Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ)
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Hubungan Kepatuhan Minum Obat Amlodipin Dengan Kualitas Hidup Pasien Hipertensi Pada Dokter Praktik Perorangan di Ranah Batahan Kabupaten Pasaman Barat
: Hypertension is a disease in which a person has an increase in diastolic (≥90 mmHg) and systolic (≥140 mmHg) blood pressure. Treatment of hypertension is a long-term therapy, one of the parameters to achieve therapeutic success is patient compliance in taking medication in order to minimize the impact caused so that it can affect the quality of life of patients. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between compliance with amlodipine consumption with the quality of life of hypertensive patients at Individual Practitioners in Ranah Batahan. The research design used was quantitative research using a cross- sectional approach conducted on 45 respondents who met the inclusion criteria. The level of compliance with taking the respondent's medication was measured using the Pill Count method and the quality of life of hypertensive patients using the WHOQOL questionnaire. Data were processed using IBM SPSS 22 and analyzed through frequency distribution analysis (univariate) and Chi square test (bivariate). Based on the results of measuring the level of compliance, 29 respondents (64.4%) were declared compliant and 16 respondents (35.6%) were not compliant. Measurement of quality of life level, as many as 28 (62.2%) were moderate and 17 (37.8%) were low. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant relationship between the level of compliance with quality of life p value < 0.05 with moderate relationship strength p value 0.003.
Copyright (c) 2025 Barita Juliano Siregar, yardi, Sripi Mahalaya, Muhammad Rafly Syah Putra, Edi Rohaedi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Korelasi Tingkat Pengetahuan denngan Perilaku Swamedikasi Obat Analgesik di Masyarakat Semper Barat, Jakarta Utara
Self-medication is a person's action in determining and using medicine independently to treat a disease or its symptoms. The benefits of this practice include cost efficiency and helping to ease the burden of health services. However, there are risks if done without adequate knowledge; it can cause side effects or additional costs. Good knowledge greatly supports correct self-medication behavior in the community. The type of drug that is often used during self-medication is analgesics, which function to suppress pain. This study aims to analyze the correlation between the level of knowledge and self-medication behaviour in the use of analgesic drugs in the community in Semper Barat Village, North Jakarta. The research design used a quantitative approach with an instrument in the form of a questionnaire that had passed validity and reliability tests. Four hundred respondents from 9 RW in Semper Barat Village participated in this study. Data were processed through Chi-square and Spearman-rho analysis. The research data showed that the majority of respondents had a sufficient level of knowledge (64.3%) and behaved sufficiently (52.5%). In the chi-square analysis, except for education, most characteristics did not correlate significantly with knowledge or behaviour. The results of the Spearman-rho test showed a significant correlation (p = 0.011) between knowledge and analgesic self-medication behaviour.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainul Islam, Endang Sulistyaningsih, Fanni Luthfianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Gelatin and Propylene Glycol on the Penetration Rate of Asiaticoside from Centella asiatica (L.) Urb Leaf Extract Geleaf Extract Gel
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. is a plant known for its potential in scar treatment due to the presence of asiaticoside, a compound capable of promoting skin cell tissue repair. However, the large molecular size of asiaticoside hinders its penetration through the skin. This study aims to evaluate the effect of gelatin and propylene glycol on the transdermal penetration of asiaticoside from a gel formulation containing Centella asiatica leaf extract. Four different formulations were tested: a control (F1, without gelatin or propylene glycol); one with 15% propylene glycol (F2); one with 4% gelatin (F3); and one with 4% gelatin and 15% propylene glycol (F4). The physical characteristics of the formulations were assessed using several parameters: organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, centrifugation, spreadability, viscosity, and rheological behaviour. Penetration studies were performed using a Franz Diffusion Cell with a Whatman No. 1 membrane (pre-coated with Spangler solution) for 360 minutes. The penetration data were analyzed using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with a C18 BEH column (2.1 × 50 mm; 1.8 μm particle size). The results showed that each formulation exhibited distinct characteristics. The study findings indicated that both gelatin and propylene glycol, as well as their combination, significantly influenced the penetration of asiaticoside in the gel formulation. Propylene glycol, functioning as a penetration enhancer, was found to increase the penetration of asiaticoside in both gelatin-based and liquid formulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sabrina Dahlizar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Studi Farmakologi Ikan Zebra sebagai Model Obesitas dan Hiperglikemia: Pengembangan Induksi Diet-Induced Obesity
Obesity and hyperglycemia are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus and various other metabolic disorders. The use of relevant animal models is essential to support pharmacological studies. The aim of this research was to develop an effective DIO (Diet-Induced Obesity) inducer for commercially available zebrafish as a model for obesity and hyperglycemia. Adult zebrafish were induced for obesity and hyperglycemia through administration of a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. The observed parameters included body weight, body length, body mass index (BMI), and blood glucose levels. The results showed that DIO induction significantly increased body weight, BMI, and blood glucose levels (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. In conclusion, zebrafish can be developed as a model for obesity and hyperglycemia through DIO induction, thus potentially serving as an alternative test animal for pharmacological studies of metabolic diseases
Copyright (c) 2025 Lina Elfita, Lina Elfita, Irfan Nurfakhrurajab, Narti Fitriana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Relationship between Prescription Services and Patient Satisfaction Level at the Outpatient Installation of X Hospital, South Tangerang City
