Language of Resistance: Linguistic Landscape in the Protest of Kanjuruan Tragedy, Indonesia
Abstract
Purpose
Linguistics landscape (LL) is not only a means of showing the identity of a language but also a constructive effort to fight for justice for society. Landscape in this study is a form of protest against security forces for the loss of life of 135 Aremania fans after watching a soccer match between Arema and Persebaya at the Kanjuruan stadium. This research aims, apart from mapping all signs from aspects of language use patterns, also to conduct a critical analysis of the language used.
Method
This study uses quantitative and qualitative methods based on documentation in the form of billboards, boards, and banners installed in various parts of Malang, Indonesia. Content analysis and critical analysis are used to analyze this research.
Results/findings
The findings of this study show that the language used in the landscape has two forms, monolingual and bilingual. In addition, it indicates that four languages are used in the sign. Indonesian has a higher quantity than English, Javanese, and Arabic.
Conclusion
The language pattern used in the landscape tends to reflect sarcasm, cynicism, and rhetoric. This research suggests conducting a follow-up study that examines the same sign in the broader area, including Malang district and East Java region, to obtain varied data and various sign patterns. Thus the data information obtained is more comprehensive.
Keywords
References
Bachem, N. (2023). Multilingualism as a Tool of Resistance against Homogenising National Narratives. In Transnational East Asian Studies. https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781802077292.003.0007
Backhaus, P. (2005). Signs of multilingualism in Tokyo — a diachronic look at the linguistic landscape. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 103-121. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2005.2005.175-176.103
Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa. (2016). KBBI Daring. Kementerian Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan Indonesia.
Ben-Rafael, E., & Ben-Rafael, M. (2015). Linguistic landscapes in an era of multiple globalizations. Linguistic Landscape. An International Journal. 1(1-2), 19-37. https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.1.1-2.02ben
Christoph Steinhardt, H., & Wu, F. (2016). In the name of the public: Environmental protest and the changing landscape of popular contention in China. China Journal. 75(1), 61-82. https://doi.org/10.1086/684010
Cookson, M. D., & Stirk, P. M. R. (2019). Pelestarian Bahasa Lokal Studi Kasus Pada Naskah-Naskah Jawa. Repository.Usd.Ac.Id.
Dabbour, K. (2017). The Linguistic Landscape of Tahrir Square Protest Signs and Egyptian National Identity. Studies in Linguistics and Literature. https://doi.org/10.22158/sll.v1n2p142
Dabbour, K. (2017). The Linguistic Landscape of Tahrir Square Protest Signs and Egyptian National Identity. Studies in Linguistics and Literature. 1(2), 142-161. https://doi.org/10.22158/sll.v1n2p142
Dalimunte, A. A. (2017). Implementasi Kebijakan Bahasa dan Implikasinya dalam Penguatan Identitas, Integritas, dan Pluralitas Bangsa. Jurnal Humaniora Teknologi. 2(1). https://doi.org/10.34128/jht.v2i1.3
Darginavičienė, I. (2023). The Multilingualism: Language and Cultural Identity. Logos (Lithuania). https://doi.org/10.24101/logos.2023.61
Dube, T. (2020). Language, Resistance and Multilingualism in Post-Colonial Zimbabwe: The Kalanga and their Struggle for Recognition. Journal of Southern African Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2020.1834238
Dube, T. (2020). Language, Resistance and Multilingualism in Post-Colonial Zimbabwe: The Kalanga and their Struggle for Recognition. Journal of Southern African Studies. 46(6), 1183-1201. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2020.1834238
Ebrahimi, M., & Taheri, A. (2017). The Tragedy in the Story of Rostam and Sohrab in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 6(1), 96-105. http://kutaksam.karabuk.edu.tr/index.php/ilk/article/view/707
Eduard Lukman. (2022). Tragedi Kanjuruhan. Kompas.Id. https://www.kompas.id/baca/opini/2022/10/12/tragedi-kanjuruhan-2
Edwin Shri Bimo. (2022). Kini Indonesia Salah Satu Peringkat Teratas Korban Tewas Tragedi Sepak Bola Dunia, Ini Daftarnya. KOMPAS TV. https://www.kompas.tv/article/334089/kini-indonesia-salah-satu-peringkat-teratas-korban-tewas-tragedi-sepak-bola-dunia-ini-daftarnya
Eka Yudha Saputra. (2022). Kronologi Tragedi Kanjuruhan Malang yang Dipaparkan Kapolri. Tempo.Co. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1642553/kronologi-tragedi-kanjuruhan-malang-yang-dipaparkan-kapolri
Gardner, P., & Abrams, B. (2023). Contentious Politics and Symbolic Objects. In Symbolic Objects in Contentious Politics.
