Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ)
PBSJ is an official peer-reviewed, open-access journal managed by the Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. The journal publishes original research articles, reviews, and short communications in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical, and Biomedical Sciences (Bahasa Indonesia & English).
Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia
Perilaku Manajemen Diri dan Profil Temperamen pada Karyawan Universitas Prediabetes: Studi Kuantitatif Deskriptif
This descriptive study (n = 39) investigated diabetes self‑management Questionnaire (DSMQ) and temperament profiles among university employees with prediabetes risk. DSMQ subscales (glucose management, dietary control, physical activity, healthcare use) were assessed alongside 75‑g OGTT categories (IFG/IGT) using ADA‑standard definitions. Most participants had low DSMQ scores (79.5%), with dietary control and physical activity as the weakest domains. Overweight/obesity was highly prevalent (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m²; 85%), and routine check‑ups were infrequent. BMI correlated with prediabetes (r = 0.436; p = 0.005) and hypertension (r = 0.466; p = 0.003). Dominant temperament was associated with 2‑hour plasma glucose during OGTT (ρ = 0.321; p = 0.045), whereas subdominant temperament was not significant (ρ = 0.285; p = 0.071). We clarified DSMQ structure (16 items; reverse‑coded items; sum scale) and standardized IFG/IGT/75‑g OGTT terms in line with ADA 2025. Findings highlight the need for workplace multicomponent programs integrating nutrition education, structured physical activity, weight management, and temperament‑informed counseling. Limitations include descriptive design (n = 39), purposive sampling, potential confounding, and the non‑causal nature of correlations. In settings with low health service utilization, pragmatic screening and regular follow‑up combined with personalized behavior change strategies may help prevent progression to type 2 diabetes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Barita Juliano Siregar, Almahdy A, Dedy Almasdy, Ofa Suzanti betha, Edi Rohaedi, Rafly Syah Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Korelasi Pengetahuan dengan Perilaku Pasien dalam Penggunaan NSAIDs untuk Swamedikasi Nyeri di Apotek
The use of drugs for self-medication without proper knowledge and behavior can have a negative impact. This study explores the relationship between knowledge and behavior of patients self-medicating for pain at Serang City pharmacies. This study adopted cross-sectional research and sampling using purposive sampling. The level of knowledge and behavior was assessed using a questionnaire. This study included a total of 222 respondents (age 18-59 years) who were using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain and had taken them for the previous 3 months. The analysis of the relationship between knowledge and behavior was measured using the Spearman rho test. The results of showed a sufficient level of knowledge of the respondents (59.9%) with responsible behavior (57.2%). Spearman rho correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between knowledge and behavior with a fairly strong correlation value (r = 0.715) in a positive direction. The higher the knowledge in self-medication, the better the behavior will be.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainul Islam, Lulu Isra Safira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Perbandingan Kadar Hesperidin pada Beberapa Kulit Jeruk Menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis
Orange peel is a high-potential agro-waste and a rich natural source of hesperidin, a flavonoid compound with multiple health benefits, yet comparative data on hesperidin level across different citrus varieties are still limited. This study aimed to compare the yield and content of hesperidin among different citrus peels and to evaluate the reliability of UV-Vis spectroscopy for its quantification determination. Peels from Medan orange (C. sinensis), baby Java (C. sinensis), key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia), jeruk limo (C. amblicarpa), and kaffir lime (C. hystrix). Samples were extracted through a tiered Soxhletation process with n-hexane and methanol solvents, followed by acidification and crystallization to obtain hesperidin. Characterization was carried out using melting point analysis and thin-layer chromatography, while hesperidin content was determined with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of 283 nm. The results showed that citrus species significantly affected hesperidin yield and content, with with baby Java orange peel producing the highest amount (5.72%), followed by Medan orange (3.98%), lime (0.46%), jeruk limo (0.37%), and kaffir lime (0.16%). The UV-Vis spectrophotometry method proved reliable, showing linearity (r² = 0.998), accuracy (82.00%), and precision (%RSD = 0.964%). Content analysis confirmed that baby Java orange peel isolate had the highest hesperidin concentration (11.59 ppm, purity 86.14%) among other orange peel isolates compared to standard pure hesperidin. These findings highlight the variability of hesperidin content among citrus species and emphasize the importance of raw material selection for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical application.