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Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta State Islamic University
Decolorization of Reactive Black 5 by Myceliophthora thermophila KLUM1
This research aimed to ascertain the impact of alkaline lignin of teak sawdust on the synthesis of ligninase and decolorization of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) by M. thermophilia KLUM1, also to elucidate the mechanism of mycoremediation. This research was conducted within the cultivation of the spore suspension in a co-culture setting. The RB5 dye percentage decolorization and ligninase activity were produced by varying the addition of alkaline lignin. The results show that the addition of 0.5% alkaline lignin accelerates the production of ligninase in the Kirk medium. However, adding more than 0.5% alkaline lignin does not affect the highest amount of ligninase produced. The increase in RB5 dye decolorization by M. thermophila KLUM1 is proportional to the increase in alkaline lignin in the medium. The percentage of wood-rot fungi decolorization in Kirk medium with and without lignin with the addition of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% lignin on the 10th day was 26.29%, 29.51%, 34.74%, and 40.43%, respectively. The decolorization process of RB5 by M. thermophilia KLUM1 in Kirk medium with alkaline lignin occurs through several mechanisms, i.e., enzymatic degradation, adsorption by the growing mycelia, and alkaline lignin present in the medium.
Jurnal Kimia VALENSI, Volume 11, No. 1, May 2025
Copyright (c) 2025 Evi Susanti, Rizky Febriani Jati, Dwi Apriani, Suharti Suharti, Mieke Alvionita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
TiO2/Zeolite Coal Fly Ash Nanocomposite for Photodegradation of Naphthol Blue Black Dye: Optimization and Mechanism under Visible Light
Naphthol Blue Black (NBB) is a water-insoluble synthetic azo dye with a molecular weight of 616.49 g/mol that requires alkaline treatment for solubility and poses environmental risks by reducing water quality, increasing BOD and COD, and disrupting aquatic ecosystems. The TiO₂/Zeolite Fly Ash nanocomposite represents a promising material for the photocatalytic degradation of NBB. Analysis of the TiO2/zeolite fly ash nanocomposites revealed the presence of Ti-O-Si and Ti-O-Al functional groups, along with a suitable band gap energy value of 2.85 eV for visible light consumption. The average particle size is 62-75 nm, with a relatively high crystallinity of 95.64%. The insertion of TiO2 into the surface of the zeolite changes the size of the catalyst from 62-75 nm to 10 nm and 98.2% crystallinity. An emphasis was placed on the key parameters governing the degradation process. The test results showed that the degree of degradation increases at lower pH, while changes in catalyst dosage and initial dye concentrations do not significantly affect the degradation of NBB. The addition of H2O2 demonstrates the increasing degradation efficiency. The optimum operating process was carried out by adding 1.2 % (v/v) of H2O2, the pH 2, 0.1% (w/v) of catalyst, an initial concentration NBB of 12 mg/l, and irradiating under visible light for 75 minutes. It was a short period to produce the best conditions for degrading 12 mg/l naphthol blue-black, with a degradation efficiency of 99.68%. The rate of photodegradation kinetics had a reaction rate constant of 0.0312 min-1 and was followed a pseudo-first-order Langmuir-Hinshelwood. From the results, it was found that adsorption is an essential factor in the photodegradability of the dye. The linear transform of the Langmuir isotherm curve was further used to determine the characteristic parameters, which included the maximum absorbable dye quantity Qmax=11,8217 mgg-1. LC-MS/MS analysis identified the compounds formed through the photocatalytic degradation of naphthol blue-black dye into lower-molecular-weight molecules, such as benzoic acid, maleic acid, and phenol, which can gradually break down naturally into carbon dioxide and water.
Copyright (c) 2025 Linda J Kusumawardani, Yulian Syahputri, Muhammad Fathurrahman, Apriyansyah Apriyansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Efficacy Test of Prototype Kit for Detection Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes in Processed Meat using Real-time PCR Method
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), harmful agents such as Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes are responsible for 600 million cases of disease and 420,000 deaths annually. This research aims to test the effectiveness of the real-time PCR method for developing a prototype kit to detect pathogenic bacteria in processed meat. As a comparison, the and conventional PCR methods were used to obtain the accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and effectiveness of the real-time PCR method. All the samples were cultured in solid media agar, performed amplification using specific primers cyt-K 2 and hly using PCR and real-time PCR. Meatballs, nuggets, and sausages, five samples each, were found to be positive positively contaminated with all targeted bacteria. However, they did not provide specific results using solid media culture and the PCR method. In addition, the real-time PCR method using prototype kit formulas accomplished that all contaminated samples had a Ct value smaller than the negative control, NTC (No Template Control), and had a similar melting curve to the positive control. This establishes that the real-time PCR method clarifies that all samples were contaminated with target bacteria. A formula was developed in the prototype kit with real-time PCR methods that can be used and applied on a commercial scale efficiently and precisely.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muktiningsih - Nurjayadi, Tiara Fahriza, Adinda Myra Amalia Putri, Atikah Nur Rahmawati, Ayu Berkahingrum, Rosita Gio Anggraeni, Gladys Indira Putri, Jefferson Lynford Declan, Dandy Akbar, Irvan Maulana, Maharanianska Azzahra, Muhammad Arkent Shangkara, Irma Ratna Kartika, Fera Kurniadewi, Dalia Sukmawati, Sri Rahayu, Vira Saamia, I Made Wiranatha, Bassam Abumoelak, Hesham A El Enshasy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Isolation of Endophytic Pseudomonas Strains from Papaya Leaves and Their Extracellular Enzyme Production and Antioxidant Profile