Prescription service is one of the pharmaceutical services that aims to improve patients' quality of life. Good service will increase patient satisfaction, affecting patients' quality of life. Patient satisfaction can be assessed by measuring elements of responsiveness, assurance, tangible, empathy, and reliability. This study aimed to determine the relationship between prescription services (waiting time) and the level of patient satisfaction at the outpatient installation of X Hospital, South Tangerang City. This study was an observational quantitative with a cross-sectional approach using a survey. The number of samples used was 382 respondents through the purposive sampling method. The data obtained were analyzed by univariate and bivariate analysis using SPSS version 22. The results showed that the level of patient satisfaction with the elements of responsiveness was 76.65%, assurance was 76.64%, tangibles was 75.28%, empathy was 76.60%, and reliability was 76.21%. Based on the results of the analysis using chi-square, there is a relationship between prescription services and the level of patient satisfaction at the outpatient installation of X Hospital, South Tangerang City with a p-value of 0.000 (p-value <0.05). This study can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between prescription services (waiting time) and the level of patient satisfaction in the outpatient installation of X Hospital, South Tangerang City.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suci Ahda Novitri, Alsyah Sholehah, Siti Yaenap, Rurynta Ferly Shavira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Extraction of Polyphenol From Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale), and Aromatic Ginger (Kaempfeiria galanga l) Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Based On Choline Chloride and Sugar
Indonesia is a tropical country rich in biodiversity, including a wide variety of herbal plants. Herbs and spices are abundant in Indonesia and have been used in local customs since ancient times. Turmeric, ginger, and curcuma are rhizomes used as spices in Indonesian cooking and natural medicine. This study investigates the efficiency of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) synthesized from choline chloride and various sugars—fructose, glucose, maltose, and xylose in extracting polyphenolic compounds from Indonesian rhizomes: turmeric (Curcuma longa), red ginger (Zingiber officinale), and aromatic ginger (Kaempferia galanga L). The NADES were prepared using choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA). The hydrogen bond donor (HBD) is a sugar such as fructose, xylose, maltose, and glucose. The total phenolic content (TPC) was quantified and reported in mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract. Kaempferia galanga exhibited the highest TPC among the rhizomes, reaching 32.21 mg GAE/g when extracted with ChCl–Fructose NADES. Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale yield 20.05 mg GAE/g and 25.84 mg GAE/g under the same solvent conditions, respectively. When comparing the performance of the solvents, the following order was observed: ChCl–Fr > ChCl–Xyl > ChCl–Mal > ChCl–Glu. These findings suggest that solvent polarity and hydrogen bonding capacity significantly influence polyphenol solubility and extraction efficiency. NADES based on ChCl–Fructose showed the greatest potential for eco-friendly extraction of bioactive phenolics from medicinal rhizomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gina Maulia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Melindungi Konsumen Melalui Regulasi: Studi Kasus Sosialisasi Peraturan BPOM Tentang Batas Cemaran Kosmetik
This study evaluates the effectiveness of disseminating BPOM Regulation No. 16 of 2024 in enhancing stakeholder understanding and support for regulations designed to protect consumers from unsafe cosmetics. The regulation aims to align national standards with international ones; however, its implementation faces significant challenges. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, a survey was conducted with 528 participants in a hybrid-format dissemination program. The results indicate that the dissemination activities were effective, with an average evaluation score of 5.19 out of 6 for the regulation, and consumer protection aspects receiving the highest score (5.40). The implementation of the activities was rated as excellent (average score of 5.39), reflecting the organizers’ success in reaching a broad audience. However, challenges related to implementation costs were identified as barriers for MSMEs, which require technical guidance and operational support. The study concludes that the dissemination activities improved stakeholder preparedness, but successful implementation requires a collaborative approach involving technical assistance, adequate time allocation for discussions, and innovative delivery methods. These measures are crucial to support a safe and globally competitive Indonesian cosmetics industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamad Kashuri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Identification Asthma Control Level And Its Factor Among Patient in A Tertiary Hospitals In Jakarta, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Poor asthma control level can result in mortality and morbidity in asthma patients. Therefore, it is important to detect it early and identify related factors. This was a cross-sectional study with data collection carried out in outpatient asthma patients in a tertiary hospital in Jakarta. The level of asthma control was measured using the Asthma Control TestTM (ACTTM) questionnaire. SPSS version 25 using Chi-Square Test was applied to determine risk factors that potentially associate with the level of asthma control. Forty-four patients met the criteria enrolled in this study. The results showed 43.2% of asthma patients were very uncontrolled, 27.4% of asthma patients were poorly controlled, and well-controlled asthma patients were 29.5%. There were not potential factor found to be associated with asthma control level of the patients. Keywords: Asthma, Asthma Control Level, Risk factors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tuti Wiyati Wiyati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparative Utility of Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, and Docetaxel in Breast Cancer Treatment in West Sumatera.
The large number of breast cancer cases in Indonesia and the high cost of treatment cause the need for utility analysis. West Sumatra province ranks second with the highest prevalence of breast cancer in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the quality of life of breast cancer patients at the national referral hospital Dr. M. Djamil, West Sumatra, who underwent chemotherapy. This study used a cross-sectional design from January to April 2024. Data collection was done prospectively by filling out questionnaires at the Chemotherapy Unit. Utility value was obtained from filling out a questionnaire with the EQ-5D-5L instrument. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The data obtained was 47 respondents who received Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide chemotherapy regimen (24 respondents) and a Docetaxel chemotherapy regimen (23 respondents), all of whom met the inclusion criteria in this study. The average utility value obtained for the doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide regimes is 0.637, and the average utility value for the docetaxel regimen is 0.704. Age did not affect utility (p>0.05), while recent education, occupation, and patient origin affected utility (p<0.05). Both regimens provided similar perceived quality of life and overall health status as measured by utility and VAS scores, suggesting comparable patient-reported quality of life outcomes between these chemotherapy treatments.