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fadhilah, Anggia, Priyanti, Hendri Aldrat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Quantitative Evaluation of Antibiotic Utilization Using the ATC/DDD and DU90% Methods and Length of Hospital Stay Among Pediatric and Adult Pneumonia Patients in Bima
The primary treatment modality for pneumonia is antibiotic therapy, yet improper use can accelerate bacterial resistance and diminish therapeutic effectiveness. The study aims to evaluate the patterns of antibiotic utilization among hospitalized pediatric and adult patients with pneumonia in a hospital in Bima City, as well as to examine the factors influencing the length of hospital stay during the period of January to August 2020. The evaluation employed the WHO ATC/DDD methodology combined with DU 90% analysis using a descriptive cross-sectional design. Data were obtained retrospectively from medical records, and total sampling. A total of 95 patients met the inclusion criteria, representing all age categories with complete and legible documentation. Quantitative analysis showed that the total antibiotic consumption in pediatric patients reached 39.27 DDD per 100 patient-days, while in adult patients it reached 121.26 DDD per 100 patient-days. Ceftriaxone was the antibiotic with the highest DDD value in pediatric patients and adult patients, with 19.53 and 98.00 DDD/100 patient-days respectively. In the pediatric group, antibiotics within the DU 90 percent segment comprised ceftriaxone, gentamicin, cefotaxime, and azithromycin, whereas in adults, the DU 90 percent segment included ceftriaxone and azithromycin. A total of 97.6 percent of prescriptions were aligned with the hospital formulary. The bivariate analysis indicates that the presence of comorbidities is significantly associated with the length of hospital stay among pneumonia patients (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, patient age and nutritional status did not show a significant association (p > 0.05). Overall, the findings demonstrate a predominance of ceftriaxone use in the management of pneumonia in the hospital. These results highlight the importance of ongoing quantitative surveillance to monitor prescribing trends, and support implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs to minimize resistance risk and maintain optimal therapeutic outcomes. Keywords: Antibiotic use; Antimicrobial Stewardship Program; ATC/DDD; Ceftriaxone; DU 90%; Pneumonia
Copyright (c) 2025 Jihan Istiqomah, Azrifitria , MSi, Marvel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Peran Tenaga Kefarmasian Dalam Pelayanan Penyakit Faringitis Di Apotek Wilayah X Propinsi Banten
Pharyngitis, or sore throat inflammation, is a disease generally caused by a virus and can heal on its own within a few days. However, symptoms such as pain when swallowing can cause discomfort for patients. Patients often come to the pharmacy to get medication without first consulting a doctor. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of pharmacists in region X in Banten province in providing pharmaceutical services to patients who come with complaints of sore throat. This study is a cross-sectional study using a survey method. Data collection methods were carried out using two methods, the first is participatory observation where researchers and observers acted as patients visiting selected pharmacies by conveying the complaints in question based on the scenario created. The second method was conducting interviews with pharmaceutical personnel at pharmacies in one of the selected areas who met the specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the study showed that in the patient simulation method: methyl prednisolone was the most frequently prescribed drug (52%), followed by lozenges containing dequalinium chloride (32%), the most frequently asked questions by pharmaceutical personnel when assessing patients were the symptoms experienced (63%) followed by the patient's age (53%). Meanwhile, in the interview method, lozenges containing dequalinium chloride were the most frequently prescribed medication (78%), followed by methylprednisolone (46%). The most frequently asked questions during patient assessment were the patient's age (98%), followed by the duration of symptoms experienced (96%). The drug's usage information was the most frequently conveyed information in both methods. The patient assessment process and drug information provided to patients in the interview method were better than in the simulated patient method. In general, pharmaceutical services provided by pharmacists to patients with sore throat problems are still not optimal and need to be improved
