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Publication Ethics & Malpractice Statement

TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society generally follows the standards and guidelines set by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), particularly regarding misconduct and fraud, as well as the appropriate procedures for handling such cases. COPE provides a code of conduct with best practices in publishing and flowcharts that outline the necessary steps publishers and editors should take to identify and prevent the publication of articles involving research misconduct.

If the journal's publisher or editors become aware of any allegations of research misconduct, they are responsible for addressing these allegations appropriately. TARBIYA will follow the recommendations for handling misconduct as described in the "Dealing with Misconduct" section of The COPE Report 1999 (page 46).

TARBIYA also adheres to the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing as defined by COPE and the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). In accordance with these principles, several journal policies have been implemented and are described below.

• Journal policies on authorship and contributorship

1. Authorship

5. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology

When submitting a manuscript to TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, authors are required to disclose whether they have used AI-assisted technologies, such as Large Language Models (LLMs), chatbots, or image generators, in the preparation of their work.

Authors using AI technology must provide a transparent declaration, which includes:

1. The name of the AI technology used (e.g., ChatGPT, Grammarly, or DALL-E).
2. The reason for using AI technology (e.g., for language editing or data visualization).
3. How the AI technology was used (e.g., for text generation, data analysis, or image creation).

This declaration must be included in both the cover letter and the appropriate section of the manuscript. For example:

• If AI was used for writing assistance, it should be mentioned in the Acknowledgments section.
• If AI was used for data collection, analysis, or figure generation, its usage should be described in the Methods section.

Additionally, authors are encouraged to include a summary of the input, output, and the way AI-generated content was reviewed and edited as supplementary files or additional information for editorial review. Editors may request further details and/or require the inclusion of such information for internal use or publication.

Chatbots, such as ChatGPT, must not be listed as authors since AI cannot take responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, which are essential requirements for authorship. Therefore, full responsibility for the validity and integrity of the manuscript remains with the human authors.

Authors must carefully review and edit AI-generated content, as AI can produce authoritative-sounding text that may be incorrect, incomplete, or biased.

Authors must not list AI or AI-assisted technologies as an author or co-author, nor cite AI as an author. Furthermore, authors must ensure that their manuscript does not contain plagiarism, including in text and images generated by AI.

Human authors must guarantee proper attribution of all quoted material, including complete references that comply with academic standards.

• Conditions for Submission – Plagiarism, Self-Plagiarism, Duplicate, and Preprint Submissions

TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society upholds the highest standards of academic integrity and only considers original and unpublished scholarly work. Submitting a manuscript to TARBIYA signifies that the work has not been published elsewhere and is not under review in another journal or publication.

1. Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism

Plagiarism is defined as the use of text, data, or findings from another source without proper acknowledgment, while self-plagiarism refers to the unauthorized reuse of an author's own previously published content without appropriate citation or disclosure. Both are considered serious violations of ethical publishing practices.

To maintain the originality and integrity of published work, TARBIYA employs plagiarism detection tools to screen all submitted manuscripts. This ensures that instances of text recycling, improper citation, or duplication are identified before publication.

Authors uncertain about best practices for avoiding plagiarism and self-plagiarism are encouraged to refer to academic integrity guidelines from reputable institutions, including:

• Plagiarism.org
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
• Stanford University
• University of Toronto
• Université Paris-Saclay

2. Duplicate (Redundant) Publications

Duplicate or redundant publications occur when an author submits or publishes substantially the same work in multiple venues without proper cross-referencing. This includes overlapping assumptions, data, discussions, or conclusions.

If an article has been previously published in another language, full disclosure of the original source must be provided at the time of submission. Similarly, if an abstract has appeared in a conference proceeding, it may still be submitted to TARBIYA, provided that the prior publication is fully cited. For more details, authors can refer to of COPE’s Guidelines on Good Publication Practice.

If any previously published content is found in a submission without proper attribution or necessary permissions, the Editors-in-Chief will contact the authors for clarification. TARBIYA follows COPE’s official guidelines in handling such cases. Different COPE procedures apply when plagiarism is identified in a published article.

3. Preprint Policy

Authors submitting to TARBIYA may upload their Author’s Original Manuscript (AOM) to a non-commercial preprint server (e.g., arXiv, PeerJ Preprints, HAL) at any stage before acceptance. However, the preprint platform must allow authors to retain full copyright and re-use rights.

A citation linking to the original preprint version must be included in the manuscript at submission or during the review process.

Once an article is officially published in TARBIYA, authors are encouraged to update their preprint version with a link to the final published article to enable readers to access, cite, and refer to the peer-reviewed version while ensuring compliance with licensing requirements.

TARBIYA does not consider manuscripts that have already been formally published or are under active review in another journal or book.

