Factors Affecting Economic Growth in Indonesia

Anna Yulianita, Dimas Resy Ramadhan, Mukhlis Mukhlis

Abstract


Inclusive economic growth is an important issue in Indonesia, given the country's uneven economic history and many social and economic inequalities. Despite significant economic progress in recent decades, many Indonesians still live in poverty and are marginalized from economic progress. The data used in this study are panel data from cross-sectional data, namely data from 34 provinces in Indonesia, and time series data, namely data from 2012–2021. The analysis technique used is panel data regression with the fixed effect model method. Based on the results of the study, it is clear that the relationship between poverty, unemployment, and economic inequality is negative and significant for inclusive economic growth in Indonesia. The analysis also emphasizes that efforts to achieve inclusive economic growth should focus on community empowerment, investment in education and training, inclusive infrastructure development, and policies focused on sustainable economic development.

JEL Classification: I3, J64, D63, O47

How to Cite:

Yuanita, A., Ramadhan, D. R, & Mukhlis. (2023). Factors Affecting Economic Growth in Indonesia. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 12(2), 245-262. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v12i2.31186.


Keywords


poverty; unemployment; economic inequality; inclusive economic growth

References


Ademola, A., and Abdullahi Badiru. (2014). The Impact of Unemployment and Inflation on Economic Growth in Nigeria (1981–2014). International Journal of Applied Research, 9(1), 47–55.

Amorós, J. E., Ciravegna, L., Mandakovic, V., and Stenholm, P. (2019). Necessity or Opportunity? The Effects of State Fragility and Economic Development on Entrepreneurial Efforts. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 43(4), 725–750. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258717736857

Aoyagi, C., and Ganelli, G. (2015). Asia’s quest for inclusive growth revisited. Journal of Asian Economics, 40, 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2015.06.005

Arsyad, D. S., Nasir, S., Arundhana, A. I., Phan-Thien, K. Y., Toribio, J. A., McMahon, P., Guest, D. I., and Walton, M. (2019). A one health exploration of the reasons for low cocoa productivity in West Sulawesi. One Health, 8(July), 100107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2019.100107

Atmojo, M. E., and Fridayani, H. D. (2021). An Assessment of Covid-19 Pandemic Impact on Indonesian Tourism Sector. Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 8(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgpp.811338

Awad-warrad, T., and Muhtaseb, B. M. A. (2017). Trade Openness and Inclusive Economic Growth : Poverty Reduction through the Growth – Unemployment Linkage. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7(2), 348–354.

Aziz, A. A., Royani, R., and Syukriati, S. (2021). The Implementation of Family Hope Program in Social Protection and Welfare in West Lombok. Journal of The Community Development in Asia, 4(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.32535/jcda.v4i3.1176

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2020). Persentase Penduduk Miskin (P0) Menurut Provinsi dan Daerah. In Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/23/192/1/persentase-penduduk-miskin-menurut-provinsi.html

Baldini, M., Maso, L. D., Liberatore, G., Mazzi, F., and Terzani, S. (2018). Role of Country- and Firm-Level Determinants in Environmental, Social, and Governance Disclosure. Journal of Business Ethics, 150(1), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3139-1

Banerjee, S. B., and Jackson, L. (2017). Microfinance and the business of poverty reduction: Critical perspectives from rural Bangladesh. Human Relations, 70(1), 63–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726716640865

Bapuji, H., and Neville, L. (2015). Income inequality ignored? An agenda for business and strategic organization. Strategic Organization, 13(3), 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127015589902

Bapuji, H., Patel, C., Ertug, G., and Allen, D. G. (2020). Corona Crisis and Inequality: Why Management Research Needs a Societal Turn. Journal of Management, 46(7), 1205–1222. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206320925881

Boin, A., Ekengren, M., and Rhinard, M. (2020). Hiding in Plain Sight: Conceptualizing the Creeping Crisis. Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy, 11(2), 116–138. https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12193

Bor, J., Cohen, G. H., and Galea, S. (2017). Population health in an era of rising income inequality: USA, 1980–2015. The Lancet, 389(10077), 1475–1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30571-8

