Dimensi Spiritualitas dalam Dua Puluh Tingkatan Murāqabah Tarekat Qadiriyah wa Naqsyabandiyah Syekh Ahmad Khatib Sambas

Abstract

This study examines the twenty stages of murāqabah in the Qadiriyah wa Naqshbandiyah Sufi Order (TQN) formulated by Shaykh Ahmad Khatib Sambas in Fatḥ al-‘Ārifīn. Previous studies have discussed murāqabah and the text mainly in general, historical, or thematic terms, while the twenty stages have received limited analysis as a coherent model of spiritual transformation. This study aims to reconstruct that structure and clarify its contribution to Indonesian Sufism. The study employs qualitative library research using Content analysis of Fatḥ al-‘Ārifīn. Each murāqabah is treated as a unit of analysis and examined through coding, categorization, and thematic reconstruction. The findings identify five themes: tawhidic awareness, divine maḥabbah, prophetic integration, expansion of the prophetic horizon, and lā ta‘ayyun as awareness of the epistemic limits of human understanding. These themes form a pattern of transcendence–reintegration in which spiritual experience returns to the Ka‘bah, the Qur’an, prayer, and ultimately pure servanthood (al-’ubūdiyyah al-ṣirfah). The study argues that the twenty stages constitute an architecture of spiritual transformation connecting theological awareness, affective orientation, prophetic formation, epistemic humility, and the praxis of servanthood.