SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Budaya Syar-i (SJSBS) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal. Our main goal is to disseminate current and original articles from researchers and practitioners on various contemporary social and Sharia cultural issues. SJSBS is published three times a year. It is nationally accredited by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia (RISTEKDIKTI), No. 30/E/KPT/2019 (November 11, 2019). Submissions are open year-round. Before submitting, please ensure that the manuscript aligns with SJSBS's focus and scope and follows our author guidelines and manuscript template. SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Budaya Syar-i has been a CrossRef Member since 2015. Therefore, all articles published by SALAM will have a unique DOI number. P-ISSN: 2356-1459 E-ISSN: 2654-9050
Hermeneutics of Islamic Legal Education Verses: Integrating the Exegesis of Ayat al-Ahkam into the Reconstruction of the Fiqh Curriculum in the Digital Era
This article aims to examine the relevance of the hermeneutics of Islamic legal education verses through the integration of tafsir ayat al-ahkam into the reconstruction of the fiqh curriculum in the digital era. This study is motivated by the need to develop Islamic legal education that is not merely oriented toward the transmission of normative knowledge, but also fosters legal awareness, critical thinking skills, and responsiveness to the complexities of contemporary digital realities. A hermeneutical approach is employed as an epistemological framework to understand the meanings of ayat al-ahkam contextually, thereby bridging the gap between the revealed text and the needs of modern society. This research adopts a qualitative library-based method, utilizing hermeneutical analysis and content analysis of literature on Qur’anic exegesis, fiqh, and Islamic educational curriculum theories. The findings indicate that the integration of tafsir ayat al-ahkam into the fiqh curriculum can produce a learning model that is more dialogical, contextual, and transformative. Curriculum reconstruction requires a shift in orientation from a rote-learning approach focused on legal rulings toward the development of interpretative competence, digital literacy, and legal consciousness grounded in maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah. Consequently, fiqh education in the digital era can function as an instrument for cultivating a society capable of understanding Islamic law dynamically and responding effectively to contemporary challenges.
Hermeneutics; Ayat al-Ahkam; Islamic Legal Education; Fiqh Curriculum; Digital Era.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Role of E-Commerce Platforms in Enhancing Digital Literacy For 21st-Century Learning Among University Students
The rapid development of digital technology has brought significant changes across various aspects of life, including education and economic activities. One manifestation of this technological advancement is the emergence of e-commerce platforms, which facilitate online buying and selling. Among university students, e-commerce is used not only to meet daily needs but also to enhance digital literacy. This study aims to examine the role of e-commerce platforms in improving students’ digital literacy as part of 21st-century learning. The research employs a library research method by collecting and analyzing various literature sources, including scientific journals, books, and relevant articles. The findings indicate that e-commerce usage helps students develop critical thinking skills, particularly in searching for, evaluating, and selecting accurate and reliable information. In addition, e-commerce encourages students to be more creative, communicate effectively in digital spaces, and collaborate through online interactions. Therefore, e-commerce platforms play a vital role in enhancing students’ digital literacy and developing 21st-century skills, especially critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and communication (4C).
E-commerce; Digital Literacy; 21st-Century Learning; University Students
Halal Influencer and Content Creator Taxation: Obligations and the Mechanism for Calculating Presumptive Net Income
The development of digital technology has given rise to new professions such as content creators and YouTubers who earn income from digital economic activities, including AdSense and endorsement services. The emergence of these income sources has legal implications, particularly in taxation. This study aims to analyze the application of the Presumptive Net Income Calculation Norm (NPPN) at a rate of 50% on content creators’ income and to examine its fairness compared to the actual profit margins obtained. The research method employed is a case simulation, with the object of study being the income of an independent YouTuber derived from AdSense and endorsement activities. The findings indicate that the application of the 50% NPPN provides administrative convenience for taxpayers; however, it does not fully reflect real economic conditions due to the significant operational costs involved in digital content production. Furthermore, for Muslim content creators, tax obligations intersect with professional zakat obligations as a form of religious responsibility. The integration of professional zakat and taxation may serve as a normative solution for promoting fairness, particularly through zakat as a deduction from taxable income. Therefore, a more adaptive taxation approach is required, one that accommodates the characteristics of the digital economy while remaining aligned with principles of justice from a Sharia perspective.
Content Creator; Presumptive Net Income Calculation Norm (NPPN); Professional Zakat
The Role of Social Media as a Learning Medium In Developing 21st-Century Skills among Students
The development of information and communication technology has brought significant changes to education, particularly in the use of social media as a learning medium. Twenty-first-century learners, who belong to the digital generation, are often familiar with social media platforms such as YouTube, TikTok, WhatsApp, and Instagram. This condition creates substantial opportunities for the education sector to integrate social media into the learning process to develop 21st-century skills, including critical thinking, creativity, communication, collaboration, and digital literacy. This study aims to examine the role of social media as a learning medium in developing 21st-century skills among students. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach using a literature review (library research) method. Data were obtained through the examination of various literature sources, including national and international scientific journal articles, reference books, and relevant educational policy documents. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis techniques, encompassing data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the appropriate and well-directed use of social media can enhance student engagement in learning and support the development of 21st-century skills. Nevertheless, the role of educators is essential in designing structured learning activities, providing guidance, and fostering digital literacy so that social media can be utilized optimally and responsibly within the educational context.