Buchori, I., Sugiri, A., Maryono, M., Pramitasari, A., and Pamungkas, I. T. D. (2017). Theorizing spatial dynamics of metropolitan regions: A preliminary study in Java and Madura Islands, Indonesia. Sustainable Cities and Society, 35, 468–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.08.022

Cabeza-García, L., Del Brio, E. B., and Oscanoa-Victorio, M. L. (2019). Female financial inclusion and its impacts on inclusive economic development. Women’s Studies International Forum, 77(October), 102300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2019.102300

Chongvilaivan, A., and Kim, J. (2016). Individual Income Inequality and Its Drivers in Indonesia: A Theil Decomposition Reassessment. Social Indicators Research, 126(1), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0890-0

Corrado, G., and Corrado, L. (2017). Inclusive finance for inclusive growth and development. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 24(September 2015), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.013

Dauda, R. S. (2016). Poverty and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Issues and Policies Poverty and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Issues and. Journal of Poverty, 21(1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2016.1141383

Dong, S. X., and Manning, C. (2017). Labour-Market Developments at a Time of Heightened Uncertainty. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 53(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2017.1326201

Erlando, A., Riyanto, F. D., and Masakazu, S. (2020). Financial inclusion, economic growth, and poverty alleviation: evidence from eastern Indonesia. Heliyon, 6(10), e05235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05235

Etuk, R. U., Etuk, G. R., and Michael, B. (2014). Small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) and Nigeria’s economic development. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(7), 656–662. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n7p656

Fauzi, F. Z., Murti, A. A. G. B., Imamah, L. A., and Hapsari, N. (2019). Infrastructure Development in Papua: Features and Challenges. Policy and Governance Review, 3(3), 225. https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v3i3.162

Firman, T., and Fahmi, F. Z. (2017). The Privatization of Metropolitan Jakarta’s (Jabodetabek) Urban Fringes: The Early Stages of “Post-Suburbanization” in Indonesia. Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(1), 68–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2016.1249010

Fosu, A. K. (2015). Growth, Inequality and Poverty in Sub- Saharan Africa: Recent Progress in a Global Context. Oxford Development Studies, 43(1), 44–59. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2014.964195

Garza-Rodriguez, J. (2018). Poverty and economic growth in Mexico. Social Sciences, 7(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7100183

Gatzweiler, F. W., and Baumüller, H. (2014). Marginality-a framework for analyzing causal complexities of poverty. On Marginality: Addressing the Nexus of Poverty, Exclusion and Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7061-4_2

Gibson, J., Olivia, S., Boe-Gibson, G., and Li, C. (2021). Which night lights data should we use in economics, and where? Journal of Development Economics, 149 (December 2020), 102602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102602

Goschin, Z. (2015). Territorial Inequalities and Economic Growth in Romania. A Multi-factor Approach. Procedia Economics and Finance, 22(November 2014), 690–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00285-3

Gudmundsdottir, D. G. (2013). The Impact of Economic Crisis on Happiness. Social Indicators Research, 110(3), 1083–1101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9973-8

Guest, D. E. (2017). Human resource management and employee well-being: towards a new analytic framework. Human Resource Management Journal, 27(1), 22–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12139

Gupta, S., Methuen, C., Kent, P., Chatain, G., Christie, D., Torales, J., and Ventriglio, A. (2016). Economic development does not improve public mental health spending. International Review of Psychiatry, 28(4), 415–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2016.1210582

Halter, D., Oechslin, M., and Zweimüller, J. (2014). Inequality and growth: The neglected time dimension. Journal of Economic Growth, 19(1), 81–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-013-9099-8

Hensher, D. A. (2020). What might Covid-19 mean for mobility as a service (MaaS)? Transport Reviews, 40(5), 551–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2020.1770487

Hidayat, I., Mulatsih, S., and Rindayati, W. (2020). The Determinants of Inclusive Economic Growth in Yogyakarta. Journal Economia, 16(2), 200–210. https://doi.org/10.21831/economia.v16i2.29342

Iniguez-Montiel, A. J. (2014). Growth with equity for the development of Mexico: Poverty, inequality, and economic growth (1992-2008). World Development, 59, 313–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.011