Copyright (c) 2025 apt. Najmiatul Fitria, Ph.D, Intan Nur Rahmadani, Dita Permatasari, Fitri Handayani
A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study of Oral Dosage Form Administered in The Form of Suspension to ICU Patients at Hospital X
Patients in the intensive care unit were often very sick and had lost consciousness. Because they had trouble swallowing, individuals with reduced awareness frequently depended on enteral tubes (NGT) for their daily medical and nutritional requirements. Since not all medications were accessible in parenteral forms, patients who relied on enteral tubes often had issues, including drug stability. Many problems arose in clinical usage when the medication was crushed or suspended and put into the NGT, including drug obstruction in the enteral tube and a reduction in drug stability as a result of the dose form being altered, making the drug unstable. Thus, this study aimed to ascertain the stability of oral suspension medications given to intensive care unit patients. The medical records of intensive care unit patients who had received oral medication therapy at X Hospital in Jakarta were examined retrospectively using a cross-sectional, descriptive approach. According to the statistics, coated tablets accounted for 68% of the most frequently used oral medication preparations. It was highly likely that crushing the coated tablets and administering them via NGT had resulted in tube obstruction. Additionally, 59.26% of the medications used had exhibited hygroscopic qualities, and several had been readily hydrolyzed. Based on these findings, it was concluded that oral medications, particularly crushed-coated tablets, could negatively affect drug stability. Active substances with hygroscopic properties and those prone to hydrolysis were also identified as potential contributors to instability.
Aktivitas Antibakteri Sediaan Masker Gel Peel Off Ekstrak Mentimun (Cucumis Sativus) Dan Tomat (Solanum Lycopersicum) Terhadap Staphylococcus Epidermidis
Acne is a disease that can be caused by bacteria, one of which is Staphylococcus epidermidis. Acne can be treated with active compounds derived from natural ingredients such as cucumbers and tomatoes. Gel masks peel off. This study aims to determine the average diameter of the inhibition zone, the difference in the average diameter of the inhibition zone, and the antibacterial activity of the peel-off from a mixture of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) with a concentration of 5%, 10 %, 15%, 20% against Staphylococcus epidermidis. This experimental study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of one factor and 6 levels. The results showed that the average diameter of the inhibition zone of the anti-acne peel-off gel mask preparation of cucumber and tomato extracts against Staphylococcus epidermidis at a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% were 16.38 mm, respectively. ; 24.88 mm; 29.88 mm and 34.88 mm. There was a significant difference in the average diameter of the inhibition zone of the peel off mixture of cucumber and tomato extracts with a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%; against Staphylococcus epidermidis. gel mask preparation peels off from a mixture of cucumber and tomato extracts against Staphylococcus epidermidis at a concentration of 5%, 10% concentration, 15% concentration and 20% concentration, namely strong, very strong, very strong and very strong.
Pemantauan Kadar Obat Antiepilepsi dalam Darah terhadap Clinical Outcome pada Pasien Epilepsi di RSPAD Gatot Soebroto dengan Pendekatan Farmakokinetika
The use of antiepileptic drugs requires monitoring of blood drug levels because antiepileptics are drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the accuracy of blood antiepileptic drug levels and clinical outcomes in epilepsy patients at RSPAD Gatot Soebroto using a pharmacokinetic approach. This study is an analytical observational study with a retrospective cross-sectional study of epilepsy patients using antiepileptic drugs from January 2023 to January 2024 at RSPAD Gatot Soebroto Jakarta. The results of this study showed that the most antiepileptic drug was valproic acid (38.55%). Of the 32 patients using valproic acid, there were 22 uses of valproic acid below the therapeutic range (<50 mg/L), 10 uses of valproic acid within the therapeutic range (50–100 mg/L). Of the 22 uses of phenytoin, there were 4 uses of phenytoin below the therapeutic range (<10 mg/L), 17 uses of phenytoin within the therapeutic range (10–20 mg/L), and 1 use of phenytoin above the therapeutic range (>20 mg/L). Of the 10 uses of carbamazepine, 1 use of carbamazepine was below the therapeutic range (<4 mg/L), and 9 uses of carbamazepine were within the therapeutic range (4-12 mg/L). Of the 4 uses of levetiracetam, there were 4 uses of levetiracetam below the therapeutic range (12-46 mg/L), and 1 use of oxcarbazepine had a therapeutic range below the therapeutic range (3-35 mg/L). In clinical outcomes within 6 months, 18.07% of patients experienced seizures after receiving antiepileptic drug therapy, and 81.93% of patients experienced seizure-free for up to 6 months. The conclusion of this study is that a p-value of >0.05 is obtained, which means that there is no relationship between clinical outcomes and the accuracy of antiepileptic drug levels in the blood of epilepsy patients. This is because there are other pharmacokinetic parameters that cannot be predicted, so it is necessary to monitor antiepileptic drug levels directly on patients to improve the desired clinical outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dini Permata Sari, Winda Septyani Sianipar
Aktivitas Antijamur Ekstrak Biji Kopi Hijau Robusta (Coffea canephora) Terhadap Candida albicans.