Endophytic bacteria, symbiotic microorganisms residing in plant tissues, produce bioactive compounds similar to host plants, such as antioxidants. These antioxidants are crucial in combating free radicals linked to degenerative diseases. This study isolates and characterizes two endophytic bacterial strains from papaya leaves, exploring their enzymatic and antioxidant activities. Two isolates of endophytic bacteria from papaya leaves were obtained, F1-A and F1-B. F1-A endophytic bacteria are types of monobacilli, Gram-positive bacteria. F1-B endophytic bacteria are types of Bacilli. Using 16S rRNA analysis, both isolates were predicted to belong to the Pseudomonas bacterial strain. Research on optimizing their growth under various temperatures and pH conditions showed that both isolates grow best at 37°C. F1-B provides a better opportunity as a source of industrial enzymes because it can excrete amylase, urease, cellulose, and protease enzymes compared to F1-A, which can only produce amylase and protease enzymes. Nevertheless, F1-A can act as a potent antioxidant with an IC50 of 34.18 ppm compared to F1-B, which has an IC50 value of 292.31 ppm. The IC50 value of the F1-A isolate was not much different from the IC50 of quercetin, which was 12.50 ppm. The ability of F1-A as an antioxidant is also influenced by the results of phytochemical screening, which can contain more secondary metabolites than F1-B. These results highlight the potential of Pseudomonas strains as sources of industrial enzymes and natural antioxidants, warranting further investigation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Purbowatiningrum Ria Sarjono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Novel Benzenesulfonylurea-Substituted Pyridazinone Derivative with Antidiabetic Effect as the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor (PPAR-γ) Agonist
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor (PPAR-γ) protein is one of the target proteins for insulin sensitivity therapy in Type 2 DM. PPAR-γ has a key role as a nuclear receptor that regulates the expression of several metabolism-related genes. This research aims to synthesize a novel benzenesulfonylurea-substituted pyridazinone derivative, namely (E)-N'-(1-(4-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-oxopyridazin-1(6H)- yl)phenyl)ethylidene)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (8) and predicted it activity as the PPAR-γ agonist using a molecular docking approach and ADMET profiles. The compound 8 was obtained through a Schiff base condensation reaction between compound 6, p-tosyl hydrazine, and a glacial acetic acid catalyst using monowave. The purity of the compound was determined by TLC test, and melting point measurement. The structure was confirmed through FTIR, 1H-NMR, C-NMR and HRMS analysis. Molecular docking studies were carried out on the crystal structure of the human PPAR-γ Ligand Binding Domain target protein in complex with the α-aryloxyphenyl acetic acid agonist (PDB ID 1ZEO). The results of the docking show that compound 8 has a lower binding free energy than rosiglitazone (positive control) with a free energy value (S score) = -13.513 kcal/mol and -8.3089 kcal/mol, respectively. Compound 8 can form two hydrogen bonds with residues His323 and Ser289, π-π interactions with Phe363 and π-H interactions with Cys285. The interactions are similar to the interaction between the native ligand agonists α-aryloxyphenyl acetic acid and rosiglitazone with the target protein. Furthermore, compound 8 is predicted to have a moderate ADME profile. The results support that compound 8 can be developed as a PPAR-γ agonist candidate for the antidiabetic therapeutic agent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuni Fatisa, Elvi Yenti, Arif - Yasthophi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Papain-like Protease Peptides as Construction Material for the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Design Candidate: In-silico Study
COVID-19 remains a major global health threat. In addition to implementing health protocols and consuming supplements, proactive prevention strategies are essential to limit the spread of the virus. One of the most promising approaches is the use of vaccines, particularly peptide-based vaccines, which are under active development. This study aimed to design a peptide vaccine derived from the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) and evaluate its interaction with key components of the human immune system, namely Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), and class II (MHC-II). The research employed an immunoinformatics approach utilizing NetCTL, IEDB Tepitool, PEP-FOLD3, trRosetta, HDOCK, GalaxyRefine2, and other molecular modeling tools. The designed vaccine construct was visualized in 3D using trRosetta and validated through ERRAT2, achieving a 100% quality score, indicating excellent structural integrity. The docking simulations demonstrated stable interactions between the vaccine and the immune receptors, suggesting strong immunogenic potential. In conclusion, the in silico-designed peptide vaccine based on SARS-CoV-2 PLpro shows promise in triggering immune responses through stable binding with TLR3, MHC-I, and MHC-II, highlighting its potential as a candidate for further experimental validation in COVID-19 vaccine development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Richa Mardianingrum, Nur Ihsani Pertiwi, Lina Rahmawati Rizkuloh, Ruswanto Ruswanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Preparation of Pectin Membranes with Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Blended Method as Dialysis Membrane for Urea Transport
Pectin has shown the potential to act as membranes in a variety of applications, such as in biomedical applications such as that carried out in this study. This study aims to modify pectin with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for hemodialysis membrane applications. Pectin-PVA membranes were made by immersing the membrane with 4% PVA and tested for the membrane's filtration capacity for transport. Pectin-PVA membranes were tested using Tensile Test, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Thermal Test. The results showed that the pectin blended polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membrane was successfully synthesized, confirmed by the spectra on FTIR there were OH vibrations, –CH2, –CH, -CO (ester) and CO (ether) bonds, PVA will increase the stress and strain value, XRD data shows that the membrane has a crystalline structure, SEM data shows that the membrane including in the microspheres, and the membrane undergoes carbonization at a temperature of around 400 °C there is an increase in the absorbance value, and the urea transport process increases the absorption of urea every hour.
