The Condensation of Islam and Nusantara’s Culture
Abstract
Islam in Nusantara has a unique character, which is the result of a long-term interaction process between religion and culture. Such condensation is crystallized in idea, conduct, and path. This article tries to elucidate the mixture process underwent in the light of cultural anthropology by relying on data contained in historical, social, and cultural sources. This study concludes that Islam-Nusantara condensation appeared in the form of politics, education, and culture, which is the result of the Islamization process. The manifestation of political condensation takes form in Islamic-Javanese kingship produced by Islamization efforts using power authority and Islamic theocracy. The appearance of educational condensation can be mirrored in santri community with its orthopraxy trend brought about by the enlightenment of ‘ulemas with their stronger religious orientation. The last is the cultural condensation identified in kejawen society which is caused by the syncretic approach of Islamization that combines Islamic Sufism and Javanese mysticism.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdullah, Anzar, dan I. S. Wekke. “Origins of Islam in Indonesia.” International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 119, no. 18 (Special Issue) (2018): 1149–79.
Almascaty, Hilmy Bakar. “Relasi Persia Dan Nusantara Pada Awal Islamisasi: Sebuah Kajian Awal Pengaruh Persia Dalam Politik Aceh.” Media Syari’ah : Wahana Kajian Hukum Islam Dan Pranata Sosial 15, no. 1 (30 Agustus 2017): 53–68. https://doi.org/10.22373/jms.v15i1.1764.
American Psychological Association. APA Dictionary of Psychology. Disunting oleh Gary R. VandenBos. Second Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2015.
Anwar, Od M. “Contextualizing Nusantara Studies.” Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 1, no. 1 (26 Juni 2016): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol1iss1pp1-6.
Anwar, Od M, Zulayti Zakaria, dan Wan Ahmad Fauzi bin Wan Hashim. “Nusantara: Delineating Its Authentic Map Based on Indigenous Sources.” Intellectual Property Rights: Open Access 4, no. 2 (2016). https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4516.1000163.
Ardhana, I Ketut. “Syekh Siti Jenar and Danghyang Nirartha.” Dalam Procceding Book of International Seminar, Tolerance and Pluralism in Southeast Asia, 7. UHI Denpasar: Denpasar, 2018.
Askuri, Askuri, dan Joel Corneal Kuipers. “The Politics of Arabic Naming And Islamization In Java: Processes of Hybridization and Purification.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 56, no. 1 (14 Juni 2018): 59–94. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2018.561.59-94.
Avé, Jan B. “‘Indonesia’, ‘Insulinde’ and ‘Nusantara’: Dotting The I’s and Crossing The T.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 145, no. 2/3 (1989): 220–34.
Azra, Azyumardi. The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia: Networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern “Ulamā” in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Southeast Asia Publications Series. Crows Nest, NSW: Asian Studies Assoc. of Australia in assoc. with Allen & Unwin, 2004.
Beatty, Andrew. “Adam and Eve and Vishnu: Syncretism in the Javanese Slametan.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2, no. 2 (1996): 271–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/3034096.
Busro, Busro. “Agama Buddha di Indonesia: Sejarah, Kemunduran dan Kebangkitan.” INA-Rxiv, 28 Desember 2017. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/4ypcf.
Carey, Peter B. “Diponegoro and the Ottomans: The Use and Abuses of History.” Diakses 25 Mei 2021. https://www.academia.edu/43992144/Diponegoro_and_the_Ottomans_The_Use_and_Abuses_of_History.
Desilver, Drew, dan David Masci. “World Muslim Population More Widespread than You Might Think.” Pew Research Center (blog). Diakses 20 Mei 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/31/worlds-muslim-population-more-widespread-than-you-might-think/.
Direktorat Kepercayaan Terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dan Tradisi, Direktorat Kepercayaan Terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dan Tradisi. Ensiklopedi Kepercayaan Terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Jakarta: Direktorat Kepercayaan terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, 2010. http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/cgi/users/home?screen=EPrint::Edit&eprintid=12735&stage=core#t.
