HOW DOES JAKARTA’S MILLENNIALS PERCEIVE THE FEAR OF COVID-19 OUTBREAK’S BEGINNING?

Suhendra Suhendra

HOW DOES JAKARTA’S MILLENNIALS PERCEIVE THE FEAR OF COVID-19 OUTBREAK’S BEGINNING?

Suhendra Suhendra

Abstract

Abstract. This article discusses emotional expression and experience of Jakarta millennials in perceiving fear at the beginning of the Covid-19 outbreak in Indonesia. This research was conducted through a case study method which was narrated descriptively. The initial concept led this research in finding data was the Extended Parallel Process Model theory proposed by Kim Witte and several supporting concepts in emotional communication. The results show that Jakarta millennials perceive fear as internal anxiety created by threats as an external danger. They consider Covid-19 as a frightening threat with a high level of vulnerability and severity that has an impact on health, economic and social aspects. They also have a high level of efficacy by having the understanding of Covid-19 and health protocols and efforts to implement them. Individual differences through media literacy and direct experience of Covid-19 are important aspects that encourage efficacy to achieve danger control from fear that change beliefs, intentions, attitudes and behaviors of Jakarta millennials in fighting the transmission of Covid-19 through the application of health protocols.

Keyword: Fear; Covid-19; Millennial; Media; Experience

Abstrak. Artikel ini membahas mengenai ekspresi dan pengalaman emosi milenial Jakarta dalam mempersepsi rasa takut pada awal wabah Covid-19 di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui metode studi kasus yang dinarasikan secara deskriptif. Konsep awal yang mengantarkan penelitian ini dalam menemukan data adalah teori Extended Parallel Process Model yang diajukan Kim Witte dan beberapa konsep pendukung dalam komunikasi emosional. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa milenial Jakarta mempersepsi takut sebagai kekhawatiran yang bersifat internal yang diciptakan oleh ancaman sebagai bahaya yang bersifat eksternal. Mereka menganggap Covid-19 sebagai ancaman yang menakutkan dengan tingkat kerentanan dan keseriusan yang tinggi yang berdampak pada aspek kesehatan, ekonomi dan sosial. Mereka juga memiliki tingkat efikasi yang tinggi dengan adanya pemahaman tentang Covid-19 dan protokol kesehatan serta upaya penerapannya. Perbedaan individu melalui literasi media dan pengalaman langsung terhadap Covid-19 merupakan aspek penting yang mendorong efikasi untu mencapai pengendalian bahaya dari ketakutan yang mengubah kepercayaan, intensi, sikap dan perilaku milenial Jakarta dalam melawan penularan Covid-19 melalui penerapan protokol kesehatan.

Kata Kunci: Rasa Takut; Covid-19; Milenial; Media; Pengalaman

Keywords

Fear; Covid-19; Millennial; Media; Experience

References

BOOKS

Bryman, A. (2008). Social Research Methods. New York: Oxford University Press.

Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research Third Edition. California: Sage Publication, Inc.

Hansen, D., Shneiderman, B., & Smith, M. A. (2011). Analyzing Social Media Networks with NodeXL: Insight from a Connected World. New Jersey: Elsevier Inc.

Hennink, M., Hutter, I., Bailey, A. (2011). Qualitative Research Methods. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Method: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (7th Ed.). London: Pearson Education Limited.

Andersen, P. A., Guerrero, L. K. (Ed.). (2011). Handbook of Communication and Emotion: Research, Theory, Applications, and Contexts. Massachusetts: Academic Press.

Leventhal, H. (1970). Findings and theory in the study of fear communication. In L. Berkowitz (Ed,). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 119-186. New York: New York Academic Press.

Witte, K. (2011). Fear as motivator, fear as inhibitor: Using the extended parallel process model to explain fear appeal successes and failures. In P. A. Anderson, L. K. Guerrero. (Eds.). Handbook of Communication and Emotion: Research, Theory, Applicationsm and Contexts, 423-450. Massachusetts: Academic Press.

IDN Research Institue&Nielsen. (2020). Indonesia milenial report 2020: Understanding millennials’ behaviours and Demystifying their stereotypes. Jakarta, Indonesia: Author.

United Nations. (2020). Policy brief: The impact of covid-19 on food security and nutrition. New York, USA: Author.

World Health Organization. (2020). Pandemic fatigue, reinvigorating the public to prevent covid-19. Copenhagen OE, Denmark: Author.

World Health Organization. (2021). Covid-19 clinical management: Living guidance. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

JOURNAL & NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Abascal, E. G. F., Diaz, M. D. M. (2021). Longitudinal study on affect, psychological well being, depression, mental and physical health, prior to and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 1-10.

Ahorsu, D. K., Et al. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1, 1-9.

Aly, M. N., Et al. (2020). Panduan aman ‘new normal” menghadapi pandemi covid-19. Jurnal Layanan Masyarakat, 4(2), 415-422.

