The Influence of Social Relationships, Self-Esteem, and Empathy on Schadenfreude

Muhamad Khalid Akbar

Abstract


This study aims to examine the variables of social relationship, self-esteem, and empathy towards schadenfreude in Pagutan Villagers, Mataram, Indonesia. The researcher hypothesizes that there is a significant influence on the variables of social relations, self-esteem, and empathy towards schadenfreude in Pagutan Villagers. The population in this study is people who live in Pagutan Village and are aged between 22-55 years. The respondents in this study found 500 people. This sample was taken using a non-probability sampling technique, namely purporsive sampling. The researcher used the schadenfreude scale, the social relationship scale, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and the interpersonal reactivity index. Test the validity of the measuring instrument using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) technique. Data analysis used multiple regression technique. The results of data analysis show that communication, selfesteem fantasy, and empathetic attention have a significant effect on schadenfreude. Meanwhile, social contact, perspective taking and its effect are not significant on schadenfreude. The results of the study also obtained an R-square result of .330 or 33%. That is, the proportion of variance from Schadenfreude explained by all independent variables is 33%, while the remaining 67% is influenced by other variables outside this study. The researcher hopes that the results of this study will be reviewed and developed again in further research by adding other variables.

Keywords


empathy; schadenfreude; self-esteem; social relationship

References


Arifin, B. S., & Hambali, A. (2015). Psikologi Social. Faithful Library.

Bandura, A. (1963). Social reinforcement and behaviour change-Symposium, 1962: 1. Behaviour theory and identificatory learning. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1963.tb01007.x

Bandura, A. (1980). Gauging the relationship between self-efficacy judgment and action. Cognitive therapy and research.

Batson, C. D., Duncan, B. D., Ackerman, P., Buckley, T., & Birch, K. (1981). Is empathic emotion a source of altruistic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(2), 290–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.40.2.290

Brambilla, M., & Riva, P. (2017). Predicting pleasure at others’ misfortune: Morality trumps sociability and competence in driving deservingness and schadenfreude. Motivation and Emotion, 41, 243–

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-016-9594-2

Browne, M. W., Cudeck, R., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods and Research, 21(2). 230-258.

Chambliss, C. A., & Hartl, A. C. (2016). Empathy rules: Depression, schadenfreude and freudenfreude research on depression risk factors and treatment. Empathy Rules: Depression, Schadenfreude, and Freudenfreude Research on Depression Risk Factors and Treatment.

Cikara, M., Bruneau, E. G., & Saxe, R. R. (2011). Us and them: Intergroup failures of empathy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(3). 149-153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411408713.

Clark, B. D. (1991). Empathic transactions in the deconfusion of child ego states. Transactional Analysis Journal, 21, 92-98.

Cohen, D., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Developmental Psychology, 32, 988–998.

Davis, M. H. (1980). Self-Report Measures for Love and Compassion Research: Empathy Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology.

Decety, J., Bartal, I. B. A., Uzefovsky, F., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2016). Empathy as a driver of prosocial behaviour: Highly conserved neurobehavioral mechanisms across species. In Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0077

Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The Relation of Empathy to Prosocial and Related Behaviours. In Psychological Bulletin, 101(1). 91-119. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.91.

Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1990). Empathy: Conceptualization, measurement, and relation to prosocial behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 14(2), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00991640

Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., & Reiser, M. (2000). Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning. Journal of Personality and Social

Psychology, 78, 136-157.

Faturochman, F. Iri Dalam Relasi Sosial. Jurnal Psikologi UGM, 32(1), 1-16.

Feather, N. T. (1989). Attitudes towards the high achiever: The fall of the tall poppy. Australian Journal of Psychology, 41, 239–267.

Feather, N. T. (1999). Values, achievement, and justice: Studies in the psychology of deservingness. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum.

Feather, N. T., & Sherman, R. (2002). Envy, resentment, schadenfreude, and sympathy: Reactions to deserved and undeserved achievement and subsequent failure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(7).953-961. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616720202800708.

Feldman, R. S. (1985). Social psychology: Theories, research, and applications. McGraw-Hill.

Fischer, A. H., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2008). Social functions of emotion. In M. Lewis, J. M. HavilandJones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), The Guilford Press.

Fischer, A., Halperin, E., Canetti, D., & Jasini, A. (2018). Why We Hate. Emotion Review, 10(4). 309-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073917751229.

FU, D., QI, Y., WU, H., & LIU, X. (2017). Integrative neurocognitive mechanism of empathy and counter-empathy. Chinese Science Bulletin, 62(22), 2500-2508.

Greenier, K. D. (2018). The Relationship Between Personality and Schadenfreude in Hypothetical Versus Live Situations. Psychological Reports, 121(3). 445-458. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117745562

Guindon, M. H. (2009). Self-esteem across the lifespan: Issues and interventions. Routledge.

Hafizah, H. (2019). Gossip among housewives: Case Study Perumnas Siteba, Kelurahansurau Gadang Village, kecamatan nanggalo district, Padang City. HISTORIA: Journal of History Education Study Program, 4(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.33373/j-his.v4i1.1721.

Hareli, S., & Weiner, B. (2002). Dislike and envy as antecedents of pleasure at another’s misfortune. Motivation and Emotion, 26. 257-277. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022818803399.

Hein, G., & Singer, T. (2008). I feel how you feel but not always: the empathic brain and its modulation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(2), 153-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.07.012.