Social Media; Learning; 21st-Century Skills; Digital Literacy
Holistic Education in Character Building for Children in the Digital Era: A Maqasid al-Shariah Perspective
The digital era has brought both opportunities and challenges to children's character development. Easy access to information, social media, and digital technologies offers significant benefits for learning processes; however, it also has the potential to contribute to moral degradation, identity crises, and weakened self-control among children. This article aims to analyze the concept of holistic education in shaping children's character in the digital age from the perspective of Maqasid al-Shariah. The study employs a library research method with a descriptive qualitative approach. The data were obtained from literature on holistic education, character education, child development, the digital era, and the theory of Maqasid al-Shariah. The findings indicate that holistic education grounded in Maqasid al-Shariah serves as an integrative paradigm for character formation through the protection of religion (hifz al-din), life (hifz al-nafs), intellect (hifz al-'aql), lineage (hifz al-nasl), and wealth (hifz al-mal). These five dimensions are highly relevant in addressing digital challenges such as the spread of harmful content, cyberbullying, gadget addiction, misinformation, and consumerist behavior. Holistic education based on Maqasid al-Shariah emphasizes a balance among intellectual, emotional, social, spiritual, and digital intelligences, thereby fostering a generation that is morally grounded, ethical, responsible, and capable of using technology wisely.
Holistic Education; Children's Character Development; Digital Era; Maqasid al-Shariah; Islamic Education
Parent-Child Conversations in the Perspective of Maqāṣidī Tafsir
This article aims to analyze the concept of parent-child conversations in the Qur'an through the perspective of Maqāṣidī Tafsir (objectives-based Qur'anic exegesis). Family communication serves as a primary instrument in character formation, the transmission of religious values, and the development of a child's personality. The Qur'an presents various models of dialogue between parents and children, particularly in the narratives of Luqman and his son, Prophet Ibrahim and Prophet Ismail, as well as the family dialogues of Prophet Ya'qub. This study employs a qualitative library research method using a maqāṣidī exegetical approach. The analysis focuses on Qur'anic verses that contain parent-child conversations by exploring the higher objectives (maqāṣid) embedded within them. The findings reveal that parent-child conversations in the Qur'an are not merely a means of conveying messages; rather, they function as a strategic instrument for safeguarding religion (ḥifẓ al-dīn), preserving life (ḥifẓ al-nafs), protecting intellect (ḥifẓ al-‘aql), maintaining lineage (ḥifẓ al-nasl), and fostering social morality. Qur'anic dialogues demonstrate communication patterns that are rational, compassionate, participatory, and oriented toward the realization of human well-being (maṣlaḥah). The maqāṣidī approach shows that family communication in Islam constitutes an integral part of the effort to nurture generations who are faithful, morally upright, and socially responsible.
Family Communication; Parent-Child Conversations; Maqāṣidī Tafsir; Maqāṣid Al-Sharīʿah; Islamic Education.
Prevention and Management of Sexual Violence in Higher Education Institutions from the Perspective of Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah: An analysis of Permendikbudristek No. 55 of 2024
Sexual violence in higher education institutions has become an increasingly critical issue due to its far-reaching impacts on human rights, mental health, personal safety, and the continuity of victims’ education. This phenomenon not only disrupts the learning process and the implementation of the tridharma of higher education, but also creates an unsafe and unconducive academic environment that hinders the development of students’ and academics’ potential. In response to the complexity of various forms of violence occurring on university campuses, the Indonesian government enacted the Minister of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology Regulation No. 55 of 2024 concerning the Prevention and Management of Violence in Higher Education Institutions. This study aims to analyze the substance of this regulation from the perspective of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, particularly regarding the protection of human rights and dignity. The research employs a normative legal method using both statutory and conceptual approaches through library research. Data were collected from legislation, Islamic legal literature, books, and relevant scholarly publications. The findings indicate that Regulation No. 55 of 2024 is strongly aligned with the fundamental objectives of Islamic law, namely the protection of religion (ḥifẓ al-dīn), life (ḥifẓ al-nafs), intellect (ḥifẓ al-‘aql), lineage (ḥifẓ al-nasl), and human dignity (ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ). The regulation also adopts a victim-centered approach through prevention, reporting mechanisms, assistance, recovery services, and the establishment of Violence Prevention and Management Task Forces within higher education institutions. Therefore, the regulation not only possesses legitimacy within the national legal system but also accords with the principles of public welfare (maṣlaḥah) and the prevention of harm (daf‘ al-mafāsid) within the framework of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah.