Häusler, A. H. (2021). Language guerrillas: Signing multilingualism into action. Education Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11100607
Hélot, C., Barni, M., Janssens, R., Bagna, C. (2013). Linguistic Landscapes, Multilingualism and Social Change. 16. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-02576-7
Ikhwan, I. (2020). Makna Tragedi dalam konteks kebudayaan (Suatu Tafsiran Bebas Terhadap Pandangan Friedrich Nietzsche). Jurnal Adabiya. 22(1), 120-104. https://doi.org/10.22373/adabiya.v22i1.7464
Kasanga, L. A. (2014). The linguistic landscape: Mobile signs, code choice, symbolic meaning and territoriality in the discourse of protest. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. (230), 19-44. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2014-0025
Komnas HAM. (2022). Tragedi Kanjuruhan: Komnas HAM temukan “pelanggaran pidana” - “Harus ada pertanggungjawaban hukum terhadap meninggalnya 135 orang.” Bbc.Com. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/c98w3yyd3pdo
Ku, E. K. (2020). Waiting for my red envelope: discourses of sameness in the linguistic landscape of a marriage equality demonstration in Taiwan. Critical Discourse Studies. 17(2), 156-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2019.1656655
Kull, C. A. (2002). Madagascar aflame: Landscape burning as peasant protest, resistance, or a resource management tool? Political Geography. 21(7), 927-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-6298(02)00054-9
Kurniawan, K. (2017). Kebijakan nasional kebahasaan dan pelindungan bahasa daerah. Jurnal Handayani. 7(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.24114/jh.v7i1.6569
Landry, R., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1997). Linguistic landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: An empirical study. Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 16(1), 23-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X970161002
Liawati, T. (2019). Nasionalisme dalam Drama Tragedi Kereta Api Maut Karya Achmad Toha (Nationalism in The Kereta Api Maut Tragedy Drama by Achmad Toha). Sirok Bastra. 7(1), 97-106. https://doi.org/10.37671/sb.v7i1.158
Lintz, G., & Leibenath, M. (2020). The politics of energy landscapes: The influence of local anti-wind initiatives on state policies in Saxony, Germany. Energy, Sustainability and Society. 10(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-019-0230-3
Loerakker, M., Müter, L., & Schraagen, M. (2024). Fine-tuning language models on dutch protest event tweets. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Challenges and Applications of Automated Extraction of Socio-Political Events from Text (CASE 2024), 6–23. https://aclanthology.org/2024.case-1.2/
Mahfud MD. (2022). Tragedi Kanjuruhan: “Lebih mengerikan daripada yang di medsos dan televisi”, TGIPF pastikan “kematian massal terutama disebabkan gas air mata.” Bbc.Com. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-63254091
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (2016). Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. In Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain): 1987
Minocha, D. A. (2020). Languages of Resistance: Women in the Print and Oral Cultures of Colonial Punjab. New Literaria. 1(2), 137-145. https://doi.org/10.48189/nl.2020.v01i2.006
Misbah, M. M. (2023). Local Wisdom: The Study of Takjil Selling Phenomenon in Jakarta 2017--2019. Buletin Al-Turas. https://doi.org/10.15408/bat.v29i1.25356
Monje, J. (2017). Hindi bayani/not a hero: The linguistic landscape of protest in Manila. Social Inclusion. 5(4), 14-28. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i4.1151
Papen, U. (2012). Commercial discourses, gentrification and citizens’ protest: The linguistic landscape of Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin. Journal of Sociolinguistics. 16(1), 56-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2011.00518.x