Copyright (c) 2025 Yardi Ph.D, Apt, suci ahda Novitri, Erza Agustia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
QSAR Analysis and ADMET Prediction of Tamoxifen Derivatives Using LFER Hansch Model
Tamoxifen is a pharmaceutical compound that can be widely used in the therapeutic regimen for breast cancer, particularly for postmenopausal women. Nevertheless, this clinical efficacy is frequently diminished and limited due to the emergence of drug resistance and heterogeneous therapeutic impacts with different degrees of severity. This has led to the discovery of structurally connected compounds that are more effective than tamoxifen. The current research study describes QSAR modeling and predicting the ADMET parameters of tamoxifen derivatives for the treatment of breast cancer. SPSS software was used for analysis of multiple linear regression and found the pIC50 = -0.059CLogP + 0.759LUMO - 0.011MR + 3.444. Model validation yielded R = 0.921, R² = 0.848 and Q² = 0.651, which suggests high predictability. The most important characteristic being LUMO energy, the second most important descriptor was followed by CLogP and MR. The ADMET prediction showed high intestinal absorption values (HIA > 90%) and satisfactory permeability over skin. Water solubility was impaired but also low. The metabolism of compounds seemed to predominantly occur via CYP3A4 enzyme. However, LD50 values were of acceptable size, ranging from 324 to 3000 mg/kg (within the safety profile). The findings of this work will thus show help in designing anticancer tamoxifen derivative products with the least toxicity. Additional structural optimization is advocated to achieve maximal therapeutic benefit and least toxicity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Andzar Fikranus Shofa, Rawwdha Luthfi Nur Muhammad, Norma Adityaningsih Prameswari, Sendi Handika Putra, Aisyah Afifah Setiawan, Dhia Salsabila Rizki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Exploration and Inventory of Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Medicinal Plants in Ternate: Tracing the Traditional Pharmacy Heritage of the Spice Islands
The ethnobotanical wisdom of the Ternate community represents a rich heritage of traditional healing practices that are deeply rooted in the interaction between people and nature. However, the modernization of the healthcare system and cultural shifts have increasingly threatened the continuity of this indigenous knowledge. This study aimed to explore and inventory the ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants traditionally used in the Ternate region as part of an effort to preserve the traditional pharmacy legacy of the Spice Islands. Data were collected through field-observations, semi-structured interviews with traditional healers, local residents, and plant specimen documentation. A purposive sample of 29 traditional healers was recruited for this study, based on their presumed expertise in medicinal plant knowledge. The study identified 70 medicinal plant species belonging to 40 families, which are empirically used to treat common ailments such as fever, digestive disorders, wounds, insomnia, diabetes mellitus, and urinary stones. Leaves were the most frequently used plant part (approximately 64%) followed by roots and barks, with decocting being the dominant preparation method. Several endemic species have demonstrated pharmacological potential, consistent with findings in contemporary scientific literature, indicating promising opportunities for bioprospecting. This research highlights that preserving ethnobotanical knowledge is not merely a cultural duty but also a scientific imperative for sustainable natural product development rooted in Ternate’s local wisdom.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lina Elfita, Hijria Abd Gani, apt. Ismiarni Komala, Ph.D https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Most Probable Number (MPN) Coliform of Jamu Gendong Beras Kencur in Traditional Markets in Sukoharjo Region
