Sharia and Local Wisdom in Indonesia: A Criticism of jāhiliyyah Law Misinterpretation

Moh Zahid

Abstract

There are some opinions that laws not derived from the Qur'an and hadith are jahiliyyah laws. In order to create a national law with Indonesian characters, it is necessary to accommodate the local wisdom, traditions and customs  of  the  people.  This  research  explores  the  views  of  Muslim  scholars about the meaning of jāhiliyyah law to formulate national law with Indonesian characters. The study used a phenomenological approach showing that there are differences in viewing the notion of jahiliyyah law. Some believe that the law originating from customs and culture is jahiliyyah law, while the others argue against it. The latter considers the principle of al-‘ādah muḥakkamah, al-‘urf and maqāṣid  al-sharī'ah.  The  accommodation  of  local  wisdom  and Islamic  law  in  the  formation  of  national  law  is  to  ensure  the  plurality  of national legal sources.

Keywords: jāhiliyyah law; Islamic law; custom; local wisdom

 

Abstrak

Ada pendapat yang berkembang bahwa hukum yang tidak bersumber dari Al-Qur'an dan hadis adalah hukum jahiliah. Untuk menciptakan hukum nasional yang berkarakter Indonesia, perlu akomodasi kearifan lokal, tradisi, dan adat istiadat. Penelitian ini menggali pandangan para cendekiawan Muslim dan ulama tentang makna hukum jahiliah dalam merumuskan hukum nasional yang berkarakter keindonesiaan. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi, penelitian  ini  menunjukkan  adanya  perbedaan  pendapat  dalam  memaknai hukum  jahiliah.  Sebagian  berpendapat  bahwa  hukum  yang  bersumber  dari adat dan budaya adalah hukum jahiliah, namun sebagian lainnya menentang pendapat  tersebut.  Pendapat  terakhir  mempertimbangkan  prinsip  al-‘ādah muḥakkamah, al-‘urf dan maqashid al-shari'ah. Dengan demikian, akomodasi kearifan lokal dan hukum Islam dalam perumusan hukum nasional diperlukan untuk menjamin pluralitas sumber hukum nasional.

Kata Kunci: hukum jahiliyyah; hukum Islam; adat; kearifan lokal


References

Abu Ishaq bin Musa al-Shātibī. (2009). al-Muwāfaqāt Fī Uṣūl al- Sharī'ah, Jilid II. Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.

Açar, H. R. (2013). Some Rremarks on Studying the Qur'ān as Revealed Knowledge. AlBayan. https://doi.org/10.11136/jqh.1311.02.06

Akhyar, M., Rais `Am, the General Committee of Nahdlatul Ulama (PBNU), personal communication, 6 July 2021

Asy'ari, M.B., an academic in Madura, personal communication, 20 July 2021

Al-Bukhari. (n.d.). Jāmi’ al- Ṣaḥīh, Juz III. Dār al-Fikr.Al-Fadanī, Y. (1996).

al-Fawāid al-Jāniyah. Dār al-Fikr.

Al-Māwardī. (n.d.). al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyyah (Dār al-Fikr (ed.)).

Anshor, A.A., an academic and ulama living in Tulungagung, personal communication, 21 July 2021.

Al-Qayyim, I. (n.d.). I`lām al-Muwaqqi`īn `an Rabb al-`Ālamīn. Dār al-Fikr.

Al-Zuhaylī, W. (1986). Uṣūl al-Fiqh al-Islāmī, Juz 2. Dar al-Fikr.

Anderson, J. N. (1975). Islamic Law in the Muslim World. New York Univesity Press.

Anderson, J. N. . (1976). Law Reform in the Muslim World. Univesity of London The Athlon Press.

Arikunto, S. (2013). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek, cet. ke-15. Rineka Cipta.

Aziz, A. (n.d.). Dinamika Hukum Islam di Indonesia (Sebuah Implikasi dari Konsep Qat`i-Zanni). Al-Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syari`ah, 1 (1), 22–23.

