Synthesis and Characterization of Optical Properties of Carbon Quantum Dots (CQD) Based on Mustard Green (Brassica juncea L) Leaf with Urea Addition
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a class of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized in this work from Mustard Leaves (Brassica juncea L) with the Addition of Urea via a microwave-assisted reflux method. This research aims to characterize CQDs' optical properties, energy gap, and emission under UV light computationally and experimentally. The studied optical properties obtained the maximum absorption peak observed from the UV-Vis spectrum of CQDs without urea shown at 233 nm. The UV-Vis spectrum of CQDs with the addition of urea (1 g, 1.5 g, and 2 g urea) has maximum absorption peaks at 424 nm, 422 nm, and 418 nm. The addition of urea causes a shift in the peak of the UV-Vis absorption spectrum towards red wavelengths (redshift). CQDs display bright green emissions when exposed to UV irradiation. In this work, the structures of CQDs of various forms (CQD-24, CQD-54, CQD-24-NH2, CQD-54-NH2) are theoretically studied in detail, and the results present both models (CQD-24, CQD-54) shows that the calculation results are in accordance with the experimental results, namely having a maximum UV-Vis absorption at 233 nm and in the range 200-400 nm. The results of calculations based on experiments show the same trend, namely that with the addition of urea, there is a shift in the absorption peak (redshift). The gap energy obtained also decreased with the addition of urea. CQDs solution emits yellow-green light.
Keywords
References
Rani UA, Ng LY, Ng CY, Mahmoudi E. A review of carbon quantum dots and their applications in wastewater treatment. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2020;278:102124. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2020.102124
Guo X, Zhang H, Sun H, Tade MO, Wang S. Green Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots for Sensitized Solar Cells. ChemPhotoChem. 2017;1(4):116-119. doi:10.1002/cptc.201600038
Kumar P, Bhatt G, Kaur R, Dua S, Kapoor A. Synthesis and modulation of the optical properties of carbon quantum dots using microwave radiation. Fullerenes Nanotub Carbon Nanostructures. 2020;28(9):724-731. doi:10.1080/1536383X.2020.1752679
Hu X, Li Y, Xu Y, et al. Green one-step synthesis of carbon quantum dots from orange peel for fluorescent detection of Escherichia coli in milk. Food Chem. 2021;339(July 2020):127775. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127775
Yu Z, Zhang L, Wang X, He D, Suo H, Zhao C. Fabrication of ZnO/carbon quantum dots composite sensor for detecting no gas. Sensors (Switzerland). 2020;20(17):1-11. doi:10.3390/s20174961
Dager A, Baliyan A, Kurosu S, Maekawa T, Tachibana M. Ultrafast synthesis of carbon quantum dots from fenugreek seeds using microwave plasma enhanced decomposition: application of C-QDs to grow fluorescent protein crystals. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1-15. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69264-9
Abu N, Chinnathambi S, Kumar M, et al. Development of biomass waste-based carbon quantum dots and their potential application as non-toxic bioimaging agents. RSC Adv. 2023;13(40):28230-28249. doi:10.1039/d3ra05840a
Huang P, Xu S, Zhang M, Zhong W, Xiao Z, Luo Y. Green vegetables derived simultaneously carbon dots as sensitizer and carbon particles as counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. 2019;(February 2020):26. doi:10.1117/12.2539530
Arumugham T, Alagumuthu M, Amimodu RG, Munusamy S, Iyer SK. A sustainable synthesis of green carbon quantum dot (CQD) from Catharanthus roseus (white flowering plant) leaves and investigation of its dual fluorescence responsive behavior in multi-ion detection and biological applications. Sustain Mater Technol. 2020;23:e00138. doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2019.e00138
Song Y, Zhang M, Yin L, et al. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- 19 . The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect , the company ’ s public news and information. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(January):1-9. https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/jurnal-kesehatan-olahraga/article/view/34491
Synthesis and analysis of Carbon Dots (CDs) from natural sources. In: Empowering Science and Mathematics for Global Competitiveness. ; 2019:5.