Sexual Violence; Higher Education Institutions; Maqāṣid Al-Sharī‘ah; Victim Protection
A Review of Islamic Economic Law on The Structure of the Samsarah Contract and Marketing Strategies at Propertindo Friday Agency
Marketing strategy is a series of business activities that include planning, pricing, promotion, and distribution of goods or services to meet consumer needs. In its implementation, marketing strategies should adhere to ethical principles and Islamic Economic Law to ensure that business activities are conducted in a lawful, fair, and sustainable manner. As a property agency located in Bekasi City, Propertindo Friday applies modern digital marketing to expand promotional reach and improve sales effectiveness. This study aims to analyze the practice of the samsarah (brokerage) contract between Propertindo Friday and PT Mulqi from the perspective of DSN-MUI Fatwa No. 151/DSN-MUI/VI/2022, as well as to examine the marketing strategies employed by Propertindo Friday in increasing property sales from the perspective of Islamic Economic Law. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method. The study utilizes two types of data sources: primary data obtained through observation and interviews, and secondary data obtained from books, journals, and legislation. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. To ensure data validity, the researcher applied source triangulation by verifying information through multiple data sources. The cooperative relationship between Propertindo Friday and the developer is established through a samsarah contract, which creates responsibilities for the agency to market properties professionally, honestly, and in accordance with the agreed terms. These responsibilities are implemented through the application of the marketing mix (4P) strategy, supported by digital media and TikTok live streaming as efficient and interactive promotional tools. From the perspective of Islamic Economic Law, these marketing practices reflect the values of honesty (sidq), communication (tabligh), and trustworthiness (amanah), both in the relationship between the agency and the developer and in services provided to consumers. Therefore, Propertindo Friday’s marketing strategy is aimed not only at increasing sales but also at maintaining business ethics and achieving blessings in accordance with Islamic principles. Keywords: Property, Samsarah, Marketing, Islamic Economic Law.
Property; Samsarah; Marketing; Islamic Economic Law.
The Dialectic of Religiosity and Local Traditions in the Dynamics of Community Life A Study of the Anthropology of Religion
Abstract Religiosity and local traditions are two fundamental elements that shape the dynamics of community life. Their relationship is not static but continuously evolves through interaction, adaptation, negotiation, and transformation influenced by social, cultural, and historical changes. Previous studies have generally examined religious practices and local traditions separately, while comprehensive discussions on their dialectical relationship from the perspective of the anthropology of religion remain limited. This gap highlights the need for research that explains how religiosity and local traditions interact in constructing community values, identities, and social practices. This study aims to analyze the dialectics of religiosity and local traditions within the dynamics of community life from the perspective of the anthropology of religion. It further seeks to explain the processes of interaction, adaptation, negotiation, and transformation that occur between religious values and local traditions in society. Accordingly, this study is expected to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between religion, culture, and social change in community life. This research employs a qualitative approach using a library research method. The data were collected from scholarly sources, including books, journal articles, conference proceedings, and other relevant literature concerning religiosity, local traditions, the anthropology of religion, and community dynamics. Data were analyzed through identification, classification, reduction, interpretation, and synthesis of previous studies to generate a systematic understanding of the interaction between religiosity and local traditions. The findings reveal that religiosity and local traditions have a dialectical relationship that continuously shapes community life. Their interaction occurs through adaptation, negotiation, and transformation without eliminating the essential identity of either element. Local traditions function not only as cultural heritage but also as a medium for expressing and preserving religious values within society. Social change and technological development do not necessarily diminish local traditions; instead, they encourage the emergence of new forms of practice rooted in both religious and cultural values. The study concludes that the anthropology of religion provides a comprehensive analytical framework for understanding the interaction between religiosity and local traditions within community dynamics. This research contributes to the development of the anthropology of religion by offering a broader conceptual understanding of the interaction, adaptation, negotiation, and transformation between religion and culture as the foundation of social identity and community cohesion. Keywords: Religiosity; Local Tradition; Anthropology of Religion; Community Dynamics; Culture.
Religiosity; Local Tradition; Anthropology of Religion; Community Dynamics; Culture.
The Fahmi Qira'atil Qur'an (FQQ) Method: A Historical and Pedagogical Analysis of an Indigenous Indonesian Quranic Learning Approach
The development of Qur'anic literacy among Indonesian Muslims has long been a central concern of Islamic education, prompting the emergence of various indigenous methods designed to accelerate and simplify the process of learning to read the Holy Qur'an. This study examines the Fahmi Qira'atil Qur'an (FQQ) method, a Qur'anic learning approach developed by Ahmad Bardji Matdoan in Ambon, Maluku, in the late 1970s. Employing a qualitative descriptive methodology with historical and pedagogical analysis, the research investigates the method's origins, characteristics, instructional design, and distinctive features through examination of the primary textbook and supplementary sources. The findings reveal that the FQQ method emerged as a response to the limitations of the Baghdadiyah method, incorporating a unique three-stage hijaiyah letter recognition system organized alphabetically, combined with simultaneous introduction of letter forms in initial, medial, and final positions. The method integrates tahajji (spelling), talaffuzhi (phonetic), and qiyasi (latinization) approaches within a single-volume textbook structured across three instructional levels from beginner to intermediate. Distinctive features include the classification of fourteen challenging letters with Latin equivalents, the use of fourteen reading sign formulas, and specific terminological variations in tajwid concepts compared to other Indonesian methods. The FQQ method has demonstrated significant longevity, spreading from Ambon to the Tual region of Southeast Maluku, where it continues to be utilized in Taman Pengajian Al-Qur'an institutions and government-sponsored literacy programs. This study contributes to the documentation and analysis of Indonesia's diverse Qur'anic pedagogical heritage, highlighting the importance of preserving and studying locally-developed Islamic educational approaches within their sociocultural contexts. Keywords: FQQ Method, Qur'anic Literacy, Islamic Education, Tajwid Pedagogy, Maluku, Indonesian Islam, Baghdadiyah Method
