The Progressiveness of Sharia Economic Fatwas: Direction of Islamic Legal Thoughts within NU and Muhammadiyah
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the Islamic legal thoughts of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah concerning Islamic economics in Indonesia. The research is based on fatwa documents from Lembaga Bahtsul Masail NU and Majelis Tarjih Muhammadiyah from 2000 to 2019. This study found that the method of ijtihād used by NU has shifted from a textual-conservative (qawlī) approach to a contextual-progressive and methodological (manhajī) approach. Meanwhile, the method of ijtihād used by Muhammadiyah is characterized as progressive-dynamic, employing three approaches: bayani, taḥlīlī, and istiṣlāḥī. The decisions of LBM NU in Islamic economics predominantly use the qawlī method, followed by the ilḥaqī method, and subsequently, the manhajī method. The qawlī method is most frequently used because it adheres to the procedural stages of NU's traditionalist pattern, where every legal issue is ideally referenced to authoritative madhhab books. If the issue cannot be resolved using the qawlī method, the ilḥāqī and manhajī methods are employed. This indicates that the manhajī method is used when the qawlī and ilḥaqī methods cannot provide a legal answer. On the other hand, Muhammadiyah's MT method in Islamic economics has evolved. Initially, the tarjīḥ methodology was monodisciplinary, referring issues back to the Quran and the Sunnah. Subsequently, the tarjīḥ methodology became monodisciplinary-pretextual by employing various methods. Eventually, the tarjīḥ methodology became multidisciplinary regarding methods, approaches, and techniques.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pemikiran hukum Islam Nahdlatul Ulama dan Muhammadiyah tentang ekonomi Islam Indonesia. Penelitian ini bersumber dari dokumen fatwa-fatwa Lembaga Bahtsul Masail (LBM) NU dan Mejelis Tarjih (MT) Muhammadiyah selama periode 2000-2019. Studi ini menemukan bahwa metode ijtihad NU mengalami pergeseran yang awalnya bersifat tekstual-konservatif (qawlī) berubah menjadi kontekstual-progresif dan metodologis (manhajī). Sementara itu, metode ijtihad MT Muhammadiyah bersifat progresif-dinamis dengan tiga pendekatan; bayānī, taḥlilī, dan istiṣlāḥī. Keputusan LBM NU dalam ekonomi Islam lebih banyak menggunakan metode qawlī, disusul oleh metode ilḥāqī, dan selanjutnya metode manhajī. Metode qawlī paling sering digunakan karena mengacu pada tahapan prosedur pola bermazhab NU, dimana setiap persoalan hukum sedapat mungkin merujuk pada kitab-kitab otoritatif mazhab. Jika tidak dapat diselesaikan dengan metode qawlī, maka digunakan metode ilḥāq dan metode manhajī. Ini artinya, metode manhajī digunakan dalam kondisi metode qawlī dan ilḥāq sudah tidak mampu memberikan jawaban hukum. Di sisi lain, metode MT Muhammadiyah dalam ekonomi Islam mengalami evolusi. Pada awalnya, manhaj tarjih bersifat monodisiplin dengan mengembalikan persoalan-persoalan umat kepada al-Quran dan al-Sunnah. Manhaj al-tarjīḥ bersifat monodisiplin-pratekstual dengan menggunakan sejumlah metode. Kemudian, manhaj al-tarjīḥ menjadi multidisiplin baik dari aspek metode, pendekatan, dan teknik.
Keywords
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DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v24i1.37775
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