Evolusi Sistem Pemilihan Umum Indonesia 1955-2009

M. Zaki Mubarak

Abstract


The journey of democracy in Indonesia from 1955 to 2009 has undergone dynamic changes. This article illustrates that the evolution of the electoral system in Indonesia during this period has seen several changes in regulations, participating political parties, the widening gap and fragmentation of ideologies albeit more moderately, improvements in the quality and degree of democracy, and the increasing role of non-parliamentary institutions. One thing that has remained unchanged is that, generally, the electoral system still adheres to the same proportional representation system, albeit transitioning from closed to open proportional systems.

Keywords


Evolution; Democracy; Democratization; Elections; Political Parties.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Berita Indonesia, “Pemilu 2009 yang Memerdekakan: Inkonsistensi Electoral Thresliold”, diakses pada 17 Februari 2009.

Carter, Gwendolen M. & Hertz, John H. “Demokrasi dan Totaliterisme: Dua Ujung dalam Spektrum Politik”, dalam Miriam Budiardjo (editor), Masalah Kenegaraan, Jakarta: Gramedia, 1982.

Dahl, Robert A. Perihal Demokrasi: Menjelajahi Teori dan Praktik Demokrasi Secara Singkat, Jakarta: YOI, 2001.

Dhakidae, Daniel. Partai-partai Politik di Indonesia: Ideologi, Strategi dan Program, Jakarta: Kompas, 1998.

Diamond, Larry. Developing Democracy Toward Consolidation, Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.

Droissant, Aurel. Bruns, Gabriele & John, Merei (editor), Politik Pemilu di Asia Tenggara dan Asia Timur, Jakarta: FES Indonesia, 2002.

Dwipayana, AAGN Ari. “Mengenal Beberapa Sistem Pemilu”, Makalah, tp thn.

Eko, Sutoro. Transisi Demokrasi Indonesia: Runtuhnya Rezim Orde Baru, Yogyakarta: APMD Press, 2003.

Feith, Herbert. Soekarno-Militer dalam Demokrasi Terpimpin, Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan, 1995.

Gaffar, Afan. Javanese Voters: A Case Study of Election Under a Hegemonic Party System, Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1992.

Gaffar, Afan. Javanse Voters: A Case Study of Election Under a Hegemonic Party System, Yogyakarta: UGM Press, 1994.

Gaffar, Afan. Politik Indonesia: Transisi Menuju Demokrasi, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2006.

Harris, John. Storke, Kristian & Tornquist, Olle. Politisasi Demokrasi: Politik Lokal Baru, Jakarta: Demos, 2005.

Haris, Syamsuddin. Menggugat Politik Orde Baru, Jakarta: Grafiti, 1998.

Held, David. Demokrasi dan Tatanan Global, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2004.

King, Dwight Y. “Seandainya Sistem Distrik Berlaku pada Pemilu 1955”, diakses dari http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Indonesia/Reformasi/Perspektif?sean.45.htm pada hari Rabu 7 November 2007.

King, Dwight Y. “Pemilihan Umum 1955 dan 1999: Keserupaan dan Kesinambungan”, dalam, Demokratisasi Tak Boleh Mati, Jakarta: The Habibie Center, 2002.

Kristiadi, J., Legowo, T A. & Harjanto, NT. Budi. Pemilihan Umum 1997: Perkiraan, Harapan, dan Evaluasi, Jakarta: CSIS, 1997.

Liddle, R. William. Partisipasi dan Partai Politik Indonesia Awal Orde Baru, Jakarta: Grafiti, 1994.

Liddle, R. William. “Indonesia’s Democratic Transitions: Playing by the Rules”, dalam, Andrew Reynolds, The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Markoff, John. Gelombang Demokrasi Dunia: Gerakan Sosial dan Perubahan Politik, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar dan CCSS, 2002.

Marham, Idrus. “Demokrasi Setengah Hati: Studi Kasus Elite Politik di DPR RI 1999-2004”, disertasi doktoral Ilmu Politik pada Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Yogyakarta 2009.

Mubarak, M. Zaki. “Demokrasi dan Kediktatoran: Sketsa Pasang Surut Demokrasi di Indonesia,” dalam Jurnal Politika, Jakarta: ATI, 2007.

Musa, Ali Masykur. Sistem Proporsional Terbuka, Jakarta: Forum Indonesia Satu, 2004.

O’Rourke, Kevin. Reformasi: The Struggle for Power in Post Soeharto Indonesia, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2002.

Pempel, T.J. (editor), Uncommon Democracies, The One-Party Dominant Regime, Ithaca and London: Cornel University Press, 1990.

Reynold, Andrew. “Merancang Sistem Pemilu”, dalam Juan Linz et al, Menjauhi Demokrasi Kaum Penjahat, Bandung: Mizan, 2001.

Samego, Indria. Menata Negara: Usulan LIPI Tentang RUU Politik, Bandung: Mizan, 1998.

Sartori, Giovanni. Partes and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Sjahrir, Sutan. Sosialisme Indonesia dan Pembangunan, Jakarta: Leppenas, 1982.

Sudjatmiko, Budiman & Alieha, Syafi’. dalam Juri Ardiantoro F (Peny), Transisi Demokrasi: Evaluasi Kritis Penyelenggaraan Pemilu 1999, Jakarta: KIPP Jakarta, 1999.

Ware, Alan. Political Parties and Party System, New York, Oxford University Press, 1999.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/ref.v10i2.39821 Abstract - 0 PDF - 0

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


FACULTY OF USHULUDDIN SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

Office: Faculty of Ushuluddin Building - 2nd Floor R. Jurnal - Jl. Ir. Juanda No. 95 Ciputat Jakarta

Phone/fax: +62-21-7493677/+62-21-7493579 - email: jurnalrefleksi@apps.uinjkt.ac.id


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

View Refleksi's Stats