SCHOOL TYPE AS A PREDICTOR OF STUDENTS’ STATISTICAL LITERACY: CONTROLLING FOR GENDER AND PARENTAL EDUCATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15408/ajme.v8i1.51214Keywords:
gender difference, parental education, statistical literacy, school typeAbstract
Abstract
In today’s data-driven era, the rapid growth of big data has made encounters with data unavoidable for everyone, including students. Therefore, preparing students with adequate statistical literacy has become increasingly important. This study employed a quantitative non-experimental design using an ex post facto approach. It examined and compared students' statistical literacy across three types of schools in Aceh, Indonesia. More specifically, the study investigated whether school type predicted students' statistical literacy after controlling for gender and parental education. Data were collected through a statistical literacy test and a brief demographic questionnaire covering gender and parental educational background. The data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and Tukey HSD post hoc analysis. The findings showed that gender and parental education did not significantly influence students' statistical literacy, whereas school type did. These results suggest that different school environments may offer distinct learning experiences and opportunities for statistical reasoning and data literacy.
Abstrak
Di era berbasis data saat ini, pertumbuhan big data yang semakin pesat membuat setiap individu, termasuk siswa, tidak dapat terlepas dari paparan data dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Oleh karena itu, mempersiapkan siswa dengan kemampuan literasi statistik yang memadai menjadi semakin penting. Penelitian ini menerapkan desain penelitian kuantitatif non-eksperimental dengan pendekatan ex post facto. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan membandingkan literasi statistik siswa pada tiga jenis sekolah di Aceh. Secara khusus, penelitian ini meneliti apakah jenis sekolah memprediksi literasi statistik siswa setelah mengontrol gender dan pendidikan orang tua. Data dikumpulkan melalui tes literasi statistik dan kuesioner singkat terkait gender serta latar belakang pendidikan orang tua. Data dianalisis menggunakan hierarchical multiple regression dan uji lanjut Tukey HSD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gender dan pendidikan orang tua tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap literasi statistik siswa, sedangkan jenis sekolah menunjukkan pengaruh yang signifikan. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa lingkungan sekolah yang berbeda dapat memberikan pengalaman belajar dan kesempatan yang berbeda pula dalam mengembangkan kemampuan penalaran statistik dan literasi data siswa.
Downloads
References
Antoniassi, M., & da Silva Dias, F. A. (2022). Letramento estatístico: Uma revisão de literatura com artigos da base de dados ERIC. Jornal Internacional de Estudos Em Educação Matemática, 15(3), 304–313.
Aziz, A. M., & Rosli, R. (2021). A systematic literature review on developing students’ statistical literacy skills. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1806(1), 012102. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1806/1/012102/meta
Black, T. R. (1999). Doing quantitative research in the social sciences: An integrated approach to research design, measurement and statistics. Sage Publications, Ltd.
Carroll, J. B. (1963). A Model of School Learning. Teachers College Record, 64(8), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146816306400801
Delport, D. H. (2023). The development of statistical literacy among students: Analyzing messages in media articles with Gal’s worry questions. Teaching Statistics, 45(2), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/test.12308
Elliott, S. N. (2015). Measuring opportunity to learn and achievement growth: Key research issues with implications for the effective education of all students. Remedial and Special Education, 36(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932514551282
Habibie, Z. R., Kartono, K., Kartono, W., & Kharisudin, I. (2023). Analysis of Student Statistical Literacy Using Test Questions Integrated with Indonesian Education Issues as a Contextual Approach. Polyhedron International Journal in Mathematics Education, 1(2), 86–93.
Hassan, A., Ghaffar, A., & Zaman, A. (2020). An investigative study on university students’ statistical literacy in Pakistan. Sjesr, 3(1), 159–164.
Herlambang, S. B., Nusantara, D. S., & Pasaribu, F. T. (2025). Portrait of Junior High School Students’ Statistical Literacy through PISA on Uncertainty and Data Content. Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Universitas Lampung, 13(4), 217–228.
Herlina, S., Widiati, I., Rizqiani, D. A., & Stabita, A. (2024). Analisis Korelasi Literasi Digital dan Literasi Statistis Mahasiswa Calon Guru Matematika. ALGORITMA: Journal of Mathematics Education, 6(2), 151–164.