: One of the traditional medicines that is very popular with the public is the jamu gendong beras kencur. The safety of traditional medicine products (herbal medicine) is a demand that has been put forward since the emergence of human health problems due to microorganism contamination, such as coliform. This study aims to determine Coliform bacteria contamination in jamu gendong beras kencur in traditional markets in the Sukoharjo area. The method used in this study is the MPN (Most Probable Number) method, which consists of two stages, namely the Presumptive Test and the Confirmed Test. The study results showed that samples with codes 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, and 12 had an MPN value of 0/100 ml. Furthermore, samples with codes 3, 4, 9, and 10 showed an MPN value >0/100 ml. Based on the research results, samples that meet the quality of good drinking water based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2010, are samples with codes 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12 while samples with codes 3, 4, 9, 10 do not meet the requirements. There needs to be education on how to make good herbal medicine, environmental sanitation, and clean herbal medicine sales locations so that herbal medicine sellers can improve the quality of the herbal medicine they sell and ensure it is safe to consume
Copyright (c) 2025 Makhabbah Jamilatun, Pradea Indah Lukito, Eka Nanda Safitri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparative Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Aceclofenac-Saccharin in Mice Granuloma Model
Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) and suppresses prostaglandin synthesis. Its clinical utility, however, is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory activity of a multicomponent crystal (MC) of aceclofenac with saccharin using a carrageenan-induced granuloma pouch model in mice. Male mice were divided into three groups (n = 3 per group): control, aceclofenac, and aceclofenac-saccharin multicomponent crystal, administered intraperitoneally. Inflammatory response was assessed via exudate volume and TNF-α levels. Both aceclofenac and MC significantly reduced exudate volume and TNF-α compared to the control (p < 0.05), with the MC group showing the greatest reduction. Although not statistically different from aceclofenac in TNF-α suppression, the MC demonstrated superior performance overall. The enhanced efficacy may be attributed to improved solubility and drug delivery. These outcomes support co-crystallization as a promising approach to optimize NSAID therapy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hendrizal Usman, Yufri Aldi, Salman Umar, Rahmadevi, Erizal Zaini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Administration Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C.Chr Extract on Total Bilirubin Levels and Hepatosomatic Index Values of Ethanol-Induced Rats
The Liver is a vital metabolic organ. Liver injury is related to an inflammatory process that increases the hepatosomatic index (HSI). One indicator of liver damage is increased total bilirubin levels (hyperbilirubinemia). Currently, hyperbilirubinemia treatment is still limited to irradiation therapy and exchange transfusions, because there is no pharmacological specific treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C.Chr extract on total bilirubin levels and the hepatosomatic index (HSI) in male white rats. A laboratory-based experimental design was employed using a post-test only control group, involving 35 rats randomly assigned to seven groups: normal control, negative control, positive control (sacatonic active), solvent control (Na CMC), and treatment groups receiving ethanol extract at doses of 50 mg/kgBW, 100 mg/kgBW, and 200 mg/kgBW.The treatment was administered orally for 14 consecutive days. On the final day, all rats (except the normal group) were induced with absolute ethanol at 2 mL/200 gBW. After 12 hours, the animals were euthanized for liver and blood sample collection. Total bilirubin levels were measured, and the hepatosomatic index was calculated. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by LSD post hoc test. The results demonstrated that administration of Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C.Chr extract significantly reduced total bilirubin levels and HSI, particularly at doses of 50 mg/kgBW and 100 mg/kgBW, compared to the negative control group (p<0.05). These findings suggest that Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C.Chr ethanol extract exhibits a hepatoprotective effect by reducing total bilirubin levels and HIS.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hendri Saputra, Reza Pertiwi, Delia Komala Sari, Septi Wulandari, Reza Rahmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Studi Awal: Identifikasi Keragaman Bakteri Saliva Wanita Usia Lanjut Menggunakan Teknologi 16S rRNA Sequencing Oxford Nanopore
