Direct Political Campaign in the Middle of Pandemic Covid-19 According to Islamic Legal Perspective and Positive Law

Abstract

Abstract

This study examines how Indonesian positive law and Islamic law (fiqh siyāsah) address the practice of direct political campaigning during the Covid-19 pandemic, focusing on the 2020 simultaneous regional head elections and the 2021 village head election (Pilkades) in Cintakarya Village, Samarang District, Garut Regency, West Java. The study addresses two questions: (1) what legal consequences arise from violations of health protocols during direct campaigning, and (2) how classical and contemporary Muslim scholars assess the permissibility of direct campaigning under pandemic conditions. Using empirical legal research that combines statutory, conceptual, and socio-legal approaches, primary data were obtained from national election and health regulations, including General Elections Commission (KPU) Regulation Number 13 of 2020, Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2020, and Law Number 6 of 2018 concerning Health Quarantine, as well as field interviews conducted in Cintakarya Village. These data were supplemented by secondary literature on fiqh siyāsah and maqāṣid al-sharīʿah. The findings indicate that Indonesian election law does not explicitly criminalize violations of health protocols committed during direct campaigning; however, offenders may be subject to sanctions under the Health Quarantine Law. Furthermore, the legal maxims al-mashaqqah tajlib al-taysīr and lā ḍarar wa lā ḍirār allow campaigning under strict health-protocol supervision but consider it makrūh or even prohibited when it poses a risk to public safety. This view is consistent with the position of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), which seeks to balance ḥifẓ al-dīn (protection of religion) and ḥifẓ al-nafs (protection of life). The study recommends establishing clearer statutory sanctions for health-protocol violations related to election campaigns.

Keyword: Direct Political Campaign; Covid-19 Pandemic; Islamic Law; Positive Law; Village Head Election (Pilkades).

Abstrak

              Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana hukum positif dan hukum Islam (fikih siyasah) memandang praktik kampanye politik langsung yang dilaksanakan di tengah pandemi Covid-19 di Indonesia, dengan fokus pada Pilkada Serentak 2020 dan Pemilihan Kepala Desa (Pilkades) tahun 2021 di Desa Cintakarya, Kecamatan Samarang, Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat. Dua pertanyaan penelitian dijawab: konsekuensi hukum apa yang melekat pada pelanggaran protokol kesehatan dalam kampanye langsung, dan bagaimana pandangan ulama klasik maupun kontemporer terhadap kebolehan kampanye langsung di masa pandemi. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum empiris yang memadukan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan sosiologi hukum, data primer diperoleh dari peraturan kepemiluan dan kesehatan nasional—Peraturan KPU Nomor 13 Tahun 2020, Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2020, dan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2018 tentang Kekarantinaan Kesehatan—serta wawancara lapangan di Desa Cintakarya, dan dilengkapi kajian pustaka fikih siyasah dan maqasid syariah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hukum pemilu Indonesia tidak secara eksplisit mempidanakan pelanggaran protokol kesehatan dalam kampanye langsung, namun pelanggar dapat dikenai sanksi berdasarkan Undang-Undang Kekarantinaan Kesehatan, sementara kaidah fikih klasik al-masyaqqah tajlib al-taysir dan la darar wa la dirar membolehkan kampanye dengan pengawasan protokol kesehatan yang ketat namun menjadikannya makruh atau haram apabila membahayakan keselamatan publik—sebagaimana ditegaskan oleh Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) dalam menyeimbangkan hifz al-din dan hifz al-nafs. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan perlunya sanksi hukum yang lebih jelas atas pelanggaran protokol kesehatan dalam kampanye.

Kata Kunci: Direct Political Campaign; Covid-19 Pandemic; Islamic Law; Positive Law; Village Head Election (Pilkades).