Maladministration as a Threat to the Rule of Law and Good Governance Principles in Public Service
Maladministration in public service delivery represents a fundamental challenge to governance quality in Indonesia, threatening both constitutional rule of law principles and internationally recognized good governance standards. This study examines the mechanisms through which maladministration undermines legal and governance frameworks, and analyzes the legal accountability systems available for addressing administrative misconduct. Employing normative juridical methodology with conceptual and statutory approaches, the research systematically examines primary legal materials including Law No. 37 of 2008 on the Ombudsman, Law No. 25 of 2009 on Public Service, and Law No. 30 of 2014 on Government Administration, complemented by secondary scholarly sources. The findings reveal that maladministration threatens rule of law principles through three primary mechanisms: displacement of legal supremacy by administrative discretion, erosion of equality before the law through discriminatory service provision, and weakening of separation of powers through ineffective oversight. Simultaneously, maladministration undermines good governance by creating accountability deficits, transparency gaps, rule of law failures, efficiency losses, and participation barriers. The legal framework provides administrative, civil, and criminal accountability pathways; however, implementation gaps persist, evidenced by only 64.7% compliance with Ombudsman recommendations. The study contributes to administrative law scholarship by providing integrated analysis of maladministration's dual threat to legal and governance systems, and by systematically mapping accountability mechanisms within the Indonesian legal context. Limitations include the normative methodology's inability to capture empirical dimensions of maladministration prevalence and institutional practice, suggesting future empirical and comparative research directions. Keywords: Maladministration, Rule Of Law, Good Governance, Public Service, Legal Accountability, Ombudsman, Administrative Law
Tax Avoidance by Business Entities: A Legal Analysis Under Indonesian Tax Law
Tax avoidance represents a persistent challenge in revenue administration, creating tension between corporate financial optimization and state revenue mobilization. This study examines the legal dimensions of tax avoidance practices by business entities within the Indonesian taxation framework. Employing a normative juridical methodology with a qualitative descriptive approach, the research analyzes statutory provisions, particularly Law No. 28 of 2007 on General Provisions and Tax Procedures, Law No. 36 of 2008 on Income Tax, and Law No. 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies. The findings reveal that Indonesian tax law distinguishes between lawful tax avoidance, which exploits regulatory loopholes without violating statutory provisions, and unlawful tax evasion, which involves fraudulent acts such as financial statement manipulation. Business entities, as tax subjects possessing Taxpayer Identification Numbers, bear mandatory obligations to pay Income Tax and Value-Added Tax under the self-assessment system. The study identifies passive and active forms of tax resistance, with active resistance further categorized into avoidance, evasion, and negligence. While tax avoidance operates within legal boundaries, the absence of bona fide business purpose may render certain transactions illegitimate, particularly concerning multinational corporate structures. The research contributes to the theoretical understanding of the legal boundary between permissible tax planning and impermissible tax evasion, offering practical implications for tax administrators, corporate taxpayers, and legislative reform efforts. Limitations include the exclusive reliance on secondary data and the normative scope of analysis, suggesting future empirical investigations into enforcement patterns and corporate compliance behavior. Keywords: Tax Avoidance, Tax Evasion, Business Entities, Indonesian Tax Law, Corporate Taxation, Self-Assessment System, Tax Compliance
Legal Politics of Film Censorship in Indonesia: From the Dutch East Indies Colonial Era to the New Order
Film censorship in Indonesia has a long historical trajectory, reflecting the intricate relationship between political power and legal frameworks governing public entertainment. This study examines how ruling governments across different historical periods employed legal politics to control film content, and how political determination shaped censorship law. Utilizing a normative juridical methodology with statutory and historical approaches, the research analyzes primary legal materials—including the Film Ordonantie of 1916 with its seven amendments, Japanese military regulations, and national legislation up to Law No. 8/1992 on Film. The theoretical framework integrates Lawrence Friedman's legal system theory and Mahfud MD's political determination thesis. Findings reveal that film was consistently perceived as a strategic propaganda instrument rather than merely a cultural product, leading to policies designed to protect ruling interests. The Dutch East Indies prioritized maintaining white prestige, the Japanese military served war objectives, the Old Order witnessed ideological contestation, and the New Order enforced development narratives alongside anti-communism campaigns. Throughout these periods, political configurations significantly determined the substance, structure, and legal culture of censorship institutions, confirming the determinative influence of politics on law. Ultimately, this study contributes to legal history scholarship by providing a comprehensive analysis of film censorship evolution in Indonesia. Keywords: Film Censorship; Legal Politics; Colonial Law; New Order; Propaganda; Legal History; Indonesian Cinema
Стратегическая Основа Исламского Популизма: Сравнительная Оценка Его Роли В Президентских Выборах В Индонезии В 2019 И 2024 Годах (THE STRATEGIC FABRIC OF ISLAMIC POPULISM: A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ITS ROLE IN INDONESIA'S 2019 AND 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS)
This study examines the evolving role of Islamic populism in Indonesia’s 2019 and 2024 presidential elections, focusing on its strategic deployment and sociocultural implications. In the 2019 election, Islamic populism was characterized by confrontational narratives, portraying the Muslim community as the moral majority opposed to a corrupt elite. In contrast, the 2024 election saw a strategic moderation of Islamic populism, blending religious appeals with messages of national unity and pluralism. This paper argues that Islamic populism in Indonesia is not a rigid ideological movement but a flexible, strategic tool that adapts to changing political and societal dynamics. The study leverages a wide range of sources, including academic literature and data level Islamic Populism in Indonesia, to dissect their implications for Indonesia's political landscape. Through a qualitative comparative analysis, the study highlights the continuity and change in the deployment of Islamic populism and discusses its implications for Indonesia’s democratic resilience and Islamic social culture. The study concludes a discernible trend: successful candidates are those who skillfully merge Islamic values with a broader, pluralistic appeal and strategically align themselves with the incumbent president's supportive network. Keywords: Populism, Islam, Indonesia, Religious Identity, Presidential elections.