The elderly are a population particularly susceptible to diseases resulting from the decline in immune system function. The mouth is one of the areas of the body that is the entry point for microorganisms into the body. It is known that the oral microbiome greatly affects oral and systemic health. The oral bacterial profile is important to understand its role in maintaining health and causing disease. Therefore, maintaining oral health is very important, especially in our study of the elderly. Utilizing advanced sequencing techniques such as Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) offers the opportunity to reveal bacterial diversity comprehensively. This study aims to identify the oral microbiome in a group of elderly women. Knowledge of the oral microbiota profile could help spread awareness of the benefits of maintaining good dental hygiene, especially in older adults. Methods: Seven elderly housewives had their unstimulated saliva samples taken in the morning and kept at -80°C. The phenol-chloroform technique was used to isolate the DNA, and a Qubit Fluorometer was used to measure purity and concentration. By employing ONT for 16S rRNA sequencing and Epi2Me software for analysis, taxonomic mapping of the bacterial diversity was accomplished. Results: According to the taxonomic analysis, Streptococcus and Veillonella were the most common genera in the samples. It was common to find species like Veillonella parvula, Veillonella atypica, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus rubneri. These genera contributed to the dynamics of oral biofilms by exhibiting complex ecological interactions. With advanced sequencing technologies, this work highlights the diversity of oral bacteria in elderly women in Indonesia while providing a new perspective. Notwithstanding a few limitations, these findings provide insight into the ecological dynamics of the oral microbiota, potentially leading to clinical applications in the treatment and prevention of disease.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chris Adhiyanto., Ph.D, Laifa A. Hendarmin, Zeti Harriyati, Erike A. Suwarsono, Auliyani Andam Suri , Yudhi Nugraha, Dwirini Retno Gunarti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Formulation and Antioxidant Evaluation of Clay Masks Containing Robusta Coffee Pulp Extract
The pulp of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora L.) is known to contain chlorogenic acid compounds that have potential as antioxidants. The content of this compound can be utilized as an active ingredient in cosmetics such as clay masks. The main component that affects the physical properties of a clay mask is the clay base. This study aims to develop a clay mask formulation from robusta coffee pulp extract with variations in the concentration of base combinations, namely bentonite and kaolin, and to observe their effects on the physical properties of the dosage form. The base concentration variations used were 20% (F1), 25% (F2), and 30% (F3) with a bentonite to kaolin ratio of 1:2. The evaluation of physical properties included organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, spreadability tests, adhesion tests, viscosity tests, and drying time measurements. The evaluation results showed that all clay masks were homogeneous with pH values ranging from 5.15 ± 0.04 to 5.29 ± 0.12, spreadability values of 4.60 ± 0.22 to 4.74 ± 0.37 cm, adhesion values of 0.82 ± 0.11 to 1.16 ± 0.15 seconds, and viscosity ranged from 5501 ± 670.22 to 7567.67 ± 220.30 mPa.s, and drying time ranged from 20.60 ± 0.39 to 25.34 ± 0.80 minutes. Results of the antioxidant activity test indicated that the clay mask made from robusta coffee pulp extract is a powerful antioxidant with IC50 values of 28.31 ± 4.72 to 30.45 ± 5.69 ppm. Variations in the concentration of the clay mask base significantly (p < 0.05) affected the viscosity and drying time of the dosage form. In summary, the clay mask formulations satisfied the essential physical criteria and showed promise for cosmetic application. F3 emerged as the leading formula, exhibiting the highest antioxidant capacity, evidenced by its lowest IC₅₀ value.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anisa Amalia, Fith Khaira Nursal, Karsiti Karsiti, Sri Nevi Gantini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Pengaruh Beberapa Jenis Praperlakuan Terhadap Peningkatan Rendemen Hidrodistilasi Minyak Atsiri Gaharu