Jetten, J. (2019). The wealth paradox: Prosperity and opposition to immigration. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(6), 1097–1113. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2552

Kanda, W., and Kivimaa, P. (2020). Energy Research and Social Science What opportunities could the COVID-19 outbreak offer for sustainability transitions research on electricity and mobility ? Energy Research and Social Science, 68 (June), 101666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101666

Kataoka, M. (2019). Interprovincial differences in labour force distribution and utilization based on educational attainment in Indonesia, 2002–2015. Regional Science Policy and Practice, 11(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12159

Kaulihowa, T., and Adjasi, C. (2018). FDI and income inequality in Africa. Oxford Development Studies, 46(2), 250–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2017.1381233

Kim, J. H. (2016). A study on the effect of financial inclusion on the relationship between income inequality and economic growth. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(2), 498–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2016.1110467

Kim, J. Y., Farmer, P., and Porter, M. E. (2013). Redefining global health-care delivery. The Lancet, 382(9897), 1060–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61047-8

Korkmaz, S. (2015). The Effect of Military Spending on Economic Growth and Unemployment. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(1), 273–280.

Kraus, M. W., Park, J. W., and Tan, J. J. X. (2017). Signs of Social Class: The Experience of Economic Inequality in Everyday Life. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(3), 422–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616673192

Laurens, S., and Perdana Kusuma Putra, A. H. (2020). Poverty alleviation efforts through MDG’s and economic resources in Indonesia. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(9), 755–767. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2020.VOL7.NO9.755

Leichenko, R., and Silva, J. A. (2014). Climate change and poverty: Vulnerability, impacts, and alleviation strategies. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 5(4), 539–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.287

Lestari, C. D., and Rahmawati, F. (2021). Measuring the Impact of Technology, Politics, and Human Resources on Inclusive Economic Growth in Indonesia. EcceS (Economics, Social, and Development Studies), 8(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.24252/ecc.v8i1.20427

Libassi, M. (2020). Mining heterogeneity: Diverse labor arrangements in an Indonesian informal gold economy. Extractive Industries and Society, 7(3), 1036–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.06.015

Marinho, E., Campelo, G., França, J., and Araujo, J. (2017). Impact of infrastructure expenses in strategic sectors of Brazilian poverty. Economy, 18(2), 244–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2017.01.002

Mohseni, M., and Jouzaryan, F. (2016). Examining the Effects of Inflation and Unemployment on Economic Growth in Iran (1996-2012). Procedia Economics and Finance, 36(16), 381–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(16)30050-8

Naustdalslid, J. (2014). Circular economy in China - The environmental dimension of the harmonious society. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 21(4), 303–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2014.914599

Ncube, M., Anyanwu, J. C., and Hausken, K. (2014). Inequality, Economic Growth and Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). African Development Review, 26(3), 435–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12103

Neaime, S., and Gaysset, I. (2018). Financial inclusion and stability in MENA: Evidence from poverty and inequality. Finance Research Letters, 24, 199–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2017.09.007

Nugraha, A. T., Prayitno, G., Situmorang, M. E., and Nasution, A. (2020). The role of infrastructure in economic growth and income inequality in Indonesia. Economics and Sociology, 13(1), 102–115. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2020/13-1/7

Nugroho, H. Y. S. H., Indrawati, D. R., Wahyuningrum, N., Adi, R. N., Supangat, A. B., Indrajaya, Y., Putra, P. B., Cahyono, S. A., Nugroho, A. W., Basuki, T. M., Savitri, E., Yuwati, T. W., Narendra, B. H., Sallata, M. K., Allo, M. K., Bisjoe, A. R., Muin, N., Isnan, W., Ansari, F., … Hani, A. (2022). Toward Water, Energy, and Food Security in Rural Indonesia: A Review. Water (Switzerland), 14(10), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14101645

Olusadum, N. J. (2018). The effect of unemployment on economic growth in South Africa (1994-2016). Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 85(5), 1–15. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/85305/