Lepri, B., Staiano, J., Sangokoya, D., Letouzé, E., & Oliver, N. (2017). The Tyranny of Data? The Bright and Dark Sides of Data-Driven Decision-Making for Social Good. In T. Cerquitelli, D. Quercia, & F. Pasquale (Eds.), Transparent Data Mining for Big and Small Data (Vol. 32, pp. 3–24). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54024-5_1
MacGillivray, H. (2021). Seize the statistical teaching moments. Teaching Statistics, 43(1), 1–3. Education Research Complete.
Martin, N., Hughes, J., & Fugelsang, J. (2017). The roles of experience, gender, and individual differences in statistical reasoning. Statistics Education Research Journal, 16(2), 454–475.
Perry, L. B., Thier, M., Beach, P., Anderson, R. C., Thoennessen, N.-M., & Roberts, P. (2024). Opportunities and conditions to learn (OCL): A conceptual framework. PROSPECTS, 54(1), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-023-09637-w
Pham, N. T., Tran, D., Nguyen, A. T. T., & Huynh, B. T. (2024). High School Students’ Statistical Literacy Changes in a Flipped Classroom Environment: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Journal of Contemporary Educational Policies and Practices, 91–101.
Prabhakaran, J. (2025). Analysis of Gender Parity Index (GPI) Literacy Ratios... - Google Scholar. 1–4. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Analysis+of+Gender+Parity+Index+%28GPI%29+Literacy+Ratios+for+15%E2%80%9324-Year-Olds%3A+A+Statistical+and+Comparative+Study&btnG=
Retnawati, H., Hidayati, K., Apino, E., Rafi, I., & Rosyada, M. N. (2024). Exploring Influential Factors and Conditions Shaping Statistical Literacy Among Undergraduate Students in Mathematics Education. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 12(1), 1–17.
Risqi, E. N., & Ekawati, R. (2020). How is the Statistical Literacy of Upper Secondary Students Based on Gender Differences? Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Dan Inovasi Pembelajaran Matematika (JRPIPM), 4(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.26740/jrpipm.v4n1.p53-67
Salam, W. A., Mujib, A., & Noviyanti, M. (2023). Hubungan self-efficacy, gender dan KAM terhadap kemampuan literasi matematis siswa SMP. PYTHAGORAS: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika, 12(2), 106–115. https://doi.org/10.33373/pythagoras.v12i2.5513
Schield, M. (2006). Statistical literacy survey analysis: Reading graphs and tables of rates and percentages. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Teaching Statistics. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Milo-Schield/publication/228964337_Statistical_literacy_survey_analysis_Reading_graphs_and_tables_of_rates_and_percentages/links/56fcde9f08ae8239f6dc4fbe/Statistical-literacy-survey-analysis-Reading-graphs-and-tables-of-rates-and-percentages.pdf
Setio, A. (2023). Statistical Literacy: Students’ Performance in Solving Numeracy-Based Statistic Questions. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Mathematics Education and Innovation (ISMEI 2022), 44. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DCXTEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA44&dq=Statistical+Literacy:+Students%E2%80%99+Performance+in+Solving+Numeracy-Based+Statistic+Questions&ots=4X_31XagsX&sig=67OHlNxJusyB91xogxJFjXG88lE
Sproesser, U., Kuntze, S., & Engel, J. (2014). A multilevel perspective on factors influencing students’ statistical literacy. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Teaching Statistics: Sustainability in Statistics Education. Voorburg, The Netherlands: International Association for Statistical Education.[Online: Iase-Web. Org/Icots/9/Proceedings/Pdfs/ICOTS9_7E2_SPROESSER. Pdf]. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ute-Sproesser/publication/312583558_A_multilevel_perspective_on_factors_influencing_students'_statistical_literacy/links/5e7bcc2fa6fdcc139c04535e/A-multilevel-perspective-on-factors-influencing-students-statistical-literacy.pdf
Watson, J. (2015). Statistical literacy in action. Australian Primary Mathematics Classroom, 20(4), 26–30. Education Research Complete.
Yensy, N. A. (2025). Factors Affecting Students’ Statistical Literacy Ability in Indonesia (Meta-Analysis). 7.
Yolcu, A. (2012). An investigation of eighth grade students’ statistical literacy, attitudes towards statistics and their relationship [Master’s Thesis, Middle East Technical University (Turkey)]. https://search.proquest.com/openview/87065fefc46f8c79eb2826027e5cc9d4/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Elizar Elizar, Benidiktus Tanujaya, Jeinne Mumu, Cut Khairunnisak, Dwi Fadhiliani, Dewi Annisa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