• Peer Review Process

The peer review process is a fundamental method in academic validation, where a submitted manuscript is critically assessed by expert reviewers who possess appropriate expertise in the subject area while maintaining independence from the work. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society adheres to a double-blind peer review process, ensuring that neither the authors nor the reviewers are aware of each other’s identities. To maintain this anonymity, the Editorial Office removes all identifying information from the manuscript before initiating the review process.

All manuscripts submitted to TARBIYA are reviewed by two or more independent reviewers. If the Editor-in-Chief, Associate Editors, or any member of the Editorial Board is a (co-)author of a submitted manuscript, the review process is arranged so that they are not involved in the evaluation or decision-making related to the submission.

All submissions to TARBIYA undergo a fair, independent, objective, and constructive peer review process. Only scientifically sound, original, and relevant articles will receive positive recommendations from reviewers and proceed to acceptance for publication.

The Editor-in-Chief has full authority over the acceptance or rejection of submitted manuscripts. Reviewers are required to maintain confidentiality regarding the manuscripts before acceptance and publication. They must also declare any potential conflicts of interest. If a conflict of interest is identified, the reviewer will be withdrawn from the process. Additionally, reviewers are encouraged to suggest relevant published work that the authors may have overlooked.

Based on the reviewers’ recommendations, the Editor-in-Chief or a designated Editorial Board member will make an initial decision regarding the manuscript:

1. Accepted – The manuscript is approved for publication.
2. Revised – The manuscript requires modifications and resubmission.
3. Rejected – The manuscript does not meet the journal’s criteria.

If a revised version is submitted, it will be re-evaluated by the Editor-in-Chief or an Editorial Board member, who may either:

• Send it back to the original reviewers for further review, or
• Make a final decision regarding its publication.

The peer review process at TARBIYA ensures that only high-quality, original, and impactful research is published, maintaining the journal’s commitment to academic excellence.

•  Handling Complaints and Appeals

TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society adheres to the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines regarding appeals to editorial decisions and complaints about the journal’s peer review process.

If you wish to appeal an editorial decision, please submit an appeal letter through the journal’s online editorial system, addressed to the Editor-in-Chief. Your appeal should include:

1. A detailed explanation of why you disagree with the decision, specifically addressing the Editor’s and/or reviewers’ comments that contributed to the rejection.
2. Any new information or data that you would like the journal to consider.
3. Evidence of potential technical errors in the review assessment, if applicable.
4. Documentation of a potential conflict of interest involving a reviewer, if relevant.

All appeals will be carefully reviewed in accordance with COPE’s principles on complaints and appeals. The Editor-in-Chief may consult additional independent experts if necessary. Until a final decision is reached, authors must not submit the manuscript to another journal, as this would violate ethical guidelines regarding duplicate submission.

The Editorial Board’s decision on appeals is final, and no further appeals will be considered beyond this process.

• Conflict of Interest and Competing Interests

To maintain transparency and best practices in scholarly publishing, TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society requires authors, editors, and reviewers to disclose any potential conflicts of interest that could affect the integrity of the publication process—from manuscript preparation and interpretation to peer review and editorial decisions.

In TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, a conflict of interest may arise when authors have financial, academic, political, or personal ties that could influence their interpretation of their findings or those of others, even if unintentionally. To ensure transparency and ethical publication standards, TARBIYA requires all authors to declare any potential conflicts of interest at the time of manuscript submission. If the article is published, this information will also be disclosed to readers.

• Authors must declare any financial, institutional, personal, or ideological influences related to their work and confirm that they have full control over their data.
• Reviewers must inform the journal of any conflicts that may affect their objectivity. If a reviewer has a relationship with the authors or research, they will be replaced with an independent reviewer.
• Editors must also disclose any conflicts that may compromise fairness in handling a manuscript. If an editor submits their own work, the review process will be managed by an independent editor to ensure impartiality.

TARBIYA follows COPE’s guidelines on handling suspected undisclosed conflicts of interest in both submitted and published articles. The journal reserves the right to request additional information and take necessary actions, including retraction, if a conflict of interest is found to have significantly influenced the research.

• Data Sharing and Reproducibility

TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society encourages authors to follow best practices in data sharing to enhance the transparency, reproducibility, and impact of their research.

• Authors are strongly encouraged to provide additional material, such as datasets, supplementary files, and research codes, that support the findings presented in their manuscript.
• Authors may request a waiver for data sharing if it involves confidentiality concerns, security risks, or privacy issues related to human subjects.

To support open and ethical research, TARBIYA is implementing a basic data-sharing policy across its publications. This policy encourages authors to make the data underlying their research publicly available, as long as it does not violate privacy or ethical standards.

