Volunteers’ commitment; self-efficacy; altruism; philanthropy

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Burns, D. J., Reid, J. S., Toncar, M., Fawcett, J., & Anderson, C. (2006). Motivations to volunteer: The role of altruism. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 3(2), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02893621

Caricati, L., Panari, C., & Melleri, M. (2020). Group identification and self‐efficacy associated with quality of life in emergency medical services volunteers: A cross‐sectional investigation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 50(8), 476–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12675

Carlile, J. A., Mauseth, K., Clark, N. E., Cruz, J. L., & Thoburn, J. W. (2014). Local Volunteerism and Resilience Following Large-Scale Disaster: Outcomes for Health Support Team Volunteers in Haiti. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 5(3), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-014-0028-z

Chan, S. C. H. (2020). Transformational leadership, self-efficacy and performance of volunteers in non-formal voluntary service education. Journal of Management Development, 39(7/8), 929–943. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-03-2020-0078

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Dunn, J., Chambers, S. K., & Hyde, M. K. (2016). Systematic Review of Motives for Episodic Volunteering. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 27(1), 425–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9548-4

Enelamah, N. V., & Tran, T. (2020). Dimensions of altruism behaviors among Americans in the general social survey. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 30(2), 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2019.1673274

Fakhar, M. R., Fien Zulfikarijah, & Sandra Irawati. (2022). Pengaruh Self Efficacy dan Locus of Control terhadap Komitmen Organisasional Relawan Covid-19 di SRPB Kota Pasuruan. Peradaban Journal of Economic and Business, 1(2), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.59001/pjeb.v1i2.32

Gilbert, G., Holdsworth, S., & Kyle, L. (2017). A Literature Review and Development of a Theoretical Model for Understanding Commitment Experienced by Volunteers Over the Life of a Project. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9821-1

Harp, E. R., Scherer, L. L., & Allen, J. A. (2017). Volunteer Engagement and Retention: Their Relationship to Community Service Self-Efficacy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 46(2), 442–458. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764016651335

Haski‐Leventhal, D. (2009). Altruism and Volunteerism: The perceptions of altruism in four disciplines and their impact on the study of volunteerism. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 39(3), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2009.00405.x

Hustinx, L., Cnaan, R. A., & Handy, F. (2010). Navigating Theories of Volunteering: A Hybrid Map for a Complex Phenomenon: Navigating Theories of Volunteering: A Hybrid Map for a Complex Phenomenon. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 40(4), 410–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2010.00439.x

Hyde, M. K., Dunn, J., Bax, C., & Chambers, S. K. (2016). Episodic Volunteering and Retention: An Integrated Theoretical Approach. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 45(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764014558934

Ilyas, S., Butt, M., Ashfaq, F., & Acquadro Maran, D. (2020). Drivers for Non-Profits’ Success: Volunteer Engagement and Financial Sustainability Practices through the Resource Dependence Theory. Economies, 8(4), 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies8040101

Mangold, K. (2012). ‘Struggling to Do the Right Thing’: Challenges during international volunteering. Third World Quarterly, 33(8), 1493–1509. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2012.698137

Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (2001). Organizational commitment. Personnel Psychology and Human Resource Management: A Reader for Students and Practitioners, 289(342).

Morris, D. B. (2017). Teaching Self-Efficacy. In D. B. Morris, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.86

Niculescu, G., Barangea, M., Von Humboldt, S., & Silva, S. (2019). Altruism. In D. Gu & M. E. Dupre (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging (pp. 1–5). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_73-1

Payton, R. (2008). Understanding Philanthropy: Its Meaning and Mission. Indiana University Press. https://doi.org/10.2979/2614.0

Salamon, L. M, Sokolowski, S. W., & Haddock, M. A. (2017). Explaining Civil Society Development: A Social Origins Approach. Johns Hopkins University Press.

Snyder, M., & Omoto, A. M. (2008). Volunteerism: Social Issues Perspectives and Social Policy Implications. Social Issues and Policy Review, 2(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2008.00009.x

Syihabudhin, ., Prohimi, A. H. A., & Murdiono, A. (2018). Volunterism as Mediating Variables of Relationship between Transformation of Leadership and Organizational Commitment with Managerial Perceptions as Moderating Variables: Study on Non-government Organization in East Java: Proceedings of the 2nd International Research Conference on Economics and Business, 285–292. https://doi.org/10.5220/0008786902850292

Vecina, M. L., Chacón, F., Sueiro, M., & Barrón, A. (2012). Volunteer Engagement: Does Engagement Predict the Degree of Satisfaction among New Volunteers and the Commitment of Those who have been Active Longer? Applied Psychology, 61(1), 130–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00460.x

Wang, C., Fu, W., Wu, X., & Wang, Y. (2023). Just world beliefs and altruistic behaviors of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of empathy. Current Psychology, 42(36), 32244–32254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04233-9

Wang, J.-W., Wei, C.-N., Harada, K., Minamoto, K., Ueda, K., Cui, H.-W., Zhang, C.-G., Cui, Z.-T., & Ueda, A. (2011). Applying the social cognitive perspective to volunteer intention in China: The mediating roles of self-efficacy and motivation. Health Promotion International, 26(2), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daq056

Wilson, J. (2012). Volunteerism Research: A Review Essay. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 41(2), 176–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764011434558

Wu, H. (2011). Social impact of volunteerism (2nd ed.). Points of light institute.

Yuan, S., & Zhao, Z. (2025). Do altruistic tendencies lead to the persistence of voluntary behavior? A moderated mediation analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1553888. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1553888

Charity Aid Foundation (CAF). https://www.cafonline.org/