Rasal AS, Yadav S, Yadav A, et al. Carbon Quantum Dots for Energy Applications: A Review. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2021;4(7):6515-6541. doi:10.1021/acsanm.1c01372
He P, Shi Y, Meng T, et al. Recent advances in white light-emitting diodes of carbon quantum dots. Nanoscale. 2020;12(8):4826-4832. doi:10.1039/c9nr10958g
Xue H, Yan Y, Hou Y, Li G, Hao C. Novel carbon quantum dots for fluorescent detection of phenol and insights into the mechanism. New J Chem. 2018;42(14):11485-11492. doi:10.1039/c8nj01611a
Ambrusi RE, Arroyave JM, Centurión ME, et al. Density functional theory model for carbon dot surfaces and their interaction with silver nanoparticles. Phys E Low-Dimensional Syst Nanostructures. 2019;114. doi:10.1016/j.physe.2019.113640
Bursch M, Mewes JM, Hansen A, Grimme S. Best-Practice DFT Protocols for Basic Molecular Computational Chemistry**. Angew Chemie - Int Ed. 2022;61(42). doi:10.1002/anie.202205735
Gelfand N, Freidzon A, Vovna V. Theoretical insights into UV–Vis absorption spectra of difluoroboron β-diketonates with an extended π system: An analysis based on DFT and TD-DFT calculations. Spectrochim Acta - Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2019;216:161-172. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.064
Yashwanth HJ, Rondiya SR, Dzade NY, Dhole SD, Phase DM, Hareesh K. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of N, P, co-doped carbon quantum dots: An insight from experimental and computational approach. Vacuum. 2020;180(July):109589. doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109589
Tiwari S, Talreja S. Green Chemistry and Microwave Irradiation Technique: A Review. J Pharm Res Int. 2022;34:74-79. doi:10.9734/jpri/2022/v34i39a36240
Fahyuan HD, Deswardani F, Nurhidayah N, et al. The effect of doping variation on band gap energy and crystal structure of Biochar/TiO2 thin layer. J Phys Conf Ser. 2021;1731(1). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1731/1/012060
Yuniarti E, Nurlaela A. Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia Studi Komputasi Karakteristik Optik Cyanidin sebagai Sensitiser dengan Pelarut Ethanol, Air ,dan Acetonitrile. 2023;20(1):39-48. doi:10.31258/jkfi.20.1.39-48
Azargoshasb T, Parvizi R, Bozorgzadeh F, Navid HA, Heidari H. Smart green CQD@SiO2 hybrid coated optical fiber manifesting dual versatile absorptive and MIP features towards epinephrine detection. Nanoscale Adv. 2022;5(2):459-470. doi:10.1039/d2na00687a
Alam AM, Park BY, Ghouri ZK, Park M, Kim HY. Synthesis of carbon quantum dots from cabbage with down- and up-conversion photoluminescence properties: Excellent imaging agent for biomedical applications. Green Chem. 2015;17(7):3791-3797. doi:10.1039/c5gc00686d
Architha N, Ragupathi M, Shobana C, et al. Microwave-assisted green synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots from Mexican Mint extract for Fe3+ detection and bio-imaging applications. Environ Res. 2021;199(April):111263. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111263
Kanagathara N, Bhavani R, Lo AY, Marchewka MK, Janczak J. Structural, vibrational characterization and DFT calculations of urea: DL-malic acid (1:1) – co-crystal. J Mol Struct. 2022;1270(August). doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133930
Langer M, Paloncýová M, Medveď M, et al. Progress and challenges in understanding of photoluminescence properties of carbon dots based on theoretical computations. Appl Mater Today. 2021;22:1-64. doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100924
Umami R, Permatasari FA, Sundari CDD, Muttaqien F, Iskandar F. Surface Functional Groups Effect on the Absorption Spectrum of Carbon Dots: Initial TD-DFT Study. J Phys Conf Ser. 2022;2243(1). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2243/1/012043
Hashemi D, Ma X, Ansari R, Kim J, Kieffer J. Design principles for the energy level tuning in donor/acceptor conjugated polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2019;21(2):789-799. doi:10.1039/c8cp03341b
. Yu T, Wang H, Guo C, Zhai Y, Yang J, Yuan J. A rapid microwave synthesis of green-emissive carbon dots with solid-state fluorescence and pH-sensitive properties. R Soc Open Sci. 2018;5(7). doi:10.1098/rsos.180245
Vercelli B. The role of carbon quantum dots in organic photovoltaics: A short overview. Coatings. 2021;11(2):1-26. doi:10.3390/coatings11020232
DOI: 10.15408/jkv.v9i2.34164
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2023 Elvan Yuniarti, Ai Nurlaela
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
