doi:10.22146/ijc.22400
23. Musta B, Mamun DgAAg, Yaccup R, Chee FP, Yusop MS, Gabda D. Distribution and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Marine Sediment from Marudu Bay, Sabah. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2022;1103(1):012006. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1103/1/012006
24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Method 3050B: Acid digestion of sediments, sludges, and soils. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Preprint posted online 1996.
25. Yap CK, Ismail A, Tan SG, Omar H. Correlations between speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediment and their concentrations in total soft tissue of green-lipped mussel Perna viridis from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Environ Int. 2002;28(1-2):117-126. doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00015-6
26. Mudroch A. Manual of Physico-Chemical Analysis of Aquatic Sediments. (Mudroch A, Azcue JM, Mudroch P, eds.). Routledge; 2017. doi:10.1201/9780203748176
27. Miller WP, Miller DM. A micro‐pipette method for soil mechanical analysis. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal. 1987;18(1):1-15. doi:10.1080/00103628709367799
28. Luczak C, Janquin MA, Kupka A. Simple standard procedure for the routine determination of organic matter in marine sediment. Hydrobiologia. 1997;345(1):87-94. doi:10.1023/A:1002902626798
29. Fu H, Jian X, Zhang W, Shang F. A comparative study of methods for determining carbonate content in marine and terrestrial sediments. Mar Pet Geol. 2020;116:104337. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104337
30. ASTM. Test Method for pH of Soils. ASTM International. Preprint posted online November 1, 2013. doi:10.1520/D4972-13
31. Falahudin D, Munawir K, Arifin Z, Wagey GA. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal waters of the Timor Sea. Coast Mar Sci. 2012;35(1):112-121.
32. Handayani MF, Muhlis, Gunawan ER. Analisis kandungan logam berat Pb pada sedimen dan kerang darah (genus: Anadara) di perairan pantai Labuhan Tereng kabupaten Lombok Barat. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA. 2016;2(2):68-76.
33. Mauludy MS, Yunanto A, Yona D. Microplastic Abundances in the Sediment of Coastal Beaches in Badung, Bali. Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada. 2019;21(2):73. doi:10.22146/jfs.45871
34. Badan Standardisasi Nasional. SNI 8910:2021 - Cara Uji Kadar Logam Dalam Contoh Uji Limbah Padat, Sedimen, Dan Tanah Dengan Metode Destruksi Asam Menggunakan Spektrometer Serapan Atom (SSA)-Nyala Atau Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometric (ICP-OES).; 2021.
35. Nugraha MA, Pamungkas A, Syari IA, et al. Penilaian Pencemaran Logam Berat Cd, Pb, Cu, dan Zn pada Sedimen Permukaan Perairan Matras, Sungailiat, Bangka. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis. 2022;25(1):70-78. doi:10.14710/jkt.v25i1.12317
36. Turekian KK, Wedepohl KH. Distribution of the Elements in Some Major Units of the Earth’s Crust. Geol Soc Am Bull. 1961;72:175-192.
37. Arviani IA, Sarasati W, Hafidzah MT, Mulyono RA, Fasiroh A. Akumulasi Logam Berat pada Sedimen Matriks di Perairan Pekalongan. MAIYAH. 2024;3(1):22. doi:10.20884/1.maiyah.2024.3.1.11533
38. Román-Sierra J, Muñoz-Perez JJ, Navarro-Pons M. Beach nourishment effects on sand porosity variability. Coastal Engineering. 2014;83:221-232. doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.10.009
39. Fan J yu, He X yan, Wang D zeng. Experimental study on the effects of sediment size and porosity on contaminant adsorption/desorption and interfacial diffusion characteristics. Journal of Hydrodynamics. 2013;25(1):20-26. doi:10.1016/S1001-6058(13)60334-0
40. D. C. Beard PKW. Influence of Texture on Porosity and Permeability of Unconsolidated Sand. Am Assoc Pet Geol Bull. 1973;57. doi:10.1306/819A4272-16C5-11D7-8645000102C1865D
41. Adrianto B, Hariyadi, Rochaddi B. Analisis laju sedimentasi di muara sungai Karangsong, Kabupaten Indramayu. Jurnal Oseanografi. 2017;6(1):10-21.