Biomaterial synthesis and medical chemistry
Copyright (c) 2025 Budi Hastuti, Garnish Teantine Aurura Teantine Aurura, Saptono Hadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessment of Macronutrient Dynamics in a Tropical Watershed: A Study from Bengkulu River and Estuary Indonesia
This study assesses the sources, transport, and distribution of macronutrients, including nitrate, nitrite, silicate, and phosphate, starting from the upper stream of the Bengkulu River, which is the biggest river in Bengkulu Province, to the coastal seawater of the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. The sampling was conducted using an acid-washed polypropylene beaker and placed in acid-cleaned 5 L polyethylene containers during the dry season in July 2024. The water samples were collected from the surface waters of 15 stations. The macronutrients in the water samples were determined using a spectrophotometer UV-Vis following the Strickland and Parsons method. Macronutrient analysis was conducted in LATERIO BRIN, Jakarta, Indonesia. The concentration of analysed macronutrients ranged from 0.005 - 0.058 mgN-NO3/L for nitrate, <0.001 - 0.014 mgN-NO2/L for nitrite, 0.163 - 9.314 mgSi-Si(OH)4/L for silicate, and 0.01 - 0.085 mgP-PO4-/L for phosphate. Several stations, including Stations 6, 10, and 14, exhibited relatively elevated nitrate concentrations, which were further supported by similarly high phosphate levels. Stations 6, 10, and 14, situated near areas of intense anthropogenic activity in Bengkulu City, suggest that human-induced inputs have enriched the water environment with macronutrients. The highest silicate concentration was observed at Station 1, located upstream in the Bengkulu River. This aligns with previous findings and underscores the role of weathering processes in controlling silicate distribution. Compared to the macronutrient concentration guidelines for river water set by Indonesian Government Regulation 2021 No. 22, the nitrite concentrations at certain river stations exceeded the safety threshold for aquatic biota. In contrast, nitrate and phosphate levels remained within the safe range.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wiwit Wiwit, Idha Yulia Ikhsani, Nurhamidah Nurhamidah, Dwita Oktiarni, Kuo Hong Wong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
TLC Fingerprint Analysis and Evaluation of α-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Justicia gendarussa from Different Growth Locations
Justicia gendarussa is known to have antioxidant and antidiabetic properties, which are related to the composition and concentration of its metabolites and influenced by differences in growth location. This study aims to evaluate changes in metabolite profiles and biological activities, such as the inhibition of α-glucosidase and free radical scavenging in J. gendarussa genotypes from Bogor, Cianjur, and Sukabumi. Changes in metabolite profiles were assessed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprint analysis combined with principal component analysis (PCA). Bioautography TLC using DPPH was performed to confirm the presence of antioxidant compounds. In the TLC fingerprint analysis of J. gendarussa, we obtained 14 bands with good resolution. PCA successfully grouped J. gendarussa extracts based on growth location. The percentage of α-glucosidase inhibitory and free radical scavenging activity was significantly different, with the highest percentage of inhibition of α-glucosidase shown by the IIIS genotype (99.23%) and the highest free radical scavenging (91.35%) demonstrated by the IIB genotype. The results of TLC bioautography confirmed the presence of antioxidant compounds in J. gendarussa represented by bands with Rf 0.04, 0.32, and 0.80. This study concludes that growth location differences influence the variations in metabolite profiles, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and free radical scavenging activity of J. gendarussa genotypes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laela Wulansari, Wulan Tri Wahyuni, Waras Nurcholis, Mohamad Rafi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Search for SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors. Is it still needed?Molecular Docking Study of Teicoplanin Derivatives and Vancomycin against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro
Coronaviruses have been known since 2002 in the case of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, is believed to be an evolution of the SARS-causing coronavirus (SARS-CoV). This evolution shows the complex interaction dynamics between the virus and the host, which have characterized the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 strain variations until now. Therefore, the search for these antiviral drugs is still critical. MPro is one of the important proteins for the life cycle of pathogenic coronaviruses, so it is an attractive target for developing drugs that inhibit this virus. This study examined the interaction of teicoplanin derivatives and vancomycin as SARS-CoV-2 MPro (6LU7) inhibitors through molecular docking with Autodock Vina. The smallest RMSD value was selected and stored to calculate the energy value. The image of atoms in the ligand and receptor was processed with Autodock Tools, LigPlus, and PyMOL. The study showed that teicoplanin derivatives such as teicoplanin aglycone, teicoplanin-A3-1, and vancomycin had the potential as SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors. Based on the interaction at the active site and the obtained ΔG values, even the teicoplanin aglycon had a more significant inhibitory potential than other potent inhibitors such as N3.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Mulyani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
In Vitro and In Silico Study of Antibacterial Activity of Sirih Merah Leaf Extract (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) Against Streptococcus mutans
Sirih merah leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) is a natural material that has the potential to be used as a natural antibacterial agent in treating dental caries caused by Streptococcus mutans because it is known to contain secondary metabolite compounds that have antibacterial properties that can inhibit the activity of glucosyltransferase and glucan-binding protein (Gbp) enzymes produced by S. mutans. This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of Sirih merah leaf extract against S. mutans using the Kirby-Bauer method and to predict the potential molecular activity of antibacterial compounds contained in Sirih merah leaves in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans bacteria in silico using the molecular docking method. Antibacterial activity testing of Sirih merah leaf extract fractions obtained from methanol extract showed that fractions 7 and 10 are active fractions because they can inhibit the growth of S. mutans at the highest concentration of 10% with a strong inhibition zone category. The active fractions were then analyzed by the LC-HRMS method to obtain active compounds. The results of the in silico molecular docking test showed that the active compounds of Sirih merah leaves have the potential to interact with the GtfB and GbpC enzymes of S. mutans, where the best binding energy in the interaction of cafedrine compounds is -8.75 kcal/mol and -9.27 kcal/mol. The docking results were validated through a molecular docking process using native ligands with RMSD values of 1,861 Å and 3,170 Å.
Copyright (c) 2025 Trisna Yuliana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Fabrication of Calcite Calcium Carbonate from Eggshells Biogenic Waste Through Carbonation Method
Calcium carbonate derived from eggshells has significant potential for use in drug delivery systems, pharmaceutical, food, catalyst, cement, and concrete industries. Although eggshell waste is non-toxic, its excessive accumulation in the environment may contribute to ecological issues. Colonizing pathogenic bacteria in unprocessed eggshell waste poses a potential health risk. The present study outlines the production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) from eggshell waste through a calcination-carbonation process, offering a sustainable approach to its utilization. The calcination was carried out at 900 ºC. The carbonation process was performed in an HNO3 solution, and the NH3 solution was under-treated for 60 minutes. The results exhibited that the precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) had a purity of 95.2% CaO. It possessed predominantly the calcite phase with a rhombohedral crystal system, as confirmed by the XRD analysis. The crystallite size of PCC was 109.5 nm, measured using the Debye-Scherrer equation. The phase composition of PCC was 99.3% calcite, 0.5% vaterite, and 0.2% aragonite. FTIR analysis further corroborated this data by showing a sharp and unsplit peak at 1419 cm-1, demonstrating the presence of a calcite phase. SEM images revealed a cubic-like morphology, a characteristic of the calcite form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The synthesized calcium carbonate in this study holds potential for applications in dental materials and as fillers in polymer matrices for food packaging.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mariyam Mariyam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Natural Zeolite as Mo and MoP Catalysts Support for Catalytic Deoxygenation of Jatropha Oil
Non-edible oil, such as Jatropha oil, is an interesting feedstock for the development of renewable diesel (green diesel). Catalytic deoxygenation using natural zeolite-supported Mo-based catalysts is a promising process for the conversion of Jatropha oil to green diesel. Mo and MoP catalysts supported on natural zeolite were synthesized by wet impregnation at a concentration of 5% (w/w). The catalysts were characterized by XRD, XRF, SAA and NH3-TPD. The catalysts were successfully synthesized with the appearance of Mo and MoP peaks on the catalyst diffractogram. XRF results also showed that Mo and P were present in the catalyst. Metal impregnation decreased the surface area and pore volume of the catalyst, but increased the average pore diameter. The NH3-TPD profile of the catalyst showed that the weak acid sites of both catalysts were larger than the strong acid sites. Based on the activity test of catalytic deoxygenation of Jatropha oil, the MoP/HZ catalyst produced a higher conversion (67%) and liquid product yield (79%) than Mo/HZ. This is associated with a larger pore diameter, so that the distribution of reactants on the catalyst surface is more optimal. However, the highest green diesel selectivity of 82% is produced by the Mo/HZ catalyst. The Mo/HZ catalyst is more oriented towards the HDO reaction, whereas the MoP/HZ catalyst is more oriented towards the DCO/DCO2 reaction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Isalmi Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Discriminating Green Beans of Puntang Arabica Coffees with 1H NMR Based-Metabolomics
Puntang Arabica Coffee is one of the famous Indonesian coffees from West Java. This coffee is cultivated in the area of Mount Puntang, Bandung Regency. This study evaluated green beans of Puntang Arabica coffee obtained from different cultivating locations, including Cimulek, Cimenong, Ganda Paraja, and Nameur, with 1H NMR-based metabolomics. The green coffee bean samples were ground, extracted with D2O, and then measured with NMR spectroscopy. The obtained 1H NMR spectra were processed and evaluated by multivariate data analysis techniques using Orthogonal Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (OPLSDA) as the main model. In total, 20 metabolites were successfully identified in the 1H NMR spectra of Puntang coffees. Based on multivariate analysis, Cimulek and Cimenong coffee regions possessed similar metabolite profiles possibly due to being in proximity. Trigonelline, 5-chlorogenic acid, and citric acid were detected as the discriminant compounds for Cimulek and Cimenong coffees, whereas lactic acid, lipids, and stearic acid were associated with Ganda Paraja coffee. Meanwhile, GABA was detected constantly as the characteristic compound of Nameur coffee. This report revealed the metabolite profile of Puntang Arabica coffees for the first time and provided scientific information for the development of coffee plantations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nizar Happyana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan-Cinamaldehyde/AgNp Schiff Base Composite
Chitosan is a material that has antibacterial properties. Chitosan was modified with cinnamaldehyde to form chitosan Schiff base, which acts as a capping agent in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The Schiff base product was modified again into a silver nanoparticle Schiff base composite to improve its ability as a capping agent and improve its antibacterial properties. This study aims to synthesize a chitosan-cinnamaldehyde/AgNP Schiff base composite (CCSB/AgNP) as an active ingredient with excellent antibacterial properties. The first stage was the synthesis of a chitosan-cinnamaldehyde Schiff base. In the second stage, the synthesis of the chitosan/AgNP composite was carried out by adding STPP with sonication and a water bath. The third stage involved synthesizing of the CCSB/AgNP composite using the same method as the second stage employing both heating and non-heating as well as sonication and non-sonication. The product was characterized using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, mapping, and AAS. Antibacterial tests were performed on the synthesized product using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. Chitosan has a molecular weight of 338080 g/mol and a degree of deacetylation of 65.09%. The Schiff base product of chitosan-cinnamaldehyde is a brownish-yellow solid with a yield of 76.9% (w/w) and a degree of substitution of 87.02%. The presence of Ag was confirmed by EDX mapping, which revealed mass percentages of 0.26%, 1.00%, and 3.97% for C/AgNP-1, C/AgNP-2, and CCSB/AgNP-2, respectively. The chitosan/AgNP product has a yield of 97% (w/w) and an SPR effect at 439 nm. The synthesis of CCSB/AgNP obtained a dark green solid with a yield of 87% (w/w) and an SPR effect at 433 nm. The antibacterial activity test yielded the highest percentage reduction in the number of bacteria in CCSB/AgNP at 3 days of observation at 95.1%, and 7 days at 94.1%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ismiyarto - Ismiyarto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Modified Natural Rubber Based on the Sulphur Curing System as Rubber Compound Formulation on Basic Design of Seismic Bearing
Indonesia is highly susceptible to earthquakes, with the southern and western coasts of Java and Sumatra being the most vulnerable regions. Due to this vulnerability, it is necessary to establish a culture of disaster mitigation in the most fertile and heavily populated islands to reduce the number of fatalities and economic losses caused by earthquakes. One of the promising real-world seismic base isolation methods is using a rubber seismic bearing constructed of rubber and metal layers. This study aimed to examine the typical behavior of natural rubber compounds subjected to various sulfur-curing processes as basic designs in the manufacture of rubber seismic bearings. The experiment was carried out by arranging the sulfur curing system into three categories, namely an efficient which applied N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfonamide (CBS)/Sulfur (S) ratio as 1.4/0.15 and 1.4/0.25, semi-efficient with CBS/S ratio of 1.4/1.4 and 1.4/1.7, and conventional with CBS/S ratio of 1.4/3.0 and 1.4/3.5. The results showed that the ideal modification condition for NR macromolecule chain found in seismic-bearing rubber compound was a semi-efficient sulfur curing system with a CBS/S ratio of 1.4/1.4. It suggested that a semi-efficient sulfur curing system was appropriate for developing rubber compound formulation for seismic rubber bearings, mainly for low-damping types.
Jurnal Kimia VALENSI, Volume 10, No. 2, November 2024
Copyright (c) 2024 Adi Cifriadi, Purwantiningsih Sugita, Tetty Kemala, Siti Nikmatin, Santi Puspitasari, Asron Ferdian Falaah, Usman Wijaya
Comparative Study of Voltammetric Analysis with UV-Vis Spectrophotometry in Determining the Results of Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Samarium (III)
Rare earth elements (REEs) are garnering significant attention in diverse fields due to their important and fascinating properties. Among these REEs, samarium (Sm) has numerous advantages and benefits. Before using Sm, it must be separated from its natural sources due to the formation of complex compounds with other elements. To achieve this, liquid-liquid extraction emerges as one of the REE separation methods, presenting several advantages, including a streamlined process. Various methods can be used to analyze extraction results, such as ICP-MS and XRF. In comparison, UV-Vis spectrophotometry has significant advantages compared to other methods, it provides a simple approach to determining the level of a substance, and the results given are quite accurate, while differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) is one of the electrochemical analysis methods that is expected to provide faster and accurate analysis results. This study aims to determine the value of analytical parameters, Kd of Sm(III) liquid-liquid extraction results using DPV analysis and UV-Vis spectrophotometry methods. The DPV method yielded LoD 1.24 mg/L, accuracy 98.39%, and %recovery 106.69%. The extraction data obtained Kd Sm values ranging from 6.0019-7.3860. The UV-Vis spectrophotometry results provided an individual extraction efficiency of Sm(III) of 88.54%. This method obtained LoD 0.71 mg/L, accuracy 96.00%, and %recovery 104.00%.
Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Particles using Banana Peels and Tea Leaves Extracts for Rhodamine B Photodegradation
Rhodamine B is a widely used dye in the textile sector. However, the wastewater produced during the dyeing process presents a notable source of pollution, contaminating water and posing a threat to aquatic ecosystems due to its presence in liquid waste. Photocatalysis is a technique for breaking down toxic textile dye waste a semiconductor as a catalyst, valued for its high sensitivity and eco-friendly nature. In this research, zinc oxide particles were synthesized via a green synthesis approach using precipitation, employing natural capping agents from banana peel and tea leaf to degrade the synthetic dye of rhodamine B. The catalyst material was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance (UV-DRS). The photodegradation performance of rhodamine B was determined under UV light exposure for 3 hours. The XRD spectra of ZnO show the specific peaks of 2θ at 31.8°, 34.5°, and 36.3° with a crystallinity value of around 79.50%. The SEM result shows that the morphology of ZnO is in cotton-like form with a minimum band gap of 3.17 eV. The cotton-like ZnO particles demonstrated superior photodegradation efficiency for Rhodamine B, achieving 61.8%, compared to 47.9% with pure ZnO. It suggests that synthesizing ZnO particles with banana peels and tea leaf extracts boosts photodegradation efficiency by up to 20% compared to pure ZnO. This research highlights the potential of utilizing eco-friendly and sustainable methods as a greener approach for reducing waste in environmental applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Uji Pratomo, Natasha Fransisca, Zahra Afriani, Ayu jelita Sinambela, Nazwa Alya Zahra, Nelson Indarto Suwarno, Husain Akbar Sumeru, Irwan Kurnia, Indah Primadona, Rudiawan Edwin
Nonenzymatic Sensor Based on Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified by Platinum Nanoparticles Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide for Glucose Detection in Human Urine
This research aims to develop a sensitive and selective nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor for glucose detection using a glassy carbon electrode modified with platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) decorated on reduced graphene oxide (RGO). The structural properties and surface morphology of PtNPs/RGO composite were characterized using Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques were employed to investigate glucose measurements in human urine samples. The developed sensor shows an increasing anodic peak of glucose with a linear response at a concentration range from 10 to 1000 µM, with a detection limit of 5 µM. The proposed sensor also demonstrated good reproducibility, indicated by the value of relative standard deviation (%RSD) of 3.9%, and maintained its current response over seven consecutive measurements. Moreover, the proposed sensor exhibited high selectivity for glucose detection against several potential interferences, such as potassium (K+), chloride (Cl−), magnesium (Mg2+), ascorbic acid, dopamine, and urea, with recovery values of 96-102%, which are acceptable within the analytical range. Furthermore, this proposed sensor successfully detected glucose in human urine samples, and their concentrations were not significantly different when measured with a commercial glucose sensor.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ulfiatun Nisa, Dyah Iswantini, Budi Riza Putra, Mohd Muzamir Mahat, Shahrul Nizam Ahmad, Dinda Iryawati Bedy Saskito, Wulan Tri Wahyuni
Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Targeting Capsaicin
A novel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) was developed for the adsorption of capsaicin, a key component of capsaicinoids widely used in food additives and topical pharmaceuticals. Excessive use of capsaicin can lead to respiratory, skin, and oral disorders, necessitating effective monitoring methods. This study aimed to synthesize MMIPs and magnetic molecularly non imprinted polymers (MNIPs) using 4-vinyl pyridine as the functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the crosslinker, combined with an initiator in a 1:4:20 molar ratio. Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were incorporated to facilitate magnetic separation. Characterization via particle size analyzer (PSA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the successful synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, MNIPs, and MMIPs. PSA analysis for Fe3O4 nanoparticles showed an average size of 140.2 nm with a polydispersity index (PI) of 0.313, MMIPs showed an average particle size of 746.6 nm and a PI value of 0.397. FTIR spectra revealed characteristic absorption bands at 3429 cm−1 (O-H), 2958 cm−1 (C-H), 1732 cm−1 (C=O), 1155 cm−1 (C-O), and 580 cm−1(Fe-O), indicating successful Fe3O4 modification. SEM-EDS analysis showed non-spherical morphology due to bulk polymerization. TEM image results showed Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were successfully coated with a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). The developed MMIPs effectively have a robust synthesis method and thorough analysis, laying the groundwork for future applications.
Chemistry and Enviromental chemistry/polymer chemistry
Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Docking Studies and Pharmaceutical Evaluation of some Novel [1,2,4]Triazolo[3,4-B][1,3,4]Thiadiazole
A new series of fused [1,2,4]Triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole 4a-4e have been synthesized by many steps. Firstly, benzohydrazide [1] has been synthesized from the reaction of methyl benzoate with hydrazine hydrate. Secondly, the cyclization reaction of benzohydrazide with carbon disulfide in the presence of potassium hydroxide produced 5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol[2]. Thirdly,5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol[2] was treated with potassium hydroxide using pyridine to give 4-amino-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol. Finally, the fused [1,2,4]Triazolo[3,4-B][1,3,4]Thiadiazole 4a-4e were synthesized from the reaction of 4-amino-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol[3], with various aromatic aldehydes. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds have been confirmed based on spectral studies. The new novel compounds exhibited anticancer activity docking with C-Met tyrosin kinase receptor as shown by their docking scores ranging between -3.506 to -4.468 Kcal/mol as compared to standard crizotinib binding affinity is to -3.211Kcal/mol for anticancer efficiency. The newly synthesized triazole thiadiazole derivatives were evaluated for their in-vitro cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. It was found that compounds 4b and 4c showed higher cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cell line and no cytotoxic effect on normal cell line HdFn.
Development of a Low-Cost Reflectance Visible Spectrophotometer with Chemometrics for Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Quality Control
A simple, portable visible reflectance spectrophotometer was developed for classifying the quality of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. The device was assembled using consumer electronic components: an LED as the light source, a DVD optical layer as the diffraction grating, and a webcam as the detector, with web-based software (Spectral Workbench) as the signal processor. The spectrophotometer's performance was evaluated using standard Sudan III samples and powdered C. xanthorrhiza samples from two quality classes (A and B). Spectral data were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression. PCA successfully grouped Sudan III samples by concentration and classified C. xanthorrhiza by curcuminoid content. A PLS regression model was developed for quantifying Sudan III, yielding R² values of 0.9909 for both calibration and cross-validation, with RMSEs of 0.3821% and 0.4152%, respectively. The results closely matched those from a commercial spectrophotometer. A PLS-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) classification model for C. xanthorrhiza was also developed, achieving sensitivity and specificity values of 1. Additionally, semi-quantitative parameters such as decision limit (26.15% B), detection capability (41.06% B), and unreliability range (26.15–41.06% B) were calculated. The classification model showed strong sensitivity, specificity, and detection capabilities within acceptable limits. These findings suggest that this low-cost reflectance spectrophotometer, combined with chemometric methods, holds promise as a practical tool for the quality control of raw herbal materials.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rudi Heryanto, Dyah Iswantini, Eti Rohaeti, Mohamad Rafi, Novia Rahma, Nurul Hafshah, Eni Mardiana
Inhibition of Human Acetylcholinesterase (4EY7) using Bioactive Compound from Moringa oleifera: Molecular Docking and Dynamic Studies
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by acetylcholine hydrolysis that impairs cognitive brain function. This research aims to determine the interaction and dynamic of ligands from Moringa oleifera on AChE through Lipinski's Rule, ADMET properties, molecular docking calculations, and molecular dynamic simulations. Lipinski's Rule calculation provided ligand limits that adhere to druglikeness properties. ADMET results also showed that several ligands satisfy ADMET properties. Pterygospermine has lower binding energy than the ligand control (-10.28 kcal mol-1) with amino acid residues of TYR133 and GLU202. It indicates a favorable interaction between the AChE receptor and ligand in the inhibition process. Based on molecular docking calculations, pterygospermine inhibits the AChE receptor at the Long, narrow aromatic gorge active site. According to molecular dynamic simulations, the MMPBSA energy for pterygospermine is 37.377 kJ mol-1. The samples showed a total average RMSD of 2 Å, suggesting no significant conformational changes throughout the simulation. The sample's average RMSF value is around 2 Å, suggesting favorable interactions with the receptor during simulation. However, this data is different from the ligand control interaction mode. Molecular dynamic investigations of the pterygospermine ligand in the complex revealed the stability and unfolded effect on the protein. The results of this study propose a candidate anti-Alzheimer's ligand from Moringa oleifera against the AChE receptor. In practice, these results can contribute to research studies exploring natural ingredients from plants with medicinal potential in drug discovery. These results can be validated using further research in vitro and in vivo.
Copyright (c) 2024 Wiji Utami, Laila Antari, Herlina Rasyid, Ika Nur Fitriani, Apriyanto Apriyanto
Modification & Characterization of Activated Carbon Impregnated with KCl, Na2S, and KI for Enhancing Mercury (Hg) Removal from Natural Gas
Modified activated carbon (MAC) has been synthesized and characterized to enhance mercury (Hg) removal from natural gas. MAC was modified by impregnating it into KCl, Na2S, and KI to introduce Cl-, S-, and I- elements. SEM-EDX, FTIR, and SAA were used to characterize the AC and MAC. The isotherm and adsorption capacity were studied using the mercury gas standard. The results of SEM-EDX analysis show that the impregnation method is proven to produce MAC containing elements Cl, S, and I with mass % of 2.78% Cl, 0.76% S, and 39.60% I. The surface area is 421.91 m2/g, the total pore volume is 0.386825 cc/g, and the average pore size is 1.83369 nm. Group functions are -OH, C=C, C=O, C-O, and vibrations at the wavelength number 617.81 cm-1, which the impregnation agent forms. The mechanism for absorbing mercury gas into MAC follows the Freundlich isotherm model, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.996. The adsorption capacity on MAC increased 57 times compared to unmodified activated carbon (AC) from 5540.60 to 315730.64 ng/g, with an efficiency maximum of 100%. The MAC has been proven to enhance mercury adsorption from natural gas with an efficiency of 78.6%.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bahran Muala, Ni Ketut Sumarni, Dwi Juli Puspitasari
Cloning of the GOX-Xho Gene IPBCC 08.610 into Plasmid pTA2 and Its Characterization
Glucose oxidase (GOX) from Aspergillus niger catalyzes the oxidation of β-D-glucose to δ-gluconolactone and hydrogen peroxide, making it valuable for industrial applications. Intracellular GOX exhibits higher activity than its extracellular counterpart. This study focuses on enhancing the extracellular production of GOX through recombinant DNA technology. This study aimed to reconstruct the GOX gene by adding XhoI sites at both ends, inserting a glu-ala-glu-ala spacer at the 5' end, and introducing an XbaI site at the 3' end. These modifications facilitate the cloning of the GOX-Xho gene into the pTA2 vector and its subsequent ligation into the pPICZαB expression vector, allowing for extracellular production of GOX through fusion with the α-mating factor (α-MF) signal peptide. The GOX-Xho gene was successfully amplified, cloned, and characterized. The pTA2-GOX-Xho recombinant plasmid was verified through sequencing and restriction analysis, confirming the present and correct orientation of the 1797 bp GOX-Xho gene. However, sequencing revealed several point mutations, necessitating further computational analysis to predict their impact on the enzyme's structure and function before recombinant protein expression.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hanifah Aryani, Nadhira Fathiaz Akbar, Asrul Muhamad Fuad, Laksmi Ambarsari, Popi Asri Kurniatin
Improvement of Rheological Properties of Modified Asphalt Treated with Residues of Recycled Rubber from Waste Tires and Oxidized by Air
Asphalt materials loaded with polymer additives have gained particular importance in recent years due to their close association with modification processes and the creation of a clean environment, mainly from plastic wastes in paving and other areas, and they have also caused significant improvement in asphalt properties. It was observed through the research that the rheological properties of the asphalt were improved significantly as added residues of recycled rubber (RRR) from waste tire percentages increased. The observations are apparent from the decrease in permeability of the asphalt and enhance its ductility and elongation. The study focused on modifying the rheological properties of asphalt materials using the residues of the recycled process of rubber (RRR) from waste tires (mainly carbon black, containing residues of rubber extracted from waste tires). The asphalt materials were oxidized in the open system under various conditions of temperature and oxidation time in the presence of a 0.25% (w/w) anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) catalyst. After determining the optimal conditions for the oxidation process, the added anhydrous AlCl3 catalyst was adjusted to determine its optimal ratio. The modified asphalt samples after oxidation at optimal conditions in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3 catalyst and the recycled rubber (RRR) residues were tested using appropriate measurements. The following measurements of ductility, permeability, softening point, Marshall stability and flow, aging resistance (thin film oven test (TFOT)) and the asphalt content percentages were done, and their results show that the modified asphalt exhibits completely different rheological properties from the original asphalt. The studied N19 and N20 models show availability in paving applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Roua’a K. Al-Ojar, Mahmood E. Mahmood, Salam J. Marzena, Fawzi H. Jabrail
Low-Cost Adsorbent Development: Sulfuric Acid-Activated Teak Sawdust for Effective Methylene Blue Removal
The expansion of the global textile industry has resulted in a decline in environmental quality. Environmental pollution resulting from textile dye waste may include heavy metals and dyes, which exhibit carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. Many studies have been done to reduce the harm of dyes. Extensive research has been undertaken to mitigate the detrimental effects of dyes. One cost-effective approach for managing dye pollution is the adsorption of methylene blue using sulfuric acid-activated teak sawdust. Teak wood sawdust, a byproduct of the furniture industry that is abundant and underutilized, contains active sites within its constituent compounds, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This study was designed to determine the ability of teak sawdust to adsorb methylene blue. In this investigation, the biosorbent will be characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) to analyze its active sites and surface morphology. Additionally, the study aimed to elucidate the impact of variation contact time, pH solution, and alteration in methylene blue concentration on the adsorption capacity for methylene blue, employing a UV-Vis spectrophotometer for measurement. The research results demonstrated that optimal adsorption occurred at a contact time of 30 minutes and a pH of 6, with the adsorption efficiency reaching 99.67% as a function of contact time. The kinetic study was modeled using a pseudo-second-order approach, with a kinetic constant of 79.71 g mg⁻¹ min⁻¹. The maximum adsorption capacity was 1.351 mg g⁻¹, the n value was 1, and the percentage of methylene blue adsorbed reached 99.88%.
Copyright (c) 2024 Anselmus Boy Baunsele
Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Extract of Clove
In this work, γ-Al2O3NPs were successfully biosynthesized, mediated aluminum nitrate nona hydrate Al(NO3)3.9H2O, sodium hydroxide, and aqueous clove extract in alkali media. The γ-Al2O3NPs were characterized by different techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy–dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The final results indicated the γ-Al2O3NPs nanoparticle size, bonds nature, element phase, crystallinity, morphology, surface image, particle analysis – threshold detection, and the topography parameter. The identified of γ-Al2O3 bands were detected by the FT-IR spectroscopy. The UV-visible spectrum of γ -Al2O3NPs exhibited an absorption band and (energy gap, Eg = 4.91 eV). It was found that the size range of nanoparticles was (28-37) nm and cubic with agglomerated particles. Antimicrobial activity study showed an excellent inhibition activity of γ-Al2O3NPs against Escherichia coli negative (G-), staphylococcus aureus, positive (G+), and Candida albicans fungal. The effectiveness of the adsorption experiment was proven on binary metal ions, such as cobalt, nickel, and copper, by removing them from water using a nanostructured active surface of γ-Al2O3NPs. The efficiencies removal of Co+2, Ni+2, and Cu+2 ions were 93.22%, 87.49%, and 93.17% respectively.
Copyright (c) 2024 Aqeel Oudah Flayyih, Falih Hassan Musa
Characterization and Application of Hydroxyapatite From Chicken Egg Shell with Green Template as a Potential Drug Delivery System
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a calcium phosphate biomaterial widely studied in the medical field because of its good biocompatibility properties. This study aims to identify the effect of increasing variations in banana peel template concentration on the characteristics of hydroxyapatite so that it has the potential as a drug delivery system. This study includes the characterization and application of the potential of the hydroxyapatite drug delivery system with the addition of variations in the concentration of green template. Then, hydroxyapatite was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a surface area analyzer (SAA). This study's results indicate that adding a banana peel template affects the characteristics of hydroxyapatite. The higher the template concentration, the smaller the crystallite size, pore size, pore volume, and surface area, but the degree of crystallinity is greater. The results showed that the characterization of hydroxyapatite K15% with a crystal size of 34.73 nm, a degree of crystallinity of 89%, a pore size of 7.2178 nm, a surface area of 30.111 m2/g, and a pore volume of 0.1145 cc/g. The results of the study of the potential of the drug delivery system obtained a loading efficiency value of 67% for ibuprofen. However, the ibuprofen release process results at time intervals tend to be unstable.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ferli Septi Irwansyah
Synthesis of Antibacterial Coating Film Based on Eugenol-Allyl Eugenol Copolymer with Chitosan-Gelatin
The development of coating film materials based on biopolymers and active antibacterial compounds has attracted attention in the food industries. Food packaging biopolymers can be increased antibacterial properties by adding compound modification of natural ingredients such as eugenol-allyl eugenol copolymer (PEAE). The aims of this study were to synthesize a coating film based on chitosan-gelatin with PEAE and test its antibacterial properties. PEAE synthesis was carried out by polymelirization reaction with the (BF3O(C2H5)2) as catalyst and characterized by FTIR, molecular weight, and solubility. Synthesis of chitosan-gelatin coating films with variations in PEAE concentration of 1.25%, 2.5%, and 3.75% and characterization includes FTIR, SEM, TS, E%, and contact angle. Antibacterial activity is carried out by the turbidimetry method. PEAE was synthesized with the results in the form of brown solids with 94.91% yield, molecular weight of 9,553.98 da, and the melting point of 95-98 °C. Chitosan-Gelatin films with the addition of PEAE produce a thin yellowish film, with a sequential decreased tensile strength, and the percentage value of extension increases with the increase in PEAE concentration. The best antibacterial activity in the film PEAE 2.5, with the percentage of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of 99.71% and 98.39% respectively.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ngadiwiyana - Ngadiwiyana, Hana Putri Dzahabiyyah, Ismiyarto Ismiyarto, Purbowatiningrum Ria Sarjono