Acne is a disease that can be caused by bacteria, one of which is Staphylococcus epidermidis. Acne can be treated with active compounds derived from natural ingredients such as cucumbers and tomatoes. Gel masks peel off. This study aims to determine the average diameter of the inhibition zone, the difference in the average diameter of the inhibition zone, and the antibacterial activity of the peel-off from a mixture of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) with a concentration of 5%, 10 %, 15%, 20% against Staphylococcus epidermidis. This experimental study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of one factor and 6 levels. The results showed that the average diameter of the inhibition zone of the anti-acne peel-off gel mask preparation of cucumber and tomato extracts against Staphylococcus epidermidis at a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% were 16.38 mm, respectively. ; 24.88 mm; 29.88 mm and 34.88 mm. There was a significant difference in the average diameter of the inhibition zone of the peel off mixture of cucumber and tomato extracts with a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%; against Staphylococcus epidermidis. gel mask preparation peels off from a mixture of cucumber and tomato extracts against Staphylococcus epidermidis at a concentration of 5%, 10% concentration, 15% concentration and 20% concentration, namely strong, very strong, very strong and very strong. Keywords: staphylococcus epidermidis, gel mask peel-off, cucumber, tomato
Copyright (c) 2025 Ing Mayfa Br Situmorang
Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Nanopartikel Ekstrak Biji Carica (Carica pubescens) dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Kitosan menggunakan Metode Gelasi Ionik
Carica seeds (Carica pubescens) contain alkaloid, saponin, and flavonoid compounds, which have pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antihyperlipidemic properties, but their bioavailability is low. Nanotechnology has significantly advanced in drug delivery systems because it can enhance absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, allowing entry into the bloodstream. This study aims to create and evaluate the characteristics of carica seed extract nanoparticles with varying concentrations of chitosan. The carica seed extract was obtained using the maceration method with 70% ethanol as the solvent. The Carica seed extract was then formulated into nanoparticles using the ionic gelation method with varying concentrations of chitosan: NaTPP, specifically formulas FA (0.3:1), FB (0.2:1), and FC (0.1:1). The resulting nanoparticle colloids were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), percent transmittance (%T), and specific functional groups. The results showed that the particle sizes for formulas FA, FB, and FC were 243.7 nm, 47.96 nm, and 116.6 nm, respectively. The PDI values for formulas FA, FB, and FC were 0.378, 0.357, and 0.52, respectively. The percent transmittance for all three formulas ranged from 99.5% to 99.6%. The characterization of functional groups indicated interactions between the carica seed extract, chitosan, and NaTPP, with the presence of OH, N-H, aliphatic CH, P=O, and PO3 groups. These interactions were observed based on the shift in wavenumbers in the FTIR results for each sample. All carica seed nanoparticle formulas showed particle sizes within the nanometer range (<1000 nm), polydispersity indices less than 1, percent transmittance close to 100%, and specific functional groups indicating interactions between the extract and the coating polymer. Formula FB was the optimal formula, with the smallest nanoparticle size (<100 nm), a PDI value of <0.5, and a percent transmittance of >99%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fania Putri Luhurningtyas, Prashinta Nita Damayanti, Suzan Astyamalia, Mir-a Kemila, Evi Novitasari
Pengaruh Praperlakuan Fermentasi Fusarium terhadap Rendemen dan Profil Kimia Hidrodistilasi Minyak Gaharu
Gaharu dari Aquilaria sp. telah menjadi wewangian resin alami yang berharga selama ribuan tahun, dihargai karena keunikan dan aromanya. Namun, kelangkaannya di alam liar telah mendorong strategi inovatif untuk meningkatkan produksi, mulai dari membangun perkebunan berkelanjutan hingga mengoptimalkan metode penyulingan. Penelitian ini menyajikan pendekatan untuk meningkatkan hasil gaharu melalui pretreatment fermentasi menggunakan Fusarium sp. untuk jangka waktu 1 hingga 4 minggu. Setelah itu, hidrodistilasi dan analisis komponen minyak gaharu dilakukan menggunakan GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry). Hasil menunjukkan peningkatan rendemen gaharu, bersama dengan profil kimia yang diperkaya, yang menunjukkan efektivitas praperlakuan Fusarium sp. sebelum hidrodistilasi. Penelitian ini tidak hanya membuka jalan bagi produksi gaharu yang berkelanjutan, tetapi juga menyoroti potensi besar pemanfaatan metode alami untuk meningkatkan aroma dari produk bernilai ekonomis tinggi ini.