Hein, G., Morishima, Y., Leiberg, S., Sul, S., & Fehr, E. (2016). The brain’s functional network architecture reveals human motives, 351(6277), 1074-1078. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac7992.

Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. Cambridge University Press.

Konrad, K. A. (2002). Altruism & envy in contest: An evolutionary stable symbiosis. Discussion paper, November 2002, Social Science Research Center Berlin.

Lange, J., Weidman, A. C., & Crusius, J. (2018). The painful duality of envy: Evidence for an integrative theory and a meta-analysis on the relation of envy and schadenfreude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(4), 572-596. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000118.

Leach, C. W., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2015). Parsing (malicious) pleasures: Schadenfreude and gloating at others’ adversity. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00201

Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental decision. Plenum.

Lopez, S. J. Synder, C.R. (2003). Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures. American Psychological Association.

Masten, C. L., Morelli, S. A., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2011). An fMRI investigation of empathy for “social pain” and subsequent prosocial behavior. NeuroImage. 55(1), 381-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.060.

Meinarno, E. A. Sarwono, S. W. (2018). Social psychology. Salemba Humanika.

Mosquera, P. M. R., Fischer, A., Manstead, A., & Zaalberg, R. (2008). Attack, disapproval, or withdrawal? The role of honour in anger and shame responses to being insulted. Cognition and Emotion, 22(8), 1471-1498. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701822272.

Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge University Press.

Pietraszkiewicz, A. (2013). Schadenfreude and just world belief. Australian Journal of Psychology, 65(3), 188-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12020.

Pietraszkiewicz, A., & Chambliss, C. (2015). The link between depression and schadenfreude: Further evidence. Psychological Reports,107(1), 181-187. https://doi.org/10.2466/02.PR0.117c11z3

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. University Press.

Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., Schoenbach, C., Rosenberg, F. (1995). Global self ssteem and specific selfesteem: Different concepts, different outcome. American Psychology Review. 60(1), 141-156. Doi:

2307/2096350

Schumpe, B. M., & Lafrenière, M. A. K. (2016). Malicious joy: Sadism moderates the relationship between schadenfreude and the severity of others’ misfortune. Personality and Individual Differences, 9(4), 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.005.

Singer, T. (2006). The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: Review of literature and implications for future research. In Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30(6), 855-863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.011.

Smith, R. H., Turner, T. J., Garonzik, R., Leach, C. W., Urch-Druskat, V., & Weston, C. M. (1996). Envy and schadenfreude. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(2), 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296222005

Smith, R. H., Powell, C. A. J., Combs, D. J. Y., & Schurtz, D. R. (2009). Exploring the when and why of schadenfreude. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(4). 530-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00181.x

Smith, R. H. (2013). The joy of pain: Schadenfreude and the dark side of human nature. Oxford University Press.

Smith, R. H., & van Dijk, W. W. (2018). Schadenfreude and gluckschmerz. Emotion Review, 10(4), 293-304. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073918765657.

Stürmer, S., Snyder, M., Kropp, A., & Siem, B. (2006). Empathy-motivated helping: The moderating role of group membership. Personality and Social Psychology Bulleti, 3(2), 943-956.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206287363.

Stiff, J. B., Dillard, J. P., Somera, L., Kim, H., & Sleight, C. (1988). Empathy, communication, and prosocial behavior. Communication Monographs, 55(2), 198–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758809376166

Suryo, N. P. D. (2013). Pengaruh adversity intelligence, relasi sosial dan kemampuan metakognitif terhadap nilai-nilai kewirausahaan yang dimiliki siswa smk negeri di kota yogyakarta program keahlian teknik ketenagalistrikan [Skripsi], Program Studi Pendidikan Teknik Elektro, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.

Syahid, A., & Akbar, M. K. (2020). Schadenfreude & glückschmerz: Psychological symptoms, settings & impacts, International Conference of Education in the New Normal Era, IAKN Tarutung.

Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1(2), 149-178. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420010202.

Takahashi, Y., Schoenbaum, G., & Niv, Y. (2009). Silencing the critics: Understanding the effects of cocaine sensitization on dorsolateral and ventral striatum in the context of an Actor/Critic model. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2(1), 86-99. https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.01.014.2008.

Van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J. W., Goslinga, S., Nieweg, M., & Gallucci, M. (2006). When people fall from grace: Reconsidering the role of envy in Schadenfreude. Emotion. 6(1), 156-160. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.156.

Van Dijk, W. W., Van Koningsbruggen, G. M., Ouwerkerk, J. W., &

Wesseling, Y. M. (2011). Selfesteem, self-affirmation, and schadenfreude. Emotion. 11(6), 1445-1449. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026331.

Walgito, B. (2010). Introduction to social psychology. Andi Offset.

Watanabe, H. (2019). Sharing schadenfreude and late adolescents’ self-esteem: Does sharing schadenfreude of a deserved misfortune enhance self-esteem?. International Journal of Adolescent and Youth, 24(4), 438–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2018.1554

Wei, L., & Liu, B. (2020). Reactions to others’ misfortune on social media: Effects of homophily and publicness on schadenfreude, empathy, and perceived deservingness. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 1-13.

Wildschut, T., Pinter, B., Vevea, J. L., Insko, C. A., & Schopler, J. (2003). Beyond the group mind: A quantitative review of the interindividual-intergroup discontinuity effect. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 698-722. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.698


Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.15408/tazkiya.v10i1.25881

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.