Evers, Hans-Dieter. “Nusantara: History of a Concept.” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 89, no. 1 (2016): 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2016.0004.
Farid, Muhammad. “Sejarawan NU: Hati-hati Memahami Sejarah,” Oktober 2019. https://www.nu.or.id/post/read/111752/sejarawan-nu--hati-hati-memahami-sejarah-.
Fealy, Greg. “Islamic Radicalism in Indonesia: The Faltering Revival?” Southeast Asian Affairs, 2004, 104–21.
G. J. F. Biegman. Hikajat Tanah Hindia. Batawie: Goebernemen, 1894. http://archive.org/details/hikajattanahhindia.
Geertz, Clifford. The Religion of Java. Nachdr. Anthropology/Comparative Religions. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1996.
Graaf, H. J. de. Islamic States in Java 1500-1700. Islamic States in Java 1500-1700. Netherland: The Hague-Martinus Hijhoff, 1976. https://brill.com/view/title/23395.
Hägerdal, Hans. “Sailendra Empire of Java.” Dalam The Encyclopedia of Empire, 1–2. American Cancer Society, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe151.
Hall, D. G. E. “Problems of Indonesian Historiography.” Pacific Affairs 38, no. 3/4 (1965): 353. https://doi.org/10.2307/2754037.
Hall, Kenneth. “Majapahit Empire,” 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe134.
Hall, Kenneth R. “Majapahit Empire.” Dalam The Encyclopedia of Empire, disunting oleh Nigel Dalziel dan John M MacKenzie, 1–3. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe134.
———. “Singhasari Kingdom of Java.” Dalam The Encyclopedia of Empire, 1–2. American Cancer Society, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe135.
Hefner, Robert W. “Where Have All the Abangan Gone? Religionization and the Decline of Non-standard Islam in Contemporary Indonesia.” Dalam The Politics of Religion in Indonesia. Routledge, 2011.
Herman. “Sejarah Pesantren Di Indonesia.” Al-TA’DIB: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Kependidikan 6, no. 2 (1 Juli 2013): 145–58. https://doi.org/10.31332/atdb.v6i2.311.
Hermansyah. “Islam and Local Culture in Indonesia.” Al-Albab 3 (1 Juni 2014). https://doi.org/10.24260/alalbab.v3i1.94.
Horton, William Bradley. “Mataram, Sultanate Of.” Dalam The Encyclopedia of Empire, 1–3. American Cancer Society, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe293.
“Indonesia.” Dalam Wikipedia, 19 Mei 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&oldid=1024000953.
“Kerajaan Janggala.” Dalam Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas, 11 Agustus 2020. https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Janggala&oldid=17289407.
“Kerajaan Kadiri.” Dalam Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas, 11 Agustus 2020. https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Kadiri&oldid=17289414.
“Kerajaan Kahuripan.” Dalam Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas, 14 Agustus 2020. https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Kahuripan&oldid=17298256.
Kuipers, Joel, dan Askuri. “Islamization and Identity in Indonesia: The Case of Arabic Names in Java.” Indonesia 2017 (1 April 2017): 25. https://doi.org/10.5728/indonesia.103.0025.
Kurniawan, Hendra. “The Rules of Chinese in Coming of Islam to Indonesia: Teaching Materials Development Based on Multiculturalism.” Paramita: Historical Studies Journal 27, no. 2 (19 September 2017): 238–48. https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v27i2.8660.
Laffan, Michael. Sejarah Islam di Nusantara. Disunting oleh Munawir Azis dan Agus Hadiyono. Diterjemahkan oleh Indi Aunullah dan Rini Nurul Badariah. 1 ed. Yogyakarta: Bentang, 2015.
Manguin, Pierre-Yves. “Srivijaya, Kingdom Of.” Dalam The Encyclopedia of Empire, 1–6. American Cancer Society, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe155.