Omar, M. A., and Inaba, K. (2020). Does financial inclusion reduce poverty and income inequality in developing countries? A panel data analysis. Journal of Economic Structures, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-00214-4

Omoniyi, B. B. (2018). An examination of the causes of poverty on economic growth in Nigeria. Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review, 6(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v6i1.175

Patel, V., Burns, J. K., Dhingra, M., Tarver, L., Kohrt, B. A., and Lund, C. (2018). Income inequality and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association and a scoping review of mechanisms. World Psychiatry, 17(1), 76–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20492

Prawitz, A. D., Kalkowski, J. C., and Cohart, J. (2013). Responses to Economic Pressure by Low-Income Families: Financial Distress and Hopefulness. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 34(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-012-9288-1

Priasto, A., and Ginting, E. (2015). Summary of Indonesia’s. In ADB Papers on Indonesia (No. 4; Vol. 02, Issue 4). https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/177017/ino-paper-04-2015

Pulkka, V. V. (2017). A free lunch with robots – can a basic income stabilise the digital economy? Transfer, 23(3), 295–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258917708704

Ratnawati, K. (2020). The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Economic Growth, Poverty, Income Inequality, and Financial Stability in Asia. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(10), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no10.073

Sasongko, G., and Huruta, A. D. (2019). The causality between inflation and unemployment: The Indonesian evidence. Business: Theory and Practice, 20, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2019.01

Scheyvens, R., and Biddulph, R. (2018). Inclusive tourism development. Tourism Geographies, 20(4), 589–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1381985

Silove, D., Ventevogel, P., and Rees, S. (2017). The contemporary refugee crisis: an overview of mental health challenges. World Psychiatry, 16(2), 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20438

Singu, S., Acharya, A., Challagundla, K., and Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). Impact of Social Determinants of Health of the Emerging COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. Frontiers in Public Health, 8(July), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00406

Siregar, T. H. (2020). Impacts of minimum wages on employment and unemployment in Indonesia. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 25(1), 62–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2019.1625585

Sulistyadi, Y., Eddyono, F., and Hasibuan, B. (2017). Model of Sustainable Tourism Development Strategy of the Thousand Islands Tourism Area – Jakarta. Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 19(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2017/35989

Tamsah, H., Ansar, Gunawan, Yusriadi, Y., and Farida, U. (2020). Training, knowledge sharing, and quality of work-life on civil servants' performance in Indonesia. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 7(3), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/514

Tchamyou, V. S., Asongu, S. A., and Odhiambo, N. M. (2019). The Role of ICT in Modulating the Effect of Education and Lifelong Learning on Income Inequality and Economic Growth in Africa. African Development Review, 31(3), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12388

Turner, B. (2014). Twenty Years of Expenditure Inequality In Indonesia, 1993–2013. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 463, 75–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-67278-3_116

Valickova, P., Havranek, T., and Horvath, R. (2014). Financial Development and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Economic Surveys (, 00(0), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12068

Wibowo, M. G. (2019). Human Capital Relation with Welfare in Indonesia and Asean Countries. Economic Development Analysis Journal, 8(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v8i1.28730

Wirawan, H., and Gultom, Y. M. L. (2021). The effects of renewable energy-based village grid electrification on poverty reduction in remote areas: The case of Indonesia. Energy for Sustainable Development, 62, 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2021.04.006

Wiweka, K., Indrajaya, T., Wachyuni, S. S., Adnyana, P. P., and Hanorsian, A. E. (2019). Opportunities and Challenges for the Development of Sustainable Tourism Attraction at Batu Kapal Beach, Central Maluku Lilibooi Village. Advances in Research, June, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.9734/air/2019/v19i330121

Yurui, L., Xuanchang, Z., Zhi, C., Zhengjia, L., Zhi, L., and Yansui, L. (2021). Science of the Total Environment Towards the progress of ecological restoration and economic development in China ’ s Loess Plateau and strategy for more sustainable development. Science of the Total Environment, 756, 143676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143676

Yusuf, A. A., and Resosudarmo, B. P. (2015). On the distributional impact of a carbon tax in developing countries: the case of Indonesia. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 17(1), 131–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-014-0093-y


Full Text: PDF

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.