• Authors are encouraged to cite any datasets referenced in their work, whether created by themselves or sourced from others. These datasets should be included in the reference list of the manuscript.
• Authors should include a Data Availability Statement, explaining whether data is publicly accessible and, if so, providing relevant links or repository details.

TARBIYA works in consultation with editors, academic societies, and relevant stakeholders to define journal-level data-sharing policies, ensuring that published research remains credible, transparent, and reproducible. 

•  Ethical Oversight

TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society emphasizes strict adherence to ethical laws and regulations in educational research and academic publishing.

• Authors must include an ethical statement issued by their institution regarding the research conducted, particularly if the study involves human participants, such as students, teachers, or educational staff.
• Reviewers must maintain confidentiality throughout the peer review process and must not disclose data, results, or information from the manuscript they evaluate to third parties or use it for personal gain.

 1. Statement of Informed Consent

Educational research involving human participants must obtain informed consent from individuals involved or from a responsible guardian (e.g., parents or school administrators, in the case of minors).

Identifying details such as names, initials, school affiliations, or other personal information must not be published unless scientifically necessary, and the participant has provided written consent for publication.

If identifying details are not essential, they must be omitted. However, if there is any uncertainty about privacy protection, informed consent must still be obtained. For example, blurring faces in photographs of participants does not sufficiently guarantee anonymity.

If identifying characteristics are modified for privacy reasons (e.g., in interviews or case studies), authors must ensure that such modifications do not alter the scientific meaning and provide a clear statement regarding the changes. Additionally, authors must acknowledge any assistance in manuscript preparation and disclose funding sources related to the research. (See Section 3.5.8 Informed Consent in our Instructions for Authors).

 2. Statement of Human and Animal Rights

For educational research involving human subjects, authors must ensure that all procedures comply with the ethical standards set by the relevant institutional or national ethics committee. If there is uncertainty regarding ethical compliance, authors must explain their research approach and provide evidence that the institutional ethics committee has explicitly approved any questionable aspects of the study.

For studies involving animals in educational experiments, such as research in educational psychology or neuroscience, authors must confirm that all procedures follow institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of animals in research.

• Intellectual Property, Copyright, and Licensing Policy

1. Intellectual Property and Copyright

Author Rights & Responsibilities

• Authors certify that the submitted manuscript (including any supporting documents) is their original intellectual property and that copyright has not been transferred to another party.
• Authors declare that the manuscript does not contain plagiarism, fabrication, falsification, or manipulated citations and that it complies with the authorship policies of TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society.
• Authors confirm that permission has been obtained to reproduce any copyrighted tables, figures, data, or text from third parties.
• All manuscripts, revisions, drafts, and galleys remain the intellectual property of the authors, and authors fully retain the copyright to their work.
• Authors have the full right to modify, redistribute, repost, or archive any version of their copyrighted work.
• Authors agree to maintain the confidentiality of all communications, comments, or reports received during the review and editorial process.

Editorial Team Responsibilities

• All review comments and reports remain the intellectual property of the reviewer or editor.
• Reviewers and editors must maintain confidentiality regarding communications, comments, or reports related to the review and editorial process.
• Reviewers and editors must also keep all manuscripts, revisions, and drafts confidential, except for the final published version.

2. License

• Authors agree that all accepted manuscripts, galleys, and submitted supporting documents will be licensed under Creative Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) upon acceptance for publication.

• The license will be indicated on the front page of each online article and within each issue of the printed edition.

 3. Reporting Violations

Any suspected violations of this policy should be reported to the Editor-in-Chief through the Ethics Complaints and Appeals process.

• Post-Publication Discussion and Corrections 

TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society upholds academic integrity and transparency by facilitating post-publication discussions and corrections in accordance with COPE’s core practices and recognized scholarly publishing standards.

1. Post-Publication Comments

• TARBIYA encourages constructive discussions on published articles through the journal’s official discussion platform or other designated channels.

• Readers and authors are welcome to provide critical insights and scholarly dialogue that contribute to academic discourse.

2. Corrections

• If errors are identified after publication that impact the interpretation or understanding of the article, the journal will issue corrections to maintain the integrity of the scholarly record.
• Corrections will be made transparently, with a clear explanation of what was changed and why.

3. Retractions

• If errors compromise the validity of the research or violate ethical standards, a retraction may be issued.
• Retractions will be conducted transparently, following COPE’s guidelines, with a detailed explanation provided.

4. Expressions of Concern

• If concerns arise about the integrity of an article but the available evidence is inconclusive, TARBIYA may issue an Expression of Concern while investigations are ongoing.

• This measure ensures that readers are informed while the journal conducts a thorough review.

All post-publication corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern will be clearly documented and made accessible to maintain the credibility and reliability of TARBIYA’s academic publications.