Mulder, Niels. “Abangan Javanese Religious Thought and Practice.” Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 139, no. 2 (1983): 260–67. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003444.
Nasution, Fauziah. “Kedatangan dan Perkembangan Islam ke Indonesia.” Mawa’izh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Pengembangan Sosial Kemanusiaan 11, no. 1 (4 Juni 2020): 26–46. https://doi.org/10.32923/maw.v11i1.995.
Pals, Daniel L. Eight Theories of Religion. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Pataruka, Marwoto, Sugiono Soetomo, Bambang Setioko, dan Mussadun Mussadun. “The Influence Of Raden Fatah Towards Spiritual Value On Tombs And Great Mosque Of Demak.” International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research 8 (17 Desember 2019).
Pusat Bahasa. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2008.
Qurtuby, Sumanto Al. “The Tao of Islam: Ceng Ho and the Legacy of Chinese Muslims in Pre-Modern Java.” Studia Islamika 16, no. 1 (2009). https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v16i1.489.
Razzaq, Abdur, Sari Lestari Zainal Ridho, dan Asmuni Asmuni. “The Kingdom of Sriwijaya in The Development of Islamic Civilization and The Economy in Nusantara Before 1500 AD.” Journal of Malay Islamic Studies 1, no. 1 (30 Juni 2017): 39–52. https://doi.org/10.19109/jmis.v1i1.3790.
Reid, Anthony. “Sixteenth Century Turkish Influence in Western Indonesia.” Journal of Southeast Asian History 10, no. 3 (1969): 395–414.
Ricklefs, M. C. A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200. 4. ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
———. Mystic Synthesis in Java: A History of Islamization from the Fourteenth to the Early Nineteenth Centuries. 1st ed. Signature books. Norwalk: EastBridge, 2006.
Ricklefs, M.C. “Islamising Java : The Long Shadow of Sultan Agung.” Archipel 56, no. 1 (1998): 469–82. https://doi.org/10.3406/arch.1998.3503.
———. “The Birth of The Abangan.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia and Oceania 162 (1 Desember 2008). https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003673.
Sunarso, Ali. “Historiography of Indonesian Islam (Historical Analysis of the Transitional Era of Social and Political System in Java in the 15-16th Century and the Contribution of Javanese Kings in Islamization).” IJISH (International Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities) 1, no. 1 (7 April 2018): 9–20. https://doi.org/10.26555/ijish.v1i1.129.
Sunyoto, Agus. Atlas Wali Songo. Kerjasama Pustaka IIMaN, Trans Pustaka, dan LTN PBNU, 2012.
Syafrizal, Achmad. “Sejarah Islam Nusantara.” Islamuna: Jurnal Studi Islam 2, no. 2 (5 Desember 2015): 235–53. https://doi.org/10.19105/islamuna.v2i2.664.
Tibi, Bassam. “Religion, Culture and Social Reality: Islam as a Cultural System, and Its Diversity.” Dalam Islam between Culture and Politics, disunting oleh Bassam Tibi, 28–52. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230514140_2.
Tjandrasasmita, Uka. Arkeologi Islam Nusantara. Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, 2009.
Vlekke, Bernard Hubertus Maria. Nusantara: A History of Indonesia. Revised edition. W. Van Hoeve, 1960.
Widjojoatmodjo, Raden Abdulkadir. “Islam in the Netherlands East Indies.” The Far Eastern Quarterly 2, no. 1 (1942): 48–57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2049278.
World Population Review. “Muslim Population By Country 2021.” Diakses 20 Mei 2021. https://worldpopulationreview.com/en/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country.
Yatim, Othman bin Mohd, dan Abdul Halim Nasir. Epigrafi Islam Terawal di Nusantara. Cet. 1 edition. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 1990.
Zainuddin, H.M. Tarich Atjeh dan Nusantara. 1 ed. Vol. 1. Medan: Pustaka Iskandar Muda, 1961.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jii.v11i2.22593 Abstract - 0 PDF - 0
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.