Siyāsah Shar'iyyah and the Politicization of Religion in the 2019 Indonesian Presidential Election
Abstract
The politicization of religion in general elections has been a global issue in both religious and secular countries. Since 1955 to 2019, Indonesia experienced political contests laden with religious attributes, which sparked conflicts. This research aims to analyze the relevant issues and motives associated with using religious elements in the presidential election campaign 2019. This study is empirical research and involves interviews with high-level officials of political parties. Furthermore, the online mass media, official blogs of candidate pairs for president and vice president, and social media were employed as secondary data. Following the analysis, the result implies that the politicization of religion in the 2019 presidential election campaign firmly appears amidst the decline of presidential and vice presidential candidates' religious polarization. The use of religious issues in the campaign yielded public sympathy and antipathy, affecting the electability of presidential and vice presidential candidates. Meanwhile, counter-elements contradict negative images that discredit presidential and vice presidential candidates. The motives for politicizing religion were identified as "political pragmatism" and "culturalism politics". Ideological interest was also identified as a motive but did not arise in the 2019 presidential election. From siyāsah shar'iyyah perspective, the politicization of religion could threaten the sharia objective of creating social advantage (maṣlaḥah). Politicization using religious issues amounts to religious commodification, which is irrelevant to the sharia objective.
Keywords: politization of religion; campaign; presidential election; siyāsah shar'iyyah
Abstrak
Politisasi agama dalam pemilihan umum telah menjadi isu global di banyak negara, baik negara-negara berbasis agama maupun sekuler. Indonesia telah melaksanakan pemilihan umum sejak tahun 1955 hingga 2019 dalam prosesnya banyak sekali muncul isu-isu keagamaan yang menyebabkan terjadinya konflik dan perpecahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan dan menganalisis isu-isu terbaru dan motif penggunaan isu keagamaan dalam kampanye Pilpres 2019. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian fenomenologis empiris. Data diperoleh dari pengurus dan anggota partai politik. Selain itu diperoleh dari media cetak, media elektronik, media online/internet seperti blok resmi pasangan calon presiden-calon wakil presiden dan media sosial. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa politisasi agama dalam kampanye Pilpres 2019 semakin menguat di tengah melemahnya polarisasi agama. Isu-isu keagamaan dalam kampanye telah menimbulkan simpati dan antipati publik sehingga mempengaruhi elektabilitas pasangan calon presiden-calon wakil presiden. Di sisi lain isu-isu yang mengkonter berusaha menormalisasi citra negatif yang dialamatkan pada pasangan calon presiden-calon wakil presiden. Isu-isu ini muncul untuk kepentingan sesaat sebagai wujud politik pragmatis, di samping politik kultural. Kepentingan ideologis tetap terbaca walaupun tidak mengemuka secara transparan, karena hambatan konstitusional. Dalam pandangan siyāsah shar'iyyah, politisasi agama dapat mengancam tujuan syariat untuk mewujudkan kemashlahatan. Politisasi dengan menggunakan isu-isu keagamaan merupakan komodifikasi agama yang tidak sejalan dengan cita-cita syariat itu sendiri.
Kata Kunci: politisasi agama; kampanye; pemilihan presiden; siyāsah shar'iyyah
References
Adesoji, A. (2010) 'The Boko Haram Uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria', Africa Spectrum [Preprint]. doi:10.1177/000203971004500205.
Adrianto, Nasdem, personal communication, 15 August 2019.
Anshar, Nasdem, personal communication, 15 August 2019.
Badriyanto (2016) Yayasan Peduli Pesantren Besutan Hary Tanoe Resmi Diluncurkan, okezone.com. Available at: https://nasional.okezone.com/ read/2016/12/04/337/1558573/yayasan-peduli-pesantren-besutan-hary-tanoe- resmi-diluncurkan (Accessed: 4 August 2019).
Bela, D.R.S. et al. (2021) 'Meta-Analysis the Root of Terrorism from the Perspective of Islamic Movement in Indonesia', Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial, 16(2), 393–420. doi:10.19105/AL-LHK AM.V16I2.4817.
Beritasatu (no date) ‘Kyai dan Pengasuh Pondok Pesantren Se-Indonesia Dukung Jokowi Ma’ruf’. Indonesia. Available at: https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=8DqstkY4KeU.
Bestari, F. (2019) Bawaslu Periksa Tabloid Indonesia Barokah di Berbagai Daerah, Tempo.co. Available at: https://foto.tempo.co/read/69952/bawaslu-periksa- tabloid-indonesia-barokah-di-berbagai-daerah#foto-1 (Accessed: 28 July 2019).