Copyright (c) 2025 Defiza Defiza, Supandi Supandi, Handaryni Ratna Ningsih, Hendri Aldrat
Studi In Silico Senyawa Kimia Zingiber Montanum J.König sebagai Antidiabetes terhadap Reseptor α-Glukosidase
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder resulting from the impaired secretion of insulin, glucagon, and other hormones, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Bangle (Zingiber montanum) is recognized for its potent antidiabetic compounds. This study sought to evaluate the potential and interaction of chemical compounds from bangle on the α-glucosidase receptor as an antidiabetic using molecular docking studies. The molecular docking analyses were conducted using Autodock Vina software and Biovia Discovery Studio Visualizer for 2D and 3D visualization. Fifteen chemical compounds from the bangle plant were subjected to molecular docking studies against the α-glucosidase receptor, with the comparative ligand acarbose. Results indicated that acarbose demonstrated a bond energy (ΔGbind) of -6.9 cal/mol. Conversely, six test compounds, including cassumunarin A (-7.7 kcal/mol), cassumunarin B (-7.5 kcal/mol), cassumunarin C (-8.0 kcal/mol), cassumunin A (-7.0 kcal/mol), cassumunin C (-7.0 kcal/mol), and banglenol A (-6.9 kcal/mol), exhibited lower binding energy than acarbose, signifying a more stable bond conformation and a stronger effect. These compounds formed hydrogen bonds with the amino acids Asp327, Asp203, Arg526, and Asp542, hydrophobic bonds with Tyr299, Thr406, and Phe575, and electrostatic bonds with Asp327, Asp203, Met444, and Asp542. In conclusion, this research indicates that several chemical compounds from the rhizome of bangle have the potential to interact with the α-glucosidase receptor as antidiabetic agents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ninu Eltriya, Rosa Adelina, Ismiarni Komala
Studi In Silico Senyawa Bioaktif pada Daun Yakon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), Kayu Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.), Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum) Sebagai Antidiabetes Mekanisme Kerja Inhibitor SGLT-2
Diabetes melitus adalah penyakit metabolik yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia dimana pankreas tidak memproduksi cukup insulin atau tubuh tidak dapat menggunakan insulin secara efektif. Daun yakon, kayu secang dan daun salam memiliki beberapa yang berpotensi sebagai antidiabetes, namun belum diketahui senyawa spesifik mana yang terlibat dalam mekanisme inhibitor SGLT-2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi senyawa bioaktif yang terkandung dalam Daun yakon, kayu secang dan daun salam dalam menghambat enzim SGLT-2 secara in silico. Data senyawa aktif didapatkan dari laman PubChem. Kristal struktur dari Structure of human SGLT2-MAP17 complex bound with empagliflozin didapatkan dari Protein Data Bank dengan PDB ID: 7VSI. Molecular docking menggunakan Molegro Virtual Docker dan simulasi molecular dynamic menggunakan YASARA Dynamics. Hasil molecular docking didapatkan 4 senyawa memiliki nilai rerank score lebih negative dari senyawa pembanding (empagliflozi). Hasil visualisasi menunjukan residu asam amino yang berperan penting ialah PHE 98 dan VAL 157. Hasil molecular dynamics menunjukan kompleks ligan memiliki kestabilan ikatan paling baik dan stabil dari ligan uji lainnya. Dihasilkan senyawa yang stabil, yaitu 3,4-Dicaffeoyquinic acid.
Copyright (c) 2025 Andri Prasetyo Prasetyo
Profil Asam Lemak Minyak Ikan Belanak (Chelon planiceps) Sebagai Sumber Omega-3 Asal Desa Lembo Kabupaten Konawe Utara
Ikan Belanak (Mullet) is a small pelagic fish that lives in shallow coastal waters. This type of fish lives in the coastal area of Lembo Village, North Konawe Regency. The objective of this study was to characterize physicochemicals and determine the fatty acid profile of mullet oil, which is a source of fish oil that contains unsaturated fatty acids that are beneficial to health. The reflux process is used to remove mullet flesh, which yields fish oil. The findings demonstrated that the physicochemical properties of mullet oil varied. These properties included the acid number, peroxide number, iodine number, and saponification number, which were, respectively, 0.81 mg KOH/g, 8.30 meqO2/kg, 50.98 I2/100 g, and 109.07 mg KOH/g. The fatty acid profile of mullet oil is dominated by palmitic acid, cis-9-oleic acid and DHA. Based on the test results, mullet oil can be used as edible oil according to SNI and IFOS standards.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurull - Hikmah, Irnawati Irnawati, Nita Trinovitasari, Nurramadhani A.Sida, Irvan Anwar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analisa Pola Peresepan Penggunaan Obat di PKU Muhammadiyah Kroya Tahun 2020
Evaluasi penggunaan obat merupakan salah satu aspek pelayanan farmasi klinik di suatu fasilitas kesehatan. Salah satu indikator yang digunakan untuk mengevaluasi penggunaan obat adalah indikator peresepan. Menurut Kementerian Kesehatan RI, indikator peresepan digunakan untuk tiga diagnosa spesifik yaitu ISPA non-pneumonia (batuk-pilek), diare non-spesifik, dan myalgia. Perbedaan status penjamin dapat menyebabkan perbedaan dalam penggunaan obat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan antara penjamin dengan pola peresepan penggunaan obat berdasarkan indikator peresepan menurut Kementerian Kesehatan RI di PKU Muhammadiyah Kroya tahun 2020. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode cross sectional, pengambilan data dilakukan secara retrospektif melalui data resep dan buku rawat jalan pasien. Sampel dipilih dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling dan diperoleh sebanyak 2.208 sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara penjamin BPJS dan non-BPJS dalam peresepan penggunaan obat berdasarkan indikator peresepan, baik dalam rerata jumlah obat yang diresepkan, persentase peresepan antibiotik pada ISPA non-pneumonia (batuk-pilek), persentase peresepan antibiotik pada diare non-spesifik, dan persentase peresepan injeksi pada myalgia dengan nilai p < 0,05. Dengan demikian terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara penjamin dengan peresepan penggunaan obat berdasarkan indikator peresepan di PKU Muhammadiyah Kroya tahun 2020.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marvel Marvel, Retno Tri Rahayu, Nurmeilis Nurmeilis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Hubungan Antara Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Kepatuhan Penggunaan Obat pada Pasien Tuberkulosis di Salah Satu Puskesmas di Jakarta Pusat
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Non-compliance with TB treatment can lead to low cure rates, high mortality rates and increased risk of recurrence. Knowledge is very important for TB patients in order to sensitize patients to be compliant in carrying out treatment. This study aims to determine the relationship between knowledge level and adherence to taking medication in TB patients at the Kemayoran District Health Center for the period July - September 2023. This study used a cross sectional method with purposive sampling technique. Respondents of this study amounted to 108 patients, 105 patients met the inclusion criteria and 3 patients met the exclusion criteria. The level of knowledge was assessed using the knowledge questionnaire and the level of compliance was assessed using the Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS-5) questionnaire. The relationship between knowledge and adherence was analyzed using the Spearman Rho test. The results showed that most patients had good knowledge as many as 81 patients (77.1%) and patients were compliant in taking medication as many as 75 patients (71.4%). The results of bivariate analysis showed that the level of knowledge had a significant relationship with adherence to taking medication (p<0.05) with a strong correlation value (r 0.660) and positive direction.