Populism; Islam; Indonesia; Religious Identity; Presidential elections
A Comparative Analysis of Waqf Sign Systems in the Indonesian Standard Braille Mushaf and the Madinah Braille Mushaf: An Application and Capability Approach Study at the Hikmah Mata Hati Foundation
This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the waqf sign systems in the Indonesian Standard Braille Mushaf (MSB) and the Madinah Braille Mushaf (MBM), to examine their application in Braille Qur'an learning, and to evaluate their effectiveness through the lens of the capability approach. Employing a qualitative method with a comparative case study design, data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, documentation studies, and limited trials at the Hikmah Mata Hati Foundation. The findings reveal that both mushafs share a fundamental functional similarity as tactile guides for waqf and ibtidā’ based on tajwid principles. However, significant differences exist in the quantity of signs, the Braille symbols employed, the presence of positional marker codes, and their underlying institutional standards. Users demonstrated adequate capability in recognizing and applying the waqf signs, which directly contributed to reading accuracy, fluency, comfort, comprehension of verse structure, and increased independence in reading the Braille Qur'an. Nevertheless, the dot marker code (3-6) system in the MSB was identified as potentially causing ambiguity, particularly with the lā waqfa fīh sign. It is concluded that both waqf sign systems are effective in facilitating reading capability, with their effectiveness highly dependent on the interplay between symbol design, learning processes, and user experience. Keywords: Waqf Signs, Standard Braille Mushaf, Madinah Braille Mushaf, Braille Qur'an, Capability Approach
Executorial Power of Constitutional Court Decisions on Legislative Follow-Up by the People's Representative Council
This study analyzes the executive power of Constitutional Court Decision No. 135/PUU-XXII/2024 in the Indonesian general election system and the legal implications of the lack of legislative follow-up. The study focuses on the decision's final and binding nature, its non-self-executing character, and the role of legislators. This qualitative, normative-juridical research uses legislative, conceptual, and case-based approaches. Data collection was conducted through library research of relevant books, journals, and regulations, analyzed using content analysis. The results show that, despite its final and binding nature, the executive power of the decision does not always take effect immediately when it requires changes to statutory norms. The lack of legislative follow-up to Constitutional Court Decision No. 135/PUU-XXII/2024 creates legal uncertainty, weakens the effectiveness of constitutional supremacy, and has the potential to trigger constitutional issues in the implementation of elections. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the design of Constitutional Court decisions to make them more implementable and provide a clear legislative follow-up mechanism to ensure the effective enforcement of decisions within the Indonesian constitutional system.
Executorial Power; Constitutional Court Decisions; DPR Legislative Follow-up
Indonesian Government Protection of Migrant Workers, Social Integration and Discrimination Issues
This paper examines the Indonesian government’s policy on migrant worker protection, its relation to social integrity in both origin and destination communities, and the discrimination issues experienced by Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI). Using a qualitative document and literature review approach, this paper identifies policy gaps, forms of discrimination (interpersonal and institutional), and policy recommendations to strengthen protection and promote social integrity.
Measuring Fish Sustainability, Efficiency, Justice, and Capability in Community-Based Economic Development
The development of Indonesia’s new capital city, Nusantara (IKN), is designed as a symbol of the nation’s economic and social transformation toward a sustainable, community-based city. However, the sustainability of this development cannot be assessed solely through economic growth, but also through the extent to which public policy ensures institutional efficiency, social justice, and human empowerment. This article proposes an integrative approach that combines Richard Posner’s theory of legal efficiency, John Rawls’s distributive justice, and Amartya Sen’s capability approach. Through conceptual analysis, the paper demonstrates that the sustainability of IKN depends on the synergy between efficient governance, equitable distribution of benefits, and the strengthening of citizens’ capabilities as agents of development. Efficiency without justice leads to social exclusion; justice without efficiency creates stagnation; and both, without capability, undermine the human meaning of development. Therefore, the integration of these three approaches is essential as an ethical and normative foundation to ensure that IKN becomes an inclusive, productive, and just city.
Positivism in the Civil Law System: A Philosophical and Practical Inquiry for Indonesia
This article examines the role of legal positivism within the civil law system and its relevance to Indonesia's legal practice. Using a normative and literature review approach, this study highlights the philosophical foundations of positivism from Austin, Kelsen, and Hart, and analyzes its influence on the formalistic and legal certainty-oriented characteristics of civil law. Findings indicate that while positivism strengthens legal certainty, it often neglects substantive justice and social plurality. The article recommends an inclusive reinterpretation of positivism integrating justice and human rights values in Indonesia's legal context. Keywords: Legal Positivism; Civil Law; Legal Certainty; Substantive Justice; Indonesian Law.