Bmw/wis (2019) Kilas Balik Kasus Dugaan Pencucian Uang Bachtiar Nasir, cnn Indonesia. Available at: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ nasional/20190507185855-20-392820/kilas-balik-kasus-dugaan-pencucian- uang-bachtiar-nasir (Accessed: 4 August 2019).
Budilaksono, I. (2019) Munas Alim Ulama Putuskan Dukung Jokowi-KH Ma’ruf Amin, Antaranews.com. Available at: https://pemilu.antaranews.com/ berita/811094/munas-alim-ulama-putuskan-dukung-jokowi-kh-maruf-amin (Accessed: 3 August 2019).
Campbell, D.E. (2020) 'The Perils of Politicized Religion', Daedalus, 149(3), 87–104. doi:10.1162/DAED_a_01805.
Damarjati, D. (2018) MUI Sumatera Barat Tolak ‘Islam Nusantara’ Danu Damarjati - detikNews, detikNews. Available at: https://news.detik.com/ berita/d-4133086/mui-sumatera-barat-tolak-islam-nusantara (Accessed: 13 October 2019).
Danu, Nasdem, personal communication, 15 August, 2019.
Dekmejian, R.H. (1995) Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World. New York: Syracuse University Press. Available at: https://books. google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=QeVs-4lWeUIC&oi=fnd&pg =PR13&dq=according+to+dekmejian+&ots=kJSIt7XQDi&sig=_ ThOQWGZrXi4K6ghM1iuAOhM3Gk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q= according to dekmejian&f=false.
Demichelis, M. (2019) 'Was Egyptian Islamic revivalism Really Counter- Hegemonic? Sayyid qutb and the problem of Islamic occidentalism', ReOrient [Preprint]. doi:10.13169/reorient.5.1.0047.
Denita Matondang (2018) Rocky Gerung Dipolisikan dengan Tuduhan Penistaan Agama, detikNews. Available at: https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3974592/ rocky-gerung-dipolisikan-dengan-tuduhan-penistaan-agama (Accessed: 28 July 2019).
Ebrahimi, M. and Yusoff, K. (2020) 'Socio-political Islam & revivalism in Malaysia', Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies [Preprint].
Fajri, R. (2019) Buletin Kaffah Serang Petahana Setiap Jumat, Media Indonesia. com. Available at: https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/213064-buletin- kaffah-serang-petahana-setiap-jumat (Accessed: 28 July 2019).
Gunawan, E., Budi, R.H., M.S. (2018) ‘Dialog Sosiologis Hukum Islam di Indonesia: Telaah Faktor Sosial Budaya dalam Hukum Privat’, in Evra Willya, Prasetyo Rumondor, B. (ed.) Buku Senarai Penelitian: Islam Kontemporer Tinjauan Multikultural. Yogyakarta: Deepublish.
Hamidah, H. (2011) ‘Pemikiran Neo-Modernisme Nurcholish Madjid–K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid: Memahami perkembangan pemikiran intelektual islam’, MIQOT: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Keislaman [Preprint]. doi:10.30821/miqot. v35i1.132.
Hantoro, J. (2019) Pembebasan Abu Bakar Ba’asyir, Politik atau Kemanusiaan?, Tempo.co. Jakarta. Available at: https://fokus.tempo.co/read/1166845/ pembebasan-abu-bakar-baasyir-politik-atau-kemanusiaan/full&view=ok (Accessed: 21 July 2019).
Harrison, L. (2016) Metodologi Penelitian Politik. Jakarta: Kencana.
Haryadi, M. (2018) Perjalanan Panjang Kasus ‘“Chat”’ Habib Rizieq: Heboh di Media Sosial hingga Akhirnya SP3, Tribunnews.com. Available at: https://www. tribunnews.com/nasional/2018/06/18/perjalanan-panjang-kasus-chat-habib- rizieq-heboh-di-media-sosial-hingga-akhirnya-sp3 (Accessed: 21 July 2019).
Hidayat, F. (2019) Ma’ruf Amin soal Habib Bahar: Bukan Kriminalisasi tapi Proses Hukum, DetikNews. Available at: https://news.detik.com/berita/4350570/ maruf-amin-soal-habib-bahar-bukan-kriminalisasi-tapi-proses-hukum (Accessed: 28 July 2019).