Bunza, M. U. (2014). The new role of ulama in Nigeria: Focus on the post 1999 democratic dispensation. Al-Jami’ah. https://doi.org/10.14421/ ajis.2014.522.391-415

Chamzawi, an academic and ulama living in Malang, East Java, personal communication,14 July 2021.

Coulson, N. J. (1994). A History of Islamic Law. Edinburgh University Press.

Dahlan, A.A. & Et.all. (1986). Ensiklopedi Hukum Islam, Vol. 2. PT Ichtiar Baru van Hoeve.

Damsyik, D. (2013). Reinterpretasi Sumber Hukum Islam: Kajian Pemikiran Fazlur Rahman. Al-’Adalah, 11(2), 223–240. http://doi.org/1024042/adalah.v11i2.263

Esposito, J. L. (1982). Women in Muslim Family Law. cus University Press.

Fathurrohman, N. (2017). Karakteristik Paham Jahiliyah Modern sebagai Politik Pemikiran dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Keberagaman Umat Islam. Jurnal Handayani, 7(2), 61–74.

Fealy, G., & Bush, R. (2014). The Political Decline of Traditional Ulama in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social Science. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314- 04205004

Furchan, A. (1992). Pengantar Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Usaha Nasional.

Granvik, M., Joosse, S., Hunt, A., & Hallberg, I. (2017). Confusion and Misunderstanding—Interpretations and Definitions of Local Food. Sustainability, 9 (11), 1981. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9111981

Hamid, S. bin A. bin. (1403). Raf ’u al- Ḥaraj Fī al- Sharī'ah al-Islāmiyyah. lih bin Abdillah bin Hamid.

Haris, A. (2016). Darul Islam Cita-cita Politik Kenegaraan Kaum Muslimin. Misykat Al-Anwar, 1–10.

Imamuna, C. R., & Sapil, M. (2021). Makna Jahiliah dalam Al-Qur’an (Analisis Konsep Jahiliah Modern). Al Muhafidz: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur’an dan Tafsir, 1(4), 150 –16 6.

Kamali, M. H. (1991). Principles of Islamic Jurispridence. Islamic Texts Society.

Karjoko, L., Jaelani, A. K., Tegnan, H., Glaser, H., & Hayat, M. J. (2021). Islamic Court's Approach to Land Dispute in Inheritance Cases. Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 21(2), 213–238. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v21i2.21864

Khallāf, A. al-W. (n.d.). Maṣādir al-Tashrī` al-Islāmi Fī Mā Lā Naṣṣa Fīhi. Dār al-Qalam.

Madjid, N. (1991). Islam on The Indonesian Soil: An On going Process of Aculturation and Adaptation. Arts of The Islamic World, 20, 66.

Mahmudin, A. S. (2021). Pendekatan Fenomenologis dalam Kajian Islam. At- Tajdid : Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pemikiran Islam, 5(01), 83. https://doi. org/10.24127/att.v5i01.1597

Mandhūr, I. (n.d.). Lisān al-'Arab, Vol. 12. Dar Dadir.

Masduki, A., & Et.all. (1998). Peranan Hukum Adat dalam Mengatasi Masalah Pemilikan pada Masyarakat Industri dalam Hukum Adat dan Modernitas Hukum. FH-UII.

Maya, R., Nurdin, I. B., & Heriyanto, B. (2020). Interpretation Of Al-Jâhiliyyah In A Commentators Perspective Tafsir Al-Jâhiliyyah STAI Al Hidayah Bogor. Al Tadabbur: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur’an dan Tafsir, 5(01), 53 –74. https://doi. org/10.30868/at.v5i1.818

Meleong, L. J. (2007). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. PT Remaja Rosdakarya.

Miura, S., & Yamashita, T. (2014). Misinterpretation and Misprediction in Communication. In SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2433186

Moosa, N., & Abduroaf, M. (2022). The New Framework Planned for the Legal Recognition and Regulation of Muslim Marriages in a Secular South Africa: From Litigation to Law Reform. Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 22(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v22i1.26076

Mukran H. Usman, & Akhmad Hanafi Dain Yunta. (2020). Koreksi Hukum Islam Terhadap Hukum Jahiliah. BUSTANUL FUQAHA: Jurnal Bidang Hukum Islam, 1(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.36701/bustanul.v1i1.120

Muslehuddin, M. (1980). Philosophy of Islamic Law and The Orientalists. Islamic Publication Ltd.

