Dynamics of Halal Tourism Policy in Muslim- and Muslim-Minority Countries

Abstract

This study analyzes the juridical issues embedded in Fatwa No. 160/DSN-MUI/VII/2024 concerning Ijarah al-māl al-mushtarak and al-māl al-mushāʿ, particularly the provision permitting one partner to lease a jointly owned asset share to another partner without obtaining the consent of the remaining partners. The study employs a qualitative case study approach by examining the Fatwa’s normative framework, the principles of fiqh muʿāmalāt, and their implications for Islamic financial industry practices. The findings reveal that removing the inter-partner consent requirement could create uncertainty about ownership rights, conflicts of interest, and harm to other parties, thereby opening the possibility of ḍarar. This condition is analyzed through the legal maxim al-ḍararu yuzālu and the Sadd al-dharāʾiʿ approach, both of which emphasize preventing potential harm before it occurs. Theoretically, this study argues that the identity of the lessee (whether a partner or a non-partner) does not eliminate the obligation to obtain consent, as ownership rights in mal mushāʿ are inherently attached, collective, and proportionally vested in each party. Accordingly, this study recommends making inter-partner consent mandatory in Ijarah al-māl al-mushtarak to ensure transparency, accountability, legal certainty, and justice in transactions and within the Islamic financial industry.

Abstrak

Penelitian ini menganalisis perumusan dan implementasi kebijakan pariwisata halal di Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Kamboja melalui pendekatan kebijakan publik yang mengintegrasikan Multiple Streams Framework dari Kingdon, model pembuatan kebijakan Dror, kerangka implementasi Mazmanian dan Sabatier, serta konsep hukum Islam. Data diperoleh melalui analisis dokumen, wawancara, dan tinjauan kebijakan komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia menerapkan tata kelola desentralistis dengan beragam aktor regulasi dan kelembagaan, sedangkan Malaysia mengadopsi model terpusat di bawah JAKIM yang mendukung pelembagaan prinsip hukum Islam, kepastian hukum (al-yaqin), dan konsistensi standar halal. Sementara itu, Kamboja mengembangkan pariwisata ramah Muslim yang, dalam perspektif fiqh mu’amalat, merepresentasikan rukhshah pada tingkat hajiyyat untuk mengakomodasi kebutuhan keagamaan esensial minoritas Muslim. Perbedaan tersebut mencerminkan variasi kapasitas kelembagaan dan penerjemahan prinsip hukum Islam ke dalam kebijakan publik. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada kajian interdisipliner dengan menghubungkan analisis kebijakan publik dan konsep siyāsah sharʿiyyah, taqnīn al-aḥkām, fiqh muʿāmalāt, serta maqāṣid al-sharīʿah.