Hilmy, M. (2012) Islam Profetik: Substansiasi Nilai-nilai Agama dalam Ruang Publik. 5th edn. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Ilyas, K. (2018) ‘Indonesia Lawyers Club, Rocky Gerung: Kitab Suci Adalah Fiksi!’ Indonesia.
Irwanda (2019) Ketua DPW Muhammadiyah Sumbar Dukung Jokowi-Ma’ruf, kumpuran.com. Available at: https://kumparan.com/langkanid/ketua-dpw- muhammadiyah-sumbar-dukung-jokowi-maruf-1qqHK0JSgst (Accessed: 3 August 2019).
Islam, M.N. and Islam, M.S. (2018) 'Politics and Islamic Revivalism in Bangladesh: The Role of the State and non-State/non-Political Actors', Politics, Religion and Ideology [Preprint]. doi:10.1080/21567689.2018.1493382.
Jordan, R. (no date) Soal Tuduhan Kriminalisasi Ulama, Jokowi: Sebut Nama Ulamanya, detikNews. Available at: https://news.detik.com/berita/4419221/ soal-tuduhan-kriminalisasi-ulama-jokowi-sebut-nama-ulamanya (Accessed: 28 July 2019).
Jurnaliston, R. (2019) Keluarga Kecewa Pembebasan Abu Bakar Ba’asyir Ditunda, Kompas.com. Available at: https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/01/24/ 09111631/keluarga-kecewa-pembebasan-abu-bakar-baasyir-ditunda?page=all (Accessed: 12 October 2019).
Kahfi, M. (2020) ‘Peranan Muhammadiyah Sebagai Gerakan Islam Berkemajuan di Era Modern’, Al-Risalah [Preprint]. doi:10.34005/alrisalah.v11i2.590.
Kampai, J. (2018) Ulama Muda di Sumatera Barat Dukung Jokowi, detikNews. Available at: https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4359563/ulama-muda-di- sumatera-barat-dukung-jokowi (Accessed: 3 August 2019).
Laliberté, A. (2011) 'Buddhist Revival under State Watch', Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 40(2), 107–134. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261104000205.
Lindberg, J. (2014)' Politicization of Religion in Scandinavian Parliamentary Debates 1988–2009', Politics, Religion and Ideology, 15(4), 565–582. doi:1 0.1080/21567689.2014.965693.
Lubis, A. National Winning Committee Team from Gerindra, personal communication, 14 August 2019.
Luthfi, K.M. (2016) 'Islam Nusantara: Relasi Islam dan Budaya Lokal', SHAHIH: Journal of Islamicate Multidisciplinary [Preprint]. doi:10.22515/shahih.v1i1.53.
Maizan, S., Head of Tarbiyah Bukittinggi, personal communication, 13 September 2019
McGlinchey, E. (2009) 'Islamic revivalism and state failure in Kyrgyzstan', Problems of Post-Communism [Preprint]. doi:10.2753/PPC1075-8216560302.
Mourão P. J., (2014) ‘Austrian MEPs: Between Privatisation and Politicisation of Religion’, Religion, State and Society, 42(2–3), 251–265. doi:10.1080/0 9637494.2014.941616.
Muchlis, A. (2019) Ustadz Tengku Zulkarnain Dipolisikan Soal Surat Suara Tercoblos, Bakal Dipecat MUI? Artikel ini telah tayang di tribun-timur.com dengan judul Ustadz Tengku Zulkarnain Dipolisikan Soal Surat Suara Tercoblos, Bakal Dipecat MUI?, Tribunnews.com. Available at: https://makassar.tribunnews.com/2019/01/05/ustadz-tengku-zulkarnain-dipolisikan-soal- surat-suara-tercoblos-bakal-dipecat-mui?page=1 (Accessed: 4 August 2019).
Murhan (2018) Prabowo Jamin Kepulangan Habib Rizieq Shihab, 17 Pakta Integritas Prabowo-Sandiaga di Pilpres 2019, Banjarmasin Post.co.id. Banjarmasin. Available at: https://banjarmasin.tribunnews.com/2018/09/16/prabowo- jamin-kepulangan-habib-rizieq-shihab-17-pakta-integritas-prabowo- sandiaga-di-pilpres-2019?page=3. (Accessed: 21 July 2019).
Nathaniel, F. (2019) Menyelisik Tabloid Indonesia Barokah, Apa Isi dan Siapa di Baliknya, tirto.id. Available at: https://tirto.id/menyelisik-tabloid-indonesia- barokah-apa-isi-dan-siapa-di-baliknya-de3C (Accessed: 28 July 2019).