42. Shao C, Sui Y, Tang D, Legendre L. Spatial variability of surface-sediment porewater pH and related water-column characteristics in deep waters of the northern South China Sea. Prog Oceanogr. 2016;149:134-144. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2016.10.006
43. Hubanks HL, Deenik JL, Crow SE. Getting the Dirt on Soil Health and Management. In: Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Elsevier; 2018. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10903-0
44. Trenggono M, Andreas R, Amron A, et al. An Assessment of Cilacap Coast’s Total Carbonate Sediment Content. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis. 2021;24(1):15-24. doi:10.14710/jkt.v24i1.8849
45. Mustafa AD, Juahir H, Yunus K, et al. Oil spill related heavy metal: a review. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences. 2015;19(6):1348-1360.
46. Samosir AM, Syarifah M, Sulistiono. Akumulasi Logam Berat Tembaga dan Timbal pada Mangrove Rhizopora mucronata di Karangsong, Indramayu. Jurnal Teknologi Perikanan dan Kelautan. 2023;14(1):101-112.
47. Natadisastra GG, Hasan Z, Sriati, Lili W. Kemampuan Penyerapan Logam Berat Tembaga (Cu) pada Akar Avicennia Marina di Perairan Karangsong, Kabupaten Indramayu. 2018;9(2):41-48.
48. Kurnio H, Naibaho T, Mustafa AM. Karakteristik Pantai Indramayu Keterkaitannya dengan Keberadaan Gas Geogenik. JSDG. 2010;20(1):33-40. doi: 10.33332/jgsm.geologi.v20i1.160
49. Kubier A, Wilkin RT, Pichler T. Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review. Applied Geochemistry. 2019;108:104388. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.104388
50. Liu J, Yin P, Chen B, Gao F, Song H, Li M. Distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Luanhe River Estuary, northwest of the Bohai Sea. Mar Pollut Bull. 2016;109(1):633-639. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.020
51. Permana R, Andhikawati A. Metallotionein pada tanaman akuatik dan peranannya dalam akumulasi logam berat: review. Akuatek. 2022;3(1):1-8. doi:10.24198/akuatek.v3i1.40407
52. Fitroh IS, Subardjo P, Maslukah L. Hubungan Logam Berat Pb terhadap Fraksi Sedimen dan Bahan Organik di Muara Sungai Tiram, Marunda, Jakarta Utara. Buletin Oseanografi Marina. 2019;8(2):61. doi:10.14710/buloma.v8i1.25209
53. Özşeker K, Erüz C, Terzi Y. Evaluation of toxic metals in different grain size fractions of sediments of the southeastern Black Sea. Mar Pollut Bull. 2022;182:113959. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113959
54. Yang X, Xiong B, Yang M. Relationships among Heavy Metals and Organic Matter in Sediment Cores from Lake Nanhu, an Urban Lake in Wuhan, China. J Freshw Ecol. 2010;25(2):243-249. doi:10.1080/02705060.2010.9665074
55. Vdović N, Lučić M, Mikac N, Bačić N. Partitioning of Metal Contaminants between Bulk and Fine-Grained Fraction in Freshwater Sediments: A Critical Appraisal. Minerals. 2021;11(6):603. doi:10.3390/min11060603
56. Czikkely M, Neubauer E, Fekete I, Ymeri P, Fogarassy C. Review of Heavy Metal Adsorption Processes by Several Organic Matters from Wastewaters. Water (Basel). 2018;10(10):1377. doi:10.3390/w10101377
57. Syahminan S, Riani E, Anwar S, Rifardi R. Heavy Metals Pollution Status Pb and Cd in Sediments in Dumai Sea western waters – Riau Province. Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management. 2015;5(2):133-140. doi:10.19081/jpsl.5.2.133
58. Aggarwal M, Anbukumar S, Kumar TV. The Relationship Between pH, Organic Matter and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Surface Sediment of Ganga River, India. Water Environment Research. 2025;97(8). doi:10.1002/wer.70160
59. Arifin Z, Fadhlina D. Fraksinasi logam berat Pb, Cd, Cu dan Zn dalam sedimen dan biavailabilitasnya bagi biota di perairan Teluk Jakarta. Ilmu Kelautan. 2009;14(1):27-32. doi: 10.14710/ik.ijms.14.1.27-32
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Budi Bakti, Muhammad Yudhistira Azis
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