Copyright (c) 2024 Maifitrianti Maifitrianti, Tuti Wiyati, Netha Apriliyanti Apriliyanti
Study of Consumer Satisfaction Levels with E-Pharmacy Services Using the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA)
E-pharmacy is one of the efforts to improve pharmaceutical services to make them easier and more efficient. Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) is a scale that can describe consumer satisfaction with a product or service. Customer satisfaction with e-pharmacy services can be assessed by the value of customer expectations for service quality and the reality of the service performance received. This study aims to examine the level of consumer satisfaction, expectations, and priorities for attribute improvement in the dimensions of e-pharmacy services so that service providers can evaluate and improve their services. Furthermore, the analytical method in this study uses an analysis of the results of the gap based on the Service Quality (Servqual), Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI), and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). The results of this study indicate that attributes' performance on the dimensions of e-pharmacy services is not satisfactory. Customer satisfaction in e-pharmacy service is 86.11% or in the 'very satisfied' category. Meanwhile, the service attribute prioritized for service providers is to improve the guarantee that the drugs given are in good condition (by showing the drug's expiration date).
Copyright (c) 2024 Mabrurotul Mustafidah, Rurynta Ferly Shavira, Rania Adhamira, Annisa Putri Kinanti, Kinanti Citraningsih
Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) sebagai Wound Healing Menggunakan Ikan Zebra Danio rerio Hamilton, 1822 Yang Diinduksi Hiperglikemia sebagai Model
Papaya leaves are known to have antidiabetic and wound-healing activities because they contain flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. Tests of the activity of papaya leaf extract in mouse models have been widely conducted. In this study, the wound healing activity of papaya leaves was carried out using zebrafish as a model, because of their ability to regenerate and 70% similarity to human glucose metabolism. This study aimed to analyze the potential of zebrafish as a model for healing diabetic wounds using 96% ethanol extract from papaya leaves. Zebrafish were divided into six groups, namely normal control, negative control, positive, and papaya leaf extract 125, 187.5, and 250 ppm. The parameters observed were a decrease in blood sugar levels, regeneration of the zebrafish caudal fin, and survival rate of the fish. The results showed that there was an effect of administering papaya leaf extract at doses of 125, 187.5, and 250 ppm respectively to reduce blood sugar levels by an average of 42.67; 44.33; and 72 mg/dL, an increase in fin length of 1; 1.3; 1 mm, and survival rate with a percentage of 91%, 91%, 64%. It was concluded that zebrafish could be used as a test model for diabetic wound healing. Apart from that, the use of 96% ethanol extract from papaya leaves affects the healing of diabetic wounds. Of the 3 doses given with 96% ethanol extract of papaya leaves, the best dose for healing diabetic wounds was 187.5 ppm.
Identifikasi DRPs Pasien Gagal Jantung di rawat Inap RSJPD Harapan Kita Tahun 2023
Identifikasi Drug Related Problems (DRPs) pada pengobatan sangat penting dalam rangka mengurangi angka morbiditas, mortalitas dan biaya pengobatan. Hal ini akan sangat membantu dalam meningkatkan efektivitas terapi obat terutama pada penyakit yang sifatnya kronis dan membutuhkan pengobatan jangka panjang, salah satunya adalah penyakit gagal jantung. Penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan gambaran jumlah kejadian DRPs pada pasien gagal jantung di rawat inap RSJPD Harapan Kita Maret – Mei 2023. Penelitian deskriptif noneksperimental dengan pengambilan data prospektif dari rekam medik pasien. Sampel sebanyak 81 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Data dianalisis menggunakan PCNE V9.1 tahun 2020. Pasien yang mengalami DRPs sebanyak 72 pasien (88,9%) dan yang tidak mengalami DRPs sebanyak 9 pasien (11,1%). Gambaran DRPs setiap kategori yang terjadi meliputi 7 pasien (8,05%) kejadian obat yang merugikan terjadi, 70 pasien (80,46%) interaksi obat, 9 pasien (10,34%) tidak ada pemberian terapi meskipun ada indikasi yang jelas dan 1 pasien (1,15%) regimen dosis tidak cukup sering. Kejadian DRPs terbanyak terjadi pada interaksi obat dengan angka kejadian moderate sebanyak 60,55%, minor sebanyak 23,59% dan major sebanyak 14,06%. Dengan melihat gambaran tersebut diharapkan dapat meningkatkan monitoring terhadap pasien untuk meminimalisir angka kejadian DRPs.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zainul Islam, Desy Puspita Sari
Profil Pelayanan Informasi Obat pada Pelayanan Swamedikasi Obat Allopurinol di Apotek Kabupaten Bekasi
Tenaga kefarmasian merupakan tenaga kesehatan yang memberikan pelayanan kefarmasian kepada masyarakat, salah satunya Pelayanan Informasi Obat khususnya dalam memberikan pelayanan pengobatan mandiri. Peran apoteker di apotek dapat dikatakan belum maksimal, baik dalam penggalian informasi maupun teknis pelayanan informasi obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui layanan informasi obat pada layanan pengobatan mandiri allopurinol di apotek di Kabupaten Bekasi. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara observasional dengan menggunakan metode simulasi pasien, yaitu simulasi pasien yang telah dilatih. Pemilihan sampel apotek menggunakan metode Probability Sampling dan Cluster Random Sampling dengan jumlah apotek yang ada di Kabupaten Bekasi sebanyak 76 buah yang terbagi dalam 21 kecamatan. Subyek penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah petugas di bagian apotek yaitu apoteker, asisten apoteker, dan petugas non apotek. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah checklist yang berisi kriteria informasi yang harus disediakan oleh tenaga farmasi dalam pelayanan informasi obat sesuai Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 73 Tahun 2016 tentang Standar Pelayanan Kefarmasian di Apotek. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggalian informasi dari pasien dikategorikan buruk dengan nilai 0,16% (≤70%), pemberian informasi obat allopurinol dikategorikan buruk dengan nilai 14,11% (≤70%), sehingga kualitas pelayanan kesehatan baik. pelayanan informasi obat yang dilakukan oleh apoteker (7,57%), oleh asisten apoteker (7,18%), dan oleh petugas non apotek (6,56%), dimana ketiganya termasuk dalam kategori buruk (≤70%). Dari penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa peran petugas apotek dalam memberikan pelayanan informasi obat allopurinol masih rendah dan perlu ditingkatkan.