Ni’ami, M.F. and Bustamin, B. (2021) ‘Maqāṣid Al-Syarī’ah dalam Tinjauan Pemikiran Ibnu ‘Āsyūr dan Jasser Auda’, JURIS: Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah, 20(1), 91–102. doi:10.31958/juris.v20i1.3257.
Pippa Norris, R.I. (2011) Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. USA: Cambridge University Press.
Pulungan, A.I., PPP, TKN, Jakarta, personal communication, 15 August 2019
Redaksi (2016) Ribuan Pesantren Tolak Bantuan Yayasan Hary Tanoe, Eramuslim.com. Available at: https://www.eramuslim.com/berita/nasional/ ribuan-pesantren-tolak-bantuan-yayasan-hary-tanoe.htm#.XXpR-sQxXcc (Accessed: 12 September 2019).
Sabar, Demokrat, West Sumatera, 14 September 2019
Santoso, A. (2019) Ketum PA 212 Slamet Ma’arif Jadi Tersangka, detikNews. Available at: https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4422197/ketum-pa-212-slamet- maarif-jadi-tersangka (Accessed: 4 August 2019).
Sabri, preacher in Pasaman, personal communication, 15 September, 2019
Samad, D., Fuadi A. Awis K., Taufik H. dan Gusril K., FGD. UIN Imam Bonjol Padang. 17 July 2019.
SCTV (2019) ‘Dukungan Ulama Untuk Prabowo-Sandi’. Indonesia. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gp3wlpwk0hI.
Setyadi, A. (2019) 26 Ulama Aceh Teken Nota Kesepahaman dengan Prabowo- Sandi, detikNews. Available at: https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4507996/26- ulama-aceh-teken-nota-kesepahaman-dengan-prabowo-sandi (Accessed: 3 August 2019).
Solihah, R. (2018) ‘Peluang dan Tantangan Pemilu Serentak 2019 dalam Perspektif Politik ’, Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pemerintahan, 3(1), 77–88. doi:10.14710/jiip. v3i1.3234.
Susanto, E. (2017) 9 Kasus Rizieq 1 Berstatus Tersangka, Ini Daftar Lengkapnya, Tempo.co. Available at: https://nasional.tempo.co/read/841367/9-kasus-rizieq- 1-berstatus-tersangka-ini-daftar-lengkapnya (Accessed: 21 July 2019).
Susanto, N.H. (2019) 'Politicization of Religion and the Future of Democracy in Indonesia in Populism Theory', Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 18(54), 139–158.
Tanjung, Y.S., PDIP politician from West Sumatera, personal communication, 9 July 2019.
Tāj, A. ar-R. (1415) al-Siyāsah al-Shar’ iyyah wa al-Fiqh al-Islāmī. Syabkah al- Alukah.
Teguh, I. (2019) Prabowo, Isu Khilafah, dan Sejarah Gerakan Islam Politik Indonesia, tirto.id. Available at: https://tirto.id/prabowo-isu-khilafah-dan- sejarah-gerakan-islam-politik-indonesia-dkT6 (Accessed: 28 July 2019).
Widyawati, N. (2014) Etnisitas dan Agama sebagai Isu Politik: Kampanye JK- Wiranto pada Pemilu 2009. 1st edn. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Yati, D.T.A.A.M.T.F.H.D.F.U.F. (2022) 'Maṣlahah and Justice in the Formulation of the Law: A Critic On The Formulation Of Job Creation Law', JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 21(1), 53–66. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.31958/juris. v21i1.4718.
Yogya, N. (2019) ‘500 Da’i & Mubaligh Dukung Pasangan Jokowi – Ma’ruf -’. Indonesia. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPeacQE4ha8.
Yusri (2016) Aliansi Ulama Madura Desak Seluruh Ponpes Tolak Bantuan dari Hary Tanoe, Suara Muhammadiyah. Available at: http://www. suaramuhammadiyah.id/2016/12/14/aliansi-ulama-madura-tolak-bantuan- dari-hary-tanoe/ (Accessed: 12 September 2019).
Zada, K. and Irfan, M.N. (2021) ‘Negotiating Sharia in Secular State: A Case Study in French and Germany’, Samarah, 5(1),. 47–63. doi:10.22373/sjhk. v5i1.9753.
Zubrzycki, G.` (2012) 'Religion, Religious Tradition, and Nationalism: Jewish Revival in Poland and "Religious Heritage" in Quebec', Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51(3), 442 – 455. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1468-5906.2012.01666.x.
Zulfikar, PKS, personal communication, 15 August, 2019
DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v22i2.28165
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.