Agarwood essential oil (minyak atsiri gaharu or minyak gaharu) has the potential to be developed as aromatherapy to help reduce stress, but its availability in nature is not abundant, so effective efforts are needed to get optimal results. Although various pretreatments before hydrodistillation are known to enhance the yield of agarwood oil, no comparative study using the same sample has been reported to date. This research aims to compare the yield and profile of agarwood oil compounds obtained from maceration, microwave, ultrasonic and fermentation using ragi tapai and ragi tempe pretreatments. The research was carried out by pretreatment extraction, distillation of agarwood powder, identification of essential oil compounds via Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and hedonic tests. The distillation results showed that pretreatment yeast tapai fermentation had the highest percentage yield of agarwood oil at 0.050% followed by Fusarium sp fermentation. (0.036%), ultrasonic (0.034%), microwave (0.030%), maceration (0.024%), control (0.018%) and ragi tempe (0.002%). Six compounds were consistently found in each sample, such as α-agarofuran, neoisolongifolene, α-santalol, δ-guaiene, dihydrocolumellarin, and hexadecanoic acid. The most sesquiterpene compounds were obtained from pretreatment using tempeh yeast. Based on the research results, it is known that maceration, microwave, ultrasonic and fermentation pretreatments can increase the yield and influence the compound profile of agarwood oil.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hendri Aldrat, Khoerunnisa, Karina Wandani, Supandi, M. Yanis Musdja1 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analisis Kandungan Hidrokuinon dan Niasinamid pada Krim Pemutih Racikan di Klinik Kecantikan Wilayah Bekasi Selatan
Hydroquinone and niacinamide are whitening agents used alone or combined with cream products. Currently, the level of hydroquinone still exceeds the recommended safety limit. This study aimed to identify and determine the levels of hydroquinone and niacinamide in whitening creams prescribed by a beauty clinic in South Bekasi. The UV-Vis spectrophotometry was performed simultaneously. This study begins with the validation of analytical methods using validation parameters. Hydroquinone and niacinamide were identified using five samples, determined by purposive sampling, and measured at the maximum wavelengths of hydroquinone (293.4 nm) and niacinamide (261.4 nm). The results of the method validation showed that the linearity values expressed in the correlation coefficient (r) at concentrations of hydroquinone 8-28 µg/mL and niacinamide 10-34 µg/mL were 0,9999 and 0.998, LOD values 0,3990 and 0,3525 µg/mL, LOQ values were 1,3299 and 1,1749 µg/mL, RSD values of 0,0909% and 0,2591%, and recovery values were in the range of 99,154±0,223% to 107,387±0,121%. Based on the research data, it can be concluded that the five samples contained hydroquinone and niacinamide compounds at levels of 17,246% and 1,211% (A), 18,002% and 2,034% (B), 5,033% and 0,823% (C), 0,952% and 0,575% (D), and 0,10% and 5,367% (E). Samples A, B, and C have hydroquinone content exceeding the permitted maximum, while sample E contains niacinamide in an amount exceeding the recommendation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Estu Mahanani Dhilasari, Novia Ramadhani, Supandi, Mabrurotul Mustafidah, Nelly Suryani, Marvel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Hubungan Kepatuhan Minum Obat Amlodipin Dengan Kualitas Hidup Pasien Hipertensi Pada Dokter Praktik Perorangan Di Ranah Batahan Kabupaten Pasaman Baratabupaten Pasaman Barat
Hypertension is a disease in which a person has an increase in diastolic (≥90 mmHg) and systolic (≥140 mmHg) blood pressure. Treatment of hypertension is a long-term therapy, one of the parameters to achieve therapeutic success is patient compliance in taking medication in order to minimize the impact caused so that it can affect the quality of life of patients. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between compliance with amlodipine consumption with the quality of life of hypertensive patients at Individual Practitioners in Ranah Batahan. The research design used was quantitative research using a cross- sectional approach conducted on 45 respondents who met the inclusion criteria. The level of compliance with taking the respondent's medication was measured using the Pill Count method and the quality of life of hypertensive patients using the WHOQOL questionnaire. Data were processed using IBM SPSS 22 and analyzed through frequency distribution analysis (univariate) and Chi square test (bivariate). Based on the results of measuring the level of compliance, 29 respondents (64.4%) were declared compliant and 16 respondents (35.6%) were not compliant. Measurement of quality of life level, as many as 28 (62.2%) were moderate and 17 (37.8%) were low. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant relationship between the level of compliance with quality of life p value < 0.05 with moderate relationship strength p value 0.003.