Copyright (c) 2024 Clarisya Pramirusanti Putri, Ainun Wulandari, Tahoma Siregar
Measuring Compliance Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients using Proportion of Days Covered (PDC) Method and Its Effect on Clinical Outcomes
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that occurs when blood glucose levels rise beyond normal limits because the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Therapeutic adherence is one of the causes of normal blood glucose levels and the success of patient therapy. Measurement of therapeutic adherence of dm type 2 patients needs to be carried out to monitor the success of their therapy. This study aims to determine the adherence of antidiabetic therapy using the Proportion of Days Covered (PDC) method and its effect on the clinical outcomes of type 2 DM patients at Sulawesi Tenggara. The research method used is observational research with a descriptive design approach. The sample of this study was 186 people obtained using the Slovin formula. Patients are said to be adherence if their PDC value ≥ 80% and are said to be non-adherence if their PDC value < 80%. The data were analyzed using the chi square test. The results showed that patients adhering to treatment amounted to 130 people (69.9%), while patients who did not comply with treatment amounted to 56 people (30,1%) and there was a significant influence between adherence to antidiabetic therapy on the success of therapy (clinical outcome) with p value = 0.000 in type 2 DM patients at Sulawesi Tenggara. It was be concluded that most of the patients in this study were adherent to the treatment and there was a significant influence between the adherence of antidiabetic therapy to the success of the therapy (clinical outcomes)
Copyright (c) 2024 Irvan - Anwar, Sabarudin Sabarudin, Rachma Malina, Ayu Dewi Widaningsih, Aurelia Arbaleta Wijaya, Lilis Nurawaliah
Hubungan Sosiodemografi Pasien dengan Pengetahuan Pasien tentang Pelayanan Informasi Obat menggunakan Telefarmasi (E-Pharmacy)
E-pharmacy or telepharmacy is a form of ICT-based health service that facilitates consultation with medical practitioners. Telepharmaceutical services in Indonesia have not been implemented widely. This is because ICT access has not been perfectly spread throughout Indonesia. There is also still little socialization related to telepharmaceuticals, so that the understanding of telepharmaceuticals cannot reach the public, which causes telepharmaceuticals to not being implemented properly. This study aims to determine the relationship between the sociodemographic characteristics of respondents and the level of patient knowledge of drug information services using telepharmacy. This research is a descriptive quantitative correlation research. Respondents in this study amounted to 401 people. Statistical test using Chi Square test obtained p value < 0.05 for age and education test with telepharmaceutical knowledge, which can be concluded that there is a relationship between respondent's age and education with telepharmaceutical knowledge; and p value > 0.05 for the test of gender, occupation, frequency of application use with telepharmaceutical knowledge, which can be concluded that there is no relationship between gender, occupation, frequency of application use and telepharmaceutical knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mita Restinia, Mabrurotul Mustafidah, Rania Adhamira, Annisa Putri Kinanti
Optimization Parameters of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Choline Chloride and Fructose for Extraction of Polyphenol from Jotang (Spilanthes acmella) Stem
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have become popular as an environmentally benign alternative to conventional solvents for extracting natural compounds. In this current research, choline chloride was employed as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and was mixed with fructose which had the role of a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) to construct NADES. This extracting agent was deployed to separate the polyphenolic compounds from the stem of Jotang (Spilanthes acmella) under prime conditions. The extracted polyphenol was subsequently calculated based on the Folin-Ciocalteu method using gallic acid as the standard solution by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 760 nm. Corresponding to the research outcomes, the most gainful states of extraction were achieved at a sample weight-to-NADES volume ratio of 1:50, a period of extracting process of 60 min, water content of 20%, and a stirring speed of 80 rpm. The optimized parameters were conceived as the most gainful because they exhibited the most prominent level of polyphenol were described as follows: ratio of sample weight-to-NADES volume and extraction time showed polyphenol content of 25.13 mg GAE/g each, while the others, stirring speed and water content revealed the polyphenol concentration of 25.75 mg GAE/g respectively.