Mustamar, M., Chair of the East Java Nahdlatul Ulama Regional Board of Tanfidziyah Board (PWNU) and Head of Islamic Boarding School Sabiitul Rosyad, personal communication, 15 July 2021

Nawawi, M. (2007). Reaktualisasi Fiqh Indonesia (Telaah atas Kontribusi Pemikiran Hukum Hasbi ash- Shiddieqy). AL-IHKAM, 11(1), 29 – 43.

Nujayn, Z. al-‘Abidin I. B. (1993). al-Ashbāh Wa al-Nazāir ‘Alā Madhhab Abi Ḥanifah al-Nu’man. Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyah.

Nur, I., Adam, S., & Muttaqien, M. N. (2020). Maqāṣid Al-Sharī‘at: The Main Reference and Ethical-Spiritual Foundation for the Dynamization Process of Islamic Law. Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 20(2), 331–360. https://doi. org/10.15408/ajis.v20i2.18333

Nurhuda, Z. (2018). Ideology of Sayyid Qutb and Movement of Tarbiyah in Indonesia: A Linguistics Approach. Proceedings of the International Conference on Culture and Language in Southeast Asia (ICCLAS 2017). https://doi. org/10.2991/icclas-17.2018.27

Philip K. Hitti. (1974). History of Arabs from Earliest Times to the Present, Edisi X. The Macmillan Press.

Rifai, A. (2019). Kesalahan dan Penyimpangan dalam Tafsir. Al Amin: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu dan Budaya Islam, 2(02), 130–148. Https://doi.org/10.36670/ alamin.v2i02.22

Sahlan, M., Fajarni, S., Ikramatoun, S., Kamil, A. I., & Ilham, I. (2019). The Roles of Ulama in the process of Post-Conflict Reconciliation in Aceh. Society. https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v7i2.106

Sarbini, M., & Maya, R. (2019). Gagasan Pendidikan Anti Jahiliyah dan Implementasinya. Islami: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam.

Shalabi, M. M. (1986). Uṣūl al-Fiqh al-Islāmī. Dār al-Nadwā al-Arabiyah.

Shiddieqy, M. H. A. (1993). Falsafah Hukum Islam. Bulan Bintang.

Shihab, M. Q. (2002). Tafsir Al-Misbah: Pesan, Kesan dan Keserasian al-Qur’an, Vol. 3. Lentera Hati.

Sodiqin, A. (2021). Legal, Moral, and Spiritual Dialectics in the Islamic Restorative Justice System. Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 21(2), 357–378. https://doi. org/10.15408/ajis.v21i2.22675

Sprenger, G. (2016a). Structured and unstructured misunderstandings: Towards an anthropological theory of misunderstanding. Civilizations. https://doi. org/10.4000/civilisations.4050

Sprenger, G. (2016b). Structured and unstructured misunderstandings. Civilisations, 65, 21–38. https://doi.org/10.4000/civilisations.4050

Sulastomo. (1995). Kontekstualisasi Ajaran Islam: 70 Tahun Prof. Dr. H. Munawir Sjadzali, MA. IPHI dan Paramadina.

Susylawati, E. (2013). Eksistensi Hukum Adat dalam Sistem Hukum Di Indonesia. AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial, 4(1), 124–140. https://doi. org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v4i1.267

Syamsudin, S., an academic in Yogya, personal communication, 4 May 2021

Syarifuddin, A. (1990). Pembaharuan Pemikiran dalam Hukum Islam. Angkasa Raya.

Shawqiy, A. A.-S. (1989). al-Madkhal Lī Dirāsat al-Fiqh al-Islāmī. Dār al-Wafā’.

Zahid, M. (2019). Perpaduan Hukum Islam dan Hukum Adat (Upaya Merumuskan Hukum Islam Berkepribadian Indonesia). AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial, 1(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v1i1.2552


Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v22i2.25100

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.