Environmental Protection and BITs of Bangladesh, Malaysia and USA: A Comparison

Mohammad Belayet Hossain

Abstract


Abstract

In absence of any global treaty, the bilateral investment treaties (BITs) are playing an important role in regulating foreign investments in the host countries. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, there are 2361 BITs in force and like other members of the World Trade Organization, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and the USA also signed BITs to facilitate trade. The primary purpose of economic globalization is the economic development of the developing and least-developed countries as well as to facilitate the benefits of the home states. Bangladesh and Malaysia foreign investment laws have no specific provision of protecting the environment and fails to maintain high standard like USA environment laws. This paper addresses two questions: (a) do the bilateral investment treaties of Bangladesh, Malaysia, and USA have any specific provisions to protect the environment in the host country? (b) should environmental protection be considered during the entry of foreign investments in Bangladesh, Malaysia, and USA? Using the doctrinal research method, we critically analyzed 40 BITs signed by Bangladesh, Malaysia, and USA with different countries to explore whether there is any specific reference to protecting the environment. We find that the existing BITs mainly have provisions to promote and protect foreign investments, and 7 out of 40 BITs have a specific reference to protecting the environment. Therefore, governments should consider this important factor to insert while signing any future BITs.

Keywords: Bilateral investment treaties, environmental protection, Bangladesh, Malaysia, United States of America.

 

Abstrak

Jika tidak ada perjanjian global, maka perjanjian investasi bilateral (BIT) memainkan peran penting dalam mengatur investasi asing di negara setempat. Menurut Konferensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Perdagangan dan Pembangunan, ada 2.361 BIT yang masih berlaku, dan seperti anggota Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia lainnya, maka negara Bangladesh, Malaysia, dan AS juga menandatangani BIT untuk memfasilitasi perdagangan. Tujuan utama globalisasi ekonomi adalah pembangunan ekonomi negara-negara berkembang dan negara tidak berkembang, serta untuk memfasilitasi keuntungan negara asal. Undang-undang investasi asing Bangladesh dan Malaysia tidak memiliki ketentuan khusus untuk melindungi lingkungan dan gagal mempertahankan standar tinggi seperti undang-undang lingkungan AS. Makalah ini membahas dua pertanyaan: (a) apakah perjanjian investasi bilateral Bangladesh, Malaysia, dan AS memiliki ketentuan khusus untuk melindungi lingkungan di negara asal? (b) haruskah perlindungan lingkungan dipertimbangkan selama masuknya investasi asing di negara Bangladesh, Malaysia dan Amerika Serikat? Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal, penulis menganalisis secara kritis 40 BIT yang ditandatangani oleh negara Bangladesh, Malaysia dan AS dengan berbagai negara untuk mengeksplorasi apakah ada referensi khusus untuk melindungi lingkungan. Kami menemukan bahwa BIT yang ada terutama memiliki ketentuan untuk mempromosikan dan melindungi investasi asing, dan 7 dari 40 BIT memiliki referensi khusus untuk melindungi lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah harus mempertimbangkan faktor penting ini untuk dimasukkan saat menandatangani BIT di masa mendatang.

Kata Kunci: Perjanjian investasi bilateral, perlindungan lingkungan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Amerika Serikat.

 

Аннотация

В отсутствие какого-либо глобального договора Двусторонние Инвестиционные Договоры (ДИД) играют важную роль в регулировании иностранных инвестиций в принимающих странах. По данным Конференции Организации Объединенных Наций по торговле и развитию в настоящее время действует 2361 ДИД, и, как и другие члены Всемирной Торговой Организации, Бангладеш, Малайзия и США также подписали ДИД для облегчения торговли. Основная цель экономической глобализации – это экономическое развитие развивающихся и наименее развитых стран, а также получение выгод для стран базирования. Законы Бангладеш и Малайзии об иностранных инвестициях не содержат конкретных положений о защите окружающей среды и не поддерживают высокие стандарты, такие как законы США об окружающей среде. В настоящей статье рассматриваются два вопроса: (а) есть ли в Двусторонних Инвестиционных Договорах Бангладеш, Малайзии и США какие-либо конкретные положения по защите окружающей среды в принимающей стране? (б) следует ли учитывать защиту окружающей среды при ввозе иностранных инвестиций в Бангладеш, Малайзию и США? Используя метод доктринального исследования, мы критически проанализировали 40 ДИД, подписанных Бангладеш, Малайзией и США с разными странами, чтобы выяснить , есть ли какие-либо конкретные ссылки на защиту окружающей среды. Мы обнаружили, что существующие ДИД в основном содержат положения о поощрении и защите иностранных инвестиций, а 7 из 40 ДИД содержат конкретные ссылки на защиту окружающей среды. Таким образом, правительству следует учитывать этот важный фактор при подписании будущих ДИД.

Ключевые слова: Двусторонние инвестиционные договоры, охрана окружающей среды , Бангладеш, Малайзия, Соединенные Штаты Америки


Keywords


Bilateral investment treaties, environmental protection, Bangladesh, Malaysia, United States of America

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdin, J. (2015). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Bangladesh: Trends, Challenges, and Recommendations. International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management (IJSEM) 4, no. 2, 36-45.

Atkinson, J. (1995). APEC-Winners and Losers. Canberra.

Bergten, C. (1978). American Multinationals and American Interests. Washington: Brookings Institution.