Copyright (c) 2025 Barita Juliano Siregar, yardi, Sripi Mahalaya, Muhammad Rafly Syah Putra, Edi Rohaedi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Korelasi Tingkat Pengetahuan denngan Perilaku Swamedikasi Obat Analgesik di Masyarakat Semper Barat, Jakarta Utara
Self-medication is a person's action in determining and using medicine independently to treat a disease or its symptoms. The benefits of this practice include cost efficiency and helping to ease the burden of health services. However, there are risks if done without adequate knowledge; it can cause side effects or additional costs. Good knowledge greatly supports correct self-medication behavior in the community. The type of drug that is often used during self-medication is analgesics, which function to suppress pain. This study aims to analyze the correlation between the level of knowledge and self-medication behaviour in the use of analgesic drugs in the community in Semper Barat Village, North Jakarta. The research design used a quantitative approach with an instrument in the form of a questionnaire that had passed validity and reliability tests. Four hundred respondents from 9 RW in Semper Barat Village participated in this study. Data were processed through Chi-square and Spearman-rho analysis. The research data showed that the majority of respondents had a sufficient level of knowledge (64.3%) and behaved sufficiently (52.5%). In the chi-square analysis, except for education, most characteristics did not correlate significantly with knowledge or behaviour. The results of the Spearman-rho test showed a significant correlation (p = 0.011) between knowledge and analgesic self-medication behaviour.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainul Islam, Endang Sulistyaningsih, Fanni Luthfianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Impact of National Antibiotic Guideline Implementation on Meropenem Utilization in a Teaching Hospital in Bengkulu, Indonesia
The World Health Organization (WHO) classified antibiotics into the AWaRe categories to encourage rational prescribing and reduce inappropriate use of broad-spectrum agents. Indonesia adopted this framework through the National Antibiotic Guideline outlined in Ministry of Health Regulation No. 28/2021, which strengthened antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) efforts in hospitals. Although WHO categorized meropenem in the Watch group, the national guideline reclassified it as a Reserve antibiotic, highlighting its critical role as a last-line treatment for multidrug-resistant infections and the need for strict oversight. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the guideline’s implementation on meropenem utilization in a teaching hospital and assess its position within the Drug Utilization 90% (DU90%) segment from 2020 to 2022. Using a cross-sectional design, aggregated inpatient antibiotic consumption data were analyzed across pre-intervention (May 2020–August 2021) and post-intervention (September 2021–December 2022) periods. Antibiotic use was quantified using Defined Daily Doses per 100 patient-days (DDD/100 PD) according to the ATC/DDD methodology, and DU90% analysis was applied to identify antibiotics accounting for 90% of total consumption. Meropenem showed a significant 43% reduction in the DDD/100 PD score during the post-intervention period (t = 4.427; p < 0.05), suggesting that the guideline contributed to a more controlled, optimized use of this high-priority antibiotic. However, meropenem consistently remained within the DU90% segment throughout the three years, indicating that despite reduced utilization, it continued to account for a substantial proportion of antibiotic use in the hospital. These findings underscored the importance of sustained AMS implementation and strict regulatory adherence to preserve meropenem effectiveness and mitigate the risk of antimicrobial resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yusna Fadliyyah Apriyanti, Susi Delvera, Bella Donna Perdana Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Gelatin and Propylene Glycol on the Penetration Rate of Asiaticoside from Centella asiatica (L.) Urb Leaf Extract Geleaf Extract Gel
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. is a plant known for its potential in scar treatment due to