Copyright (c) 2024 Fajar Amelia Rachmawati Putri, Askal Maimulyanti, Isna Nurhidayati, Bella Mellisani, R. Wiwi Widarsih, Fitria Puspita, Anton Restu Prihadi
Perbandingan Mutu dan Profil Disolusi Tablet Griseofulvin Merek Dagang Generik
Abstract: Griseofulvin is an active pharmaceutical ingredient in Biopharmaceutic Classification Systems Class II and the price of the dosage form from commercial brands four times higher than the generic. A comparative study on physical properties and dissolution profiles between generic and commercial brands of griseofulvin tablets has been conducted to assess whether there is difference between their qualities. The pharmaceutical properties were assessed based on the Indonesian and the United State Pharmacopeias. Results showed that the tablets fulfilled the requirements for size uniformity, weight uniformity (0.5995± 0.0075) gram - (0.6989±0.0080) gram, friability 0.08-1.10 %, hardness (10±0.7746) - (19.6±0.9165) kg/cm2, disintegration time 07.12 - 17.17 minutes with drug content of 94.20 - 99.67%. The commercial brand griseofulvin tablets A1& A2 and generic B1 met the official specification for physical characteristics. Results of dissolution test for commercial brand A1 & A2 and generic B1 showed that griseofulvin had T60min (Q ≤ 70%) and the dissolution test profiles did not follow neither first order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer Peppas, nor Langenbucher kinetic models (r < 0,95). The dissolution test for griseofulvin tablet A1 met the USP specification, T90min (Q ≥ 75%) with the release mechanism follow Langenbucher kinetic model. Abstrak: Griseofulvin merupakan zat aktif golongan Sistem Klasifikasi Biofarmasetik kelas II dengan perbedaan harga antara tablet merek dagang lebih mahal hingga empat kalinya dibandingkan tablet generik. Uji disolusi terbanding dilakukan untuk melihat adakah perbedaan mutu yang signifikan antar tablet tersebut. Metode evaluasi mutu dilakukan sesuai dengan ketentuan Farmakope Indonesia dan USP. Hasil evaluasi mutu fisik tablet meliputi keseragaman ukuran, keseragaman bobot yaitu (0,5995± 0,0075) – (0,6989±0,0080) gram, kerapuhan 0,08 - 1,10%, kekerasan (10±0,7746) - (19,6±0,9165) kg/cm2, & waktu hancur 07.12 - 17.17 menit dan penetapan kadar 94,20 - 99,67%, memenuhi ketentuan Farmakope Indonesia. Profil disolusi tidak mengikuti model kinetika orde satu, Higuchi, Korsmeyer Peppas, ataupun Langenbucher (r < 0,95). Hasil uji disolusi tablet A1 yang dilakukan berdasarkan USP memenuhi persyaratan T90 min (Q ≥ 75%) dan memiliki profil disolusi mengikuti persamaan Langenbucher (r>0,95). Keywords: Profil disolusi, tablet griseofulvin, mutu tablet, model matematika
Review Kandungan Metabolit Sekunder Tanaman Berkhasiat terhadap Tulang dan Sendi menurut Al-Qanun Fi’l Tibb II
Al-Qanun Fi’l Tibb II merupakan buku materia medica karya Ibnu Sina yang terkenal di dunia. Buku tersebut menjelaskan secara rinci mengenai monografi tanaman berkhasiat terhadap organ tubuh, salah satunya terhadap tulang dan sendi. Akan tetapi dalam buku tersebut belum memuat komponen major metabolit sekunder yang diduga berperan penting dalam memberikan efek farmakologis. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menginventarisasi tumbuhan yang terdapat di dalam buku Al-Qanun Fi’l Tibb II dan melakukan literatur review terkait kandungan metabolit sekunder yang terdapat dalam tanaman tersebut. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan literature review melalui studi kepustakaan. Hasil pengambilan data menunjukan terdapat 74 tanaman yang berkhasiat terhadap tulang dan sendi diantaranya memiliki komponen major metabolit sekunder seperti senyawa terpen, flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, alil isotiosianat, saponin, glikosida, alkohol lemak, asam fenolat, benzofenon, kuinon, sekoiridoid, kumarin, stilbene, anthrone, naftalen, benzaldehida dan asam karboksilat. Terpen merupakan metabolit sekunder yang paling banyak ditemukan dalam tanaman yang berkhasiat terhadap tulang dan sendi. Bioaktivitas yang ditemukan pada tanaman diantaranya antigout, antioksidan, osteoprotektif, antiosteoporosis, antibakteri, antiinflamasi dan analgesik.
Copyright (c) 2023 Barita Juliano Siregar, Sarah Nahdah Zhaafirah Sangadji, Ofa Suzanti Betha, Estu Mahanani Dhilasari
Penetapan Kadar Fenol Total dengan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis dan Uji Sitotoksisitas Ekstrak Air Daun Lidah Mertua (Sansevieria masoniana C.) Terhadap Sel Kanker Paru A-549
Cancer is the second most common cause of mortality globally, following cardiovascular disease, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Leading the list of fatal cancers annually are lung, breast, stomach, liver, and colorectal cancers. Hence, the discovery and development of effective agents to treat various types of cancer is urgently needed. Mother-in-law tongue (Sansevieria masoniana Chahin) leaves contain flavonoids and saponins. However, information regarding the total phenolic content of the aqueous extract of the S. masoniana Chahin leaves is currently unavailable. Hence, this research aims to determine the total phenol content using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and assess the invitro anticancer activity of the water extract of S. masoniana Chahin through the MTT Assay. From the results of measuring the total phenolic content, the water extract of the leaves contained a phenol content of 3.3061 mgGAE/g. Meanwhile, the results of the cytotoxicity assay on lung cancer cells A-549 showed that the IC50 value of the aqueous extract of S. masoniana Chahin leaves was above 100 ppm, indicating that the extract has less potential as an anti-lung cancer agent.