Peterman, W. E., Winiarski, K. J., Moore, C. E., Carvalho, C. da S., Gilbert, A. L., & Spear, S. F. (2019). A comparison of popular approaches to optimize landscape resistance surfaces. Landscape Ecology. 34, 2197-2208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00870-3
Pratiwi, V. U. (2022). Sarkasme Pada Meme di Media Sosial Instagram. GERAM. https://doi.org/10.25299/geram.2022.vol10(1).9360
Premat, C., & Torregrosa, A. (2020). Cultural diversity, Multilingualism and Ethnic minorities in Sweden. Sens Public. https://doi.org/10.7202/1064033ar
Przymus, S. D., & Kohler, A. T. (2018). SIGNS: Uncovering the mechanisms by which messages in the linguistic landscape influence language/race ideologies and educational opportunities: Linguistics and education. Linguistics and Education. 44, 58-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2017.10.002
Rafael, E. B.-, Shohamy, E., Amara, M. H., & Hecht, N. T.-. (2018). Linguistic Landscape as Symbolic Construction of the Public Space: The Case of Israel. In Linguistic Landscape. 3(1), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853599170-002
Rahayu, S. (2022). Tragedi Kanjuruhan Renggut Ratusan Nyawa, Indonesia Disorot Dunia. Kompas.Com. https://bola.kompas.com/read/2022/10/02/13403128/tragedi-kanjuruhan-renggut-ratusan-nyawa-indonesia-disorot-dunia?page=all
Rosendal, T., Nielsen, H. L., Järlehed, J., Milani, T. M., & Löfdahl, M. (2023). Language, translocality and urban change: Online and offline signage in four Gothenburg neighbourhoods. Linguistic Landscape. https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.22003.ros
Rumandang Bulan, D. (2019). Bahasa Indonesia Sebagai Identitas Nasional Bangsa Indonesia. Jurnal Jisipol. 3(2), 23-29. https://unibba.ac.id/ejournal/index.php/jisipol/article/view/115
Sanjaya, M. D. (2017). Bahasa Indonesia Dan Daerah Sebagai Perekat Jati Diri Dan Martabat Bangsa Di Era Globalisasi. Jurnal Bindo Sastra. https://doi.org/10.32502/jbs.v1i1.662
Seloni, L., & Sarfati, Y. (2017). Linguistic landscape of Gezi Park protests in Turkey: A discourse analysis of graffiti. Journal of Language and Politics. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.15037.sel
Seloni, L., & Sarfati, Y. (2017). Linguistic landscape of Gezi Park protests in Turkey: A discourse analysis of graffiti. Journal of Language and Politics. 16(6), 782-808. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.15037.sel
Shiri, S. (2015). Co-Constructing Dissent in the Transient Linguistic Landscape: Multilingual Protest Signs of the Tunisian Revolution. In Conflict, Exclusion and Dissent in the Linguistic Landscape. 239-259. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137426284_12
Sofyan, A., Hidayatullah, P., & Badrudin, A. (2020). Various Language Expressions in The Criticism of Madurese People on Social Media Field. KARSA: Journal of Social and Islamic Culture. https://doi.org/10.19105/karsa.v28i1.2352
Syrjälä, V. (2022). Linguistic Landscapes in the Stockholm Archipelago—Producing and Reflecting a Sense of Place. Languages. 7(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7010037
Taylor-Leech, K. (2020). Timorese talking back. Linguistic Landscape. An International Journal. 6(1), 29-51. https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.00016.tay
Wei, L. (2018). Translanguaging as a Practical Theory of Language. Applied Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx039
Whitworth, K., & Li, Y. T. (2023). Visual Framing: The Use of COVID-19 in the Mobilization of Hong Kong Protest. China Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741022001564
DOI: 10.15408/bat.v30i2.38786
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 muassomah muassomah, M. Faisol, Halimi Halimi, Baedt Giri Mukhoddam Billah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