Pakistan's Nuclear Proliferation as a Form of Military Defense Against India
Proliferasi nuklir menjadi salah satu isu sentral dalam hubungan internasional, terutama dalam konteks persaingan kekuatan militer antara negara-negara yang bersengketa Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk pertahanan militer Pakistan terhadap India melalui proliferasi nuklir. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah isu proliferasi nuklir yang berkembang sebagai akibat dari kemajuan teknologi dan konflik antar negara, khususnya antara Pakistan dan India. Pakistan, dengan segala keterbatasannya, berupaya melindungi diri dari potensi ancaman militer India dengan mengembangkan kemampuan nuklirnya. Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana proliferasi nuklir menjadi bentuk pertahanan diri bagi Pakistan, mengingat kapabilitas militer India yang lebih maju. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi literatur dengan merujuk pada penelitian terdahulu dan perjanjian internasional seperti NPT dan peran IAEA serta kebijakan konstitusi Pakistan pada tahun 1973. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan teori realisme defensif dan konsep self-deterrence, penelitian ini menjelaskan bagaimana kebijakan nuklir Pakistan berkembang sebagai respons terhadap ancaman dari India, yang lebih dulu mengembangkan senjata nuklirnya. Penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam kajian keamanan internasional, khususnya dalam memahami bagaimana negara-negara yang berkonflik menggunakan strategi deterrence dalam menjaga stabilitas regional. Meskipun proliferasi nuklir dapat meningkatkan ketegangan geopolitik, temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kepemilikan senjata nuklir juga berfungsi sebagai alat negosiasi dan pencegahan perang terbuka di kawasan yang rentan terhadap konflik berkepanjangan. Dalam penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keputusan Pakistan untuk memiliki dan mengembangkan teknologi nuklir bukan hanya sebagai bentuk peningkatan kekuatan militer, tetapi juga sebagai strategi untuk menciptakan balance of power di Asia Selatan. Dengan menjalin kerja sama dengan negara seperti China dan menerima bantuan teknologi militer, Pakistan memastikan bahwa pertahanannya tetap kongkrit terhadap India. Hasil penelitian diharapkan dapat memberikan wawasan mengenai dinamika proliferasi nuklir antara Pakistan dan India, serta implikasinya terhadap stabilitas regional. Penelitian ini juga diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi bagi kajian akademik selanjutnya mengenai studi proliferasi nuklir dan hubungan internasional. Kata kunci: Pakistan, India, Proliferasi Nuklir, Keamanan Nasional. Realisme defensive, self-deterrence.
Copyright (c) 2024 SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i
Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission Efforts in Handling Humanitarian Conflict in Mali 2020-2023
In 2020-2023, humanitarian conflict in Mali increased du to the coup, which impacts on so that Mali's sovereignty. This research aims to analyze MINUSMA's efforts in dealing with humanitarian conflicts in Mali in 2020-2023. This research uses qualitative research with descriptive analysis method and international organization approach and Responsibility To Protect (R2P) liberalism perspective as the main approach. The data is taken from library research consisting of journals, books, news from official sources, documents, and international reports. The results of the research show MINUSMA's efforts in dealing with humanitarian conflicts in Mali through; infrastructure, security, health, politics and social. The concept of R2P consists of 3 pillars, namely; State responsibility, explains how the Malian government have failed to resolved the humanitarian conflict in Mali. MINUSMA as an international response updates the mandate of the resolution to ensure its effectiveness according to what happens on the ground. MINUSMA as a peace mission compresed by the United Nations served as a response to the international policy that has made several efforts to resolve humanitarian conflicts in Mali, among others: The MINUSMA providing patrol training to the military, implementing the PoC mandate and providing special protection to women and children. MINUSMA contributed to the long-term project of strengthening the airport, building QIPs projects, construction and rehabilitation in Mopti and government offices and public facilities in Segou. While a health policy by sending medical equipment, building laboratories and increasing understanding of health for the Malian people. MINUSMA organized conference activities and educational discussion for people with disabilities as well as restoring constitutional order and facilitating dialogue between transitional governments. This research describe efforts of MINUSMA as a UN peace mission to resolve humanitarian conflict in Mali.
A Criminological Review of Individuals Involved in Collective Crimes of Handling
The crime of receiving money, especially when committed collectively, has a profound impact on the economic and social stability of society. This crime includes receiving, purchasing, or concealing the proceeds of a crime and often involves multiple individuals with various roles in the collective action. In the context of law enforcement, proving the involvement of individuals in the crime of receiving money is a significant challenge, so a coordinated strategy is necessary among the police, prosecutors, and courts to ensure that justice is upheld effectively. This study aims to examine the enforcement of criminal law against individuals involved in the crime of receiving stolen money and to analyse effective strategies for handling such cases. The research method employed is a normative legal approach, studying the application of criminal law norms in cases involving the receipt of money and the role of law enforcement agencies in the investigation and prosecution process. The results of the study indicate that law enforcement against the crime of receiving money requires solid and integrated coordination between law enforcement agencies. Strengthening the capacity of law enforcement officers, utilising information technology, and reforming legal policies are important steps in increasing the effectiveness of handling cases of money laundering. Additionally, increasing public legal awareness and protecting crime victims are integral components of this crime prevention strategy. Keywords: Handling, Law Enforcement, Crime.