Blonigen, B., & Wang, M. (2004). Inappropriate pooling of wealthy and poor countries in empirical FDI studies. In Working paper 10378. Cambridge: NBER.

Bureau of Industry Economics. (1995). Foreign Direct Investment in APEC: A Survey of the Issue. Report 95/21. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Busse, M. (2010). FDI promotion through bilateral investment treaties: more than a BIT? Rev World Econ 146, no.1, 147–177.

Chantasasawat, B. (2010). FDI flows to Latin America, East and Southeast Asia, and China: substitutes or complements? Rev Dev Econ 14, no. 3, 533–546.

Dunning, J. (1977). Trade, location of economic activity and MNE: a search for an eclectic approach. In B. Ohlin (Ed.), The International Allocation of Economic Activity (pp. 395-418). London: Macmillan.

Dunning, J. (1988). Explaining International Production . London: Unwin Hyman.

Egger, P., & Pfaffermayr, M. (2004). The impact of bilateral investment treaties on foreign direct investment. J Comp Econ 32, no. 4 , 788–804.

Embong, T. S. (2015). Environmental Justice in Malaysia: Issues and Challenges. 2nd National Seminar on Environmental Justice .

Frumkin, H. (2016). Environmental health: from global to local. John Wiley & Sons.

G.L. Reuber et al. (1973). Private Foreign Investment in Development. Oxford.

Hallward-Driemeier, M. (2003). Policy research working paper 3121. Washington: World Bank.

Handl, G., & Lutz, R. (1989). Transferring Hazardous Technologies and Substances. London.

Hettne, B. (1990). Development Theory and the Three Worlds. New York: Wiley.

Hossain, M. B. (2018). International efforts to regulate foreign investment and Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). Lex-Warrier: Online Law Journal, vol 9, issue 9, 401-414.

Hossain, M. B., & Rahi, S. T. (2018). International Economic Law and Policy: A Comprehensive and Critical Analysis of Historical Development. Beijing Law Review 9, no. 04, 524.

hub, i. p. (n.d.). Malaysia signed BIT. Retrieved from https://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/CountryBits/127#iiaInnerMenu

ICSID Reports. (2000). Santa Elena v Costa Rica. ICSID.

International Labour Organisation. (1995). Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act of 1995. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=87960.

Investment Policy Hub. (1994). Bangladesh and Malaysia signed BITs. Retrieved from httphttps://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaties/tips/378/bangladesh---malaysia-bit-1994-

Kishoiyian, B. (1993). The utility of bilateral investment treaties in the formulation of customary international law. Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. 14, 327.

Kojima, K. (1978). Direct Foreign Investment: a Japanese model of multinational business operations. London: Croom Helm.

Mina, W. (2012). The institutional reforms debate and FDI flows to the MENA region: the “best” ensemble. World Dev 40, no. 9, 1798–1809.

Mustafa, M. (2019). Progression of Policies and Laws Towards Addressing Climate Change and Sustainability Issues: Recent Initiatives from Malaysia. In Human and Environmental Security in the Era of Global Risks (pp. 133-147).

NAFTA. (1944). The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - Chapter 11 - Investment. https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/topics-domaines/disp-diff/nafta.aspx?lang=eng.

Oh, R. S. (2019). The Claims of Bodies: Practices of Citizenship After Bhopal in Survivor Testimony and Indra Sinha's Animal's People. Interventions 21, no. 1, 70-91.

Part 3 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. (n.d.).

Plummer, M., & D Cheong. (2009). FDI effects of ASEAN integration. Rég Dév 29, no.1, 49–67.

Porter, M. E. (2011). The competitive advantage of nations: creating and sustaining superior performance (Vol. 2). Simon and Schuster.

Reduan, H. (2017, November 9). New law being prepared to deal with new environmental complexity. Retrieved from The Straits Times: https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/11/301179/new-law-being-prepared-deal-new-environmental-complexity-doe.

Sherif H. Seid. (2018). Global regulation of foreign direct investment. Routledge.

Smith, D. (1992). Foreign Investment in Natural Resources: What Can Go Wrong. In H. Kee (Ed.), Current Developments in International Investment Law. Butterworths.

Smith, S. D. (1992). Foreign Investment in Natural Resources: What can go wrong,” in Current Developments in International Investment Law. (H.P.Kee, Ed.) Singapore: Butterworths.

Sornarajah, M. (2010). The international law on foreign investment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Subedi, S. P. (2008). International Investment Law: Reconciling Policy and Practice. Hart Publishing.

the Jakarta post. (2018, January 04). Indonesia to strive for poverty rate below 10 percent. Retrieved from the Jakarta post: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/01/04/govt-to-strive-for-poverty-rate-below-10-percent.html

Ullah, M. S., & Inaba, K. (2014). Liberalization and FDI Performance: evidence from ASEAN and SAFTA member countries. Journal of Economic Structures 3, no. 1, 6.

UNCTAD. (2019). Bilateral Investment Treaties. Retrieved from https://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA

Vogiatzoglou, K. (2007). Vertical specialization and new determinants of FDI: evidence from South and East Asia. Glob Econ Rev 36, no. 3, 245-266.

Wikipedia. (2020). List of environmental lawsuits. Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_lawsuits

Word Bank. (2017, December 28). Overview. Retrieved from World Bank: Worldbank.org




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v8i3.17801 Abstract - 0 PDF - 0

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Free counters!

View My Stats

Creative Commons License 
licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International