Berto, A. R. (2015). Using fear as persuasive messages strategy in advertising for road safety. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Komunikasi dan Informatika, 6 (2), 69-80.

Briassoulis, H. (2019). The catharsis of the commons. International Journal of the Commons, 13(2), 1092-1111.

Bunch, L. (2021). A tale of two crises: Addressing covid-19 vaccine hesitancy as promoting racial justice. HEC Forum, 1, 1-12.

Davradakis, E., Santos, R., Zwart, S., Marchitto, B. (2020). The EIB covid-19 economic vulnerability index-An analysis of countries outside the european union, European Investmen Bank, 1-24.

Eriyanto & Zarkasih, I. R. (2018). Model persuasi yang efektif dengan menggunakan pendekatan rasa takut (fear appeal): Studi eksperimen bahaya rokok di kalangan remaja. Jurnal Komunikasi Indonesia, 7(1), 87-98.

Fridayani, H. D., Iqbal, M. (2020). An analysis: Indonesia’s new normal policy implementation during covid-19 and its impact on economic aspect. Jurnal Caraka Prabu¸4(2), 197-205.

Gharlipour, Z. Et al. (2015). The effect of preventive educational program in cigarette smoking: Extended parallel Process Model. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 4, 18-24.

Huang, F., Et al. (2020). How fear and collectivism influence public’s preventive intention towards COVID-19 infection: a study basen on big data from the social media. BMC Public Health, 20, 1-9.

Karatas, Z., Tagay, O. (2021). The relationships between resilience of the adults affected by the covid pandemic in Turkey adn Covid-19 fear, meaning in life, life satisfaction, intolerance of uncertainty and hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 1-7.

Karimi, M. Et al. (2017). Prediction of the students’ intention to the consumption of soft drinks: Using the extended parallel process model. J Health Sci Surveillance Sys, 5(2), 2-7.

Kotowski, M. R. Et al. (2011). Using the extended parallel process model to create and evaluate the effectiveness of brochures to reduce the risk for noise-induced hearing loss in college students. Noise & Health A Bi-monthly Inter-disciplinary International Journal, 13, 261-271.

Krumhuber, E. G., Scherer, K. R. (2011). Affect burst: Dynamic patterns of facial expression. Emotion, 11(4), 825-841.

Larasati, D. (2020). Life social protection assessment: Elderly vulnerability and social protection during covid-19 pandemic. Indonesia ‘TNP2K & Australian Government, 1-8.

Lauvrak, V., Juvet, L. (2020). Social and economic vulberable groups during the covid-19 pandemic, rapid review 2020. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 1-37.

Meester, J., Ooijens, M. (2020). Covid-19 impact on the value chain-conceptual paper. Clingendael, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, 1-19.

Mitra, R. N., Agrawal, D. P. (2016). 5G mobile technology: A survey. ICT Express, 1, 132-137.

Moylett, S., Hevey, D. (2019). Examining the extended parallel process model for communicating about cardiovascular disease to an at-risk population utilising a think aloud methodology. HRB Open Research, 2(12), 1-14.

Muhyiddin. (2020). Covid-19, new normal dan perencanaan pembangunan di Indonesia. The Indonesian Journal of Development Planning, 4(2), 240-252.

Mustamu, J., Bakarbessy, A. D. (2020). Optimizing health protocol enforcement during the covid-19 pandemic. Law Reform, 16(2), 243-263.

Ng, E. S. W., Johnson, J. M. (2015). Millenials: Who are they, how are they different, and why should we care? The Multi-Generational and Aging Workforce, 121-137.

Nunez, I. L., Morales, J. F. D., Garcia, M. E. A. (2021). Individual differences, personality, social, family and work variables on mental health during COVID-19 outbreak in Spain. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 1-6.

Ortony, a., Clore, G. L. & Foss, M. (1987). The referential structure of the affective lexicon. Cognitive Science, 11, 361-384.

Popova, L. (2012). The extended parallel process model: Illuminating the gaps in research. Health Education & Behavior, 39(4), 445-473.

Rathi, B. (2020). Coronavirus disease COVID-19: A new threat to public health. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 20(00), 1-2.

Rodriguez, T. C. Et al. (2021). Assessment of fear of COVID-19 in older adults: Validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1, 1-15.

Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and psychological processes in fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Psychology, 91, 93-114.

Sakib, N., Et al. (2020). Psychometric validation of the bangla fear of COVID-19 scale: confirmatory factor analysis and rasch analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-12.

Sari, N. N., Yuliana, D., Hervidea, R., Agata, A. (2020). Protokol kesehatan covid-19: Sebgai upaya pencegahan covid-19 di area kerja pada karyawan perkantoran di bandar lampung. Jurnal Peduli Masyarakt, 2(4), 173-180.

Soraci, P. Et al. (2020). Validation and psychometric evaluation of the italian version of the fear COVID-19 scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1 1-10.

Stanculescu, E. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 in Romania: validation of the romanian version of the fear of COVID-19 scale using graded response model analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction¬, 1-16.

Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59, 329-349.

Yuan, Y. (2021). Mindfulness training on the resilience of adolescents under the COVID-19 epidemic: A latent growth curve analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 1-9.

Zonouzy, V. T. Et al. (2019). An educational intervention based on the extended parallel process model to improve attitude, behavioral intention, and early breast cancer diagnosis: A randomized trial. International Journal of Women’s Health, 11, 1-10.

Ornell, F., Schuch, J. B., Sordi, A. O., Kessler, F. H. P. (2020). “Pandemic fear” and Covid-19: mental health burden and strategies. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 2(3), 232-235. Diambil dari https://www.scielo.br

Anwar, A., Malik, M., Raees, V., Anwar, A. (2020). Role of mass media and public health communications in the covid-19 pandemic. Cureus, 12(9), 1-12. Doi: 10.7759/cureus.10453

Babarro, A. C., Extarri, A. A., Santamaria, B.G., Coca, A. (2020). Physical activity change during covid-19 confinement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1-10. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186878

Cori, L.,Curzio, O.,Adorni, F., Prinelli, F., Noale, M., Trevisan, C., Fortunato, L., Giacomelli, A., Bianchi, F. (2021). Fear of covid-19 for individuals and family members: Indications from the national cross-sectional study of the EPICOVID19 web-based survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 1-20. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph18063248

Dadfa, M., Sanadgol, S. (2020). Self-efficacy on the coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19). Research Square, 1-8. Doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-143799/v1

Dewi, Y. K., Probandari, A. (2021). Covid-19 risk factors and health protocol compliance among mall employees and officers in yograkarta. BKM Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 37(1), 21-26. Doi: 10.22146/bkm.S906S

Estrela, F. M., Soares, C. F., Cruz, M. A., Silva, A. F., Santos, J. R. L., Moreira, T. M. O., Lima, A. B., Silva, M. G. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic: reflecting vulnerabilities in the light of gender, race and class. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 25(9), 3431-3436. Doi: 10.1590/1413-81232020259.14052020

Finell, E., Tiilikainen, M., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Hasan, N., Muthana, F. (2021). Lived experience related to the covid-19 pandemic among arabic-, russian-and somali speaking migrants in finland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 1-18. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph18052601

Gennaro, F. D., Pizzol, D., Marotta, C., Antunes, M., Racalbuto, V., Veronese, N., Smith, L. (2020). Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) current status and future perspectives: A narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1-11. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph17082690

Hidalgo, A. J. R., Pantaleon, Y., Dios, I., Fall, D. (2020). Fear of covid-19, stress, and anxiety in university undergraduate students: A predictive model for depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-9. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591797

Jahangiry, L. Et al. (2020). Developing and validating the risk perception questionnaire for COVID-19 (Risk Precept COVID-19): an application of the extended parallel process model. Research Square, 1-15. Doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-28848/v1

Kocak, O; Kocak, O. E., Younis, M.Z. (2021). The psychological consequences of covid-19 fear and the moderator effects of individuals’ underlying illness and witnessing infected friends and family. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 1-15. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041836

Meadows, C. Z. (2020). The effects of fear appeals and message formats on promoting skin cancer prevention behaviors among College Students. Societies, 10(21), 1-12. Doi: 10.3390/soc10010021

Moise, D., Oancea, D. M. N., Diaconu, A., Diaconu S. (2021). Covid-19, a threat or a blessing to globalization? SHS Web of Conferences, 92, 1-7. Doi: 10.1051/shsconf/20219201033

Peng, M. (2020). Outbreak of COVID-19: An emerging global pandemic threat. Elsevier Mason SAS: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 129, 1-14. Doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110499

Rintamaki, L. S., Yang, Z. J. (2014). Advancing the extended parallel process model through the inclusion of response cost measures. Journal of Health Communication: International Perspectives, 1-16. Doi: 10.1080/10810730.2013.864722

Tavares, F. F., Betti, G. (2020). The pandemic of poverty, vulnerability, and covid-19: Evidence from a fuzzy multidimensional analysis of deprivations in brazil. World Development, 1-33. Doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105307

Yildirim, M., Guler, A. (2020). Covid-19 severity, self-efficacy, knowledge, preventive behavior, and mental health in turkey. Death Studies, 1-8. 10.1080/07481187.2020.1793434

Fadli, R. (2021, Juni 11). Begini kronologi lengkap virus corona masuk Indonesia, Halodoc, diambil dari https://www.halodoc.com

Dzulfaroh, A. N. (2021, Juni 5). Daftar 10 daerah dengan kasus Covid-19 tertinggi di Indonesia, Kompas, diambil dari https://www.kompas.com

UNICEF. (2020, November 18). UNICEF calls for averting a lost generation as COVID-19 threatens to cause irreversible harm to children’s nutrition well-being. UNICEF, diambil dari https://unicef.org

Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.15408/empati.v10i2.21897