Copyright (c) 2025 SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i
Responsibility of Foundation Management towards Third Parties Based on Law Number 28 of 2004
A foundation as a non-profit legal entity has a vital role in carrying out social, religious, and humanitarian activities. However, many foundations carry out business activities to support operational costs. This has raised debates regarding the limits of business activities permitted for foundations, especially after the enactment of Law Number 28 of 2004 concerning Amendments to Law Number 16 of 2001 concerning Foundations. This study aims to analyse legal provisions related to the limits of foundation business activities and evaluate the legal consequences for foundations and administrators who exceed the limits of business activities stipulated in laws and regulations. The research method used is normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. The data sources include laws, legal documents, jurisprudence, and relevant scientific literature. The analysis of legal norms and foundation management practices related to business activities was conducted qualitatively. The study results indicate that Law No. 28 of 2004 explicitly limits foundation business activities only through business entities established by or owned by foundations, as long as the results are used to achieve the foundation's goals. Violating these provisions, such as conducting business activities directly without going through a business entity, can result in legal consequences, including freezing or dissolution of the foundation and personal liability of administrators abusing their authority. Keywords: Foundation; Business Activities; Legal Liability; Administrators, Law No. 28 of 2004.
The German Government’s Effort to Stabilize Human Security Due to The Refugee Crisis from Syria 2017-2020
In 2011, the armed conflict in Syria triggered a massive wave of refugees to various countries, especially in Europe. Germany became one of the main destinations for refugees due to its open policy towards asylum seekers. However, the economic crisis that hit Europe in 2013 caused major challenges in accepting and managing refugees. This research aims to analyse the impact of the Syrian refugee crisis on refugee policy and security stability in Germany. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis approach and human security theory as the main foundation. Data analysis techniques include collecting, reducing, processing, presenting, and drawing conclusions based on secondary sources such as academic journals, scientific articles, international organisation reports, and German government policy documents. The research shows that the surge of Syrian refugees has had a significant impact on various aspects of Germany, especially in the security, economic, and social fields. To address the problem, the German government implemented various policies, including the establishment of state agencies such as BAMF, BKA, and BFV that are responsible for refugee administration, security, and prevention of radicalisation. In addition, cooperation with social organisations such as Caritas Germany and coordination with UNHCR are also carried out to ensure the welfare of refugees and maintain the stability of the country. Thus, the Syrian refugee crisis not only affects Germany domestically, but also influences European refugee policy more broadly. This research provides insight into how refugee surges due to armed conflict can affect the political, economic, and social stability of a receiving country. Keywords: Refugee Crisis, Human Security, Migration Policy, Germany, Syria
تأثير تدخل دولة الامارات العربية المتحدة في الازمة الانسانية في النزاع المسلح غير الدولي في السودان خلال عامي 2023–2024 (The Impact of The United Arab Emirates' Intervention in the Humanitarian Crisis in the Non-International Armed Conflict in Sudan During 2023-2024)
In 2023-2024, the conflict in Sudan heated up again due to tensions between the military and the Rapid Support Force paramilitary after the overthrow of President Omar Hassan Al-Bashir. This situation was exacerbated by the escalation of the conflict due to the intervention of the United Arab Emirates. This study aims to analyse the impact of the United Arab Emirates' intervention on the humanitarian crisis in Sudan. This study uses a qualitative research type with a descriptive analytical method and a humanitarian intervention approach from a realist perspective as the main approach. This study uses data analysis techniques, including data collection, reduction, processing, presentation, and conclusions. Data were taken from secondary sources such as academic journals, scientific articles, books, international documents, relevant news reports, and actors affected by the conflict. The results of this study indicate that the escalation of the conflict in Sudan due to the intervention of the United Arab Emirates has an impact on the Humanitarian Crisis. Several aspects show the effects of the United Arab Emirates intervention: first, the individual crisis as seen from the large number of fatalities due to the conflict and the group crisis in the form of ethnic massacres, structural marginalisation and systematic violence against a community. Second, the economic crisis is seen in the weakening of the currency, declining investment and decreasing availability of food supplies, which worsen the social conditions and lives of civilians in Sudan. Third, the food crisis is getting worse due to the hampered distribution of food, resources, and rising food prices. Fourth, the health crisis. This situation is worsened by the many injuries from war victims, lack of access to health services, and increasing diseases that spread amidst the chaos of the conflict. Fifth, the refugee crisis. The prolonged state of conflict in Sudan has forced thousands of Sudanese to flee both domestically and to neighbouring countries. Thus, the UAE's intervention in Sudan not only prolongs the conflict but also has an impact on the humanitarian crisis. This study provides insight into how intervention in a country in conflict can worsen the humanitarian crisis, leading to regional and global instability. Keywords: Intervention; Humanitarian Crisis; Conflict; Sudan; United Arab Emirates
Legal Progressiveness for Heirs with Disabilities as a Form of Affirmative Action
This study discusses the problem of the special inheritance section for heirs with disabilities as a form of legal progressiveness based on affirmative action. The distribution of inheritance based on needs provides a greater sense of justice because it is in line with the principle of proportionality. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the distribution of special inheritance for heirs with disabilities as a form of legal progressiveness based on affirmative action. The type of research used is normative juridical with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The results of this study indicate that legal guarantees for heirs with disabilities are still very weak. However, the absence of the phrase heirs with disabilities and the inheritance section, in particular, indicates that the state does not provide a guarantee for the right to receive an inheritance and inherit. This study provides a solution in the form of regulating a special section for heirs with disabilities as a form of progressive Indonesian law based on affirmative action. The existence of special treatment for vulnerable groups is in line with the mandate of the constitution and the principle of justice of John Rawls in the theory of Justice as Fairness. The government, as a duty bearer, must continue to pay attention to heirs with disabilities by fully guaranteeing constitutional rights. Keywords: Disabled Heirs; Legal Progressiveness; Affirmative Action
International Perspectives on the Legal Framework Governing Prosecutorial Activities
This article seeks to illuminate how prosecutors' offices are legally regulated internationally. Through a comparative analysis of various foreign prosecutors' offices, the study presents information regarding their position within the government, the models they utilise, and their core functions. This allows for understanding the role and evolution of prosecutors' offices in prominent countries today. Germany, for instance, has public prosecutors' offices operating within all levels of its general court system. The Federal Prosecutor General operates under the general oversight of the German Minister of Justice. Meanwhile, the French prosecutor's office is considered part of the executive branch and is subject to the authority of the Ministry of Justice. French prosecutors share a close relationship with the judiciary, undergoing similar training and often transitioning between roles as prosecutors and judges. Latvian law designates the prosecutor's office as a judicial body. This office independently oversees adherence to the law within its defined jurisdiction. The United Kingdom has no specific "public prosecutor's office" or equivalent. Keywords: prosecutor's Office; Organisation of the prosecutor's office; Models of foreign prosecutor’s Offices; Positioning of the Prosecutor's Office; Powers of Foreign Prosecutors
Limitations of Foundation Business Activities from the Perspective of Law Number 28 of 2004 Concerning Foundations
A foundation as a non-profit legal entity has a vital role in organising social, religious, and humanitarian activities. However, in practice, many foundations are involved in business activities directly and commercially, thus giving rise to legal issues related to violations of the non-profit principle, which is the basis for establishing the foundation. This study aims to analyse the limitations of business activities permitted for foundations according to Law No. 28 of 2004 concerning Amendments to Law No. 16 of 2001 concerning Foundations, and to explain the legal implications for foundations that exceed these provisions. This study uses a qualitative approach with a normative legal research type. The methods used include a statute and conceptual approach, with data sources from laws and regulations, scientific literature, legal documents, and related jurisprudence. The study results indicate that business activities can only be carried out by foundations through capital participation in business entities that are under the intent and purpose of the foundation. Foundations are prohibited from running a business directly and distributing profits to patrons, administrators, and supervisors. Violating these provisions can have legal implications in the form of administrative sanctions up to the foundation's dissolution. Therefore, compliance with legal restrictions is crucial in maintaining the legitimacy and sustainability of the foundation's social function. Keywords: Foundation; Business Activities; Limitations
The Role of Mahad Al-Zaytun in Instilling Tolerance and Peace Values in Grade 5 Students of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Mahad Al-Zaytun
Education is one of the strategic ways to shape the character of young people who love harmony and peace, especially in a diverse society. Ma'had Al-Zaytun, as an Islamic educational institution, places tolerance and peace as the core of its curriculum. This research aims to analyze the role of Ma'had Al-Zaytun in instilling the values of tolerance and peace in grade 5 students of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Ma'had Al-Zaytun. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. We obtained data from journals, articles, and other sources. The results showed that Ma'had Al-Zaytun has a learning program integrated with tolerance values, such as respect for differences, cooperation between individuals, and interfaith dialogue. These values are instilled through formal classroom activities, daily habituation, and extracurricular activities that encourage student interaction in a peaceful atmosphere. This research concludes that Ma'had Al-Zaytun has succeeded in creating an educational environment that supports the development of tolerance and peace. The findings contribute to the development of relevant educational models in building a harmonious multicultural society. Keywords: Tolerance; Peace; Character Education; Mahad Al-Zaytun
The Role of Islamic Religious Education and Mosques in Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction: IMFO and At-Thohir Mosque Los Angelos California United States
Education is not only a teaching and learning process limited by four walls but also a process in which humans consciously capture, absorb, and appreciate natural events throughout the ages. IMFO was established in 1997 to coordinate the activities of the Indonesian Muslim Community in the Los Angeles area and its surroundings. The establishment of the At-Thohir Mosque began with the problems of Indonesian Muslims in the United States and in most other countries, who do not have a permanent place of worship. So, the lack of permanent places of worship is an obstacle for the young generation of Indonesian Muslims, especially in their efforts to learn and understand their place of origin. From an Islamic Religious Education perspective, this study explores the tactical steps IMFO and the At-Thohir Mosque took in addressing the current fire disaster. In this study, the researcher used the library research method, where the study used various literature, both books, notes, and reports from previous studies in collecting data, and also conducted direct interviews regarding the steps taken by IMFO and the At-Thohir Mosque in Los Angeles, United States in dealing with natural disasters such as fires. The study's results found that the mosque must also serve as a community-based disaster risk reduction centre and a place for Islamic education in the community, and the existence of the Mosque as a cultural heritage of our ancestors should continue to be preserved in community life. Keywords: Islamic Religious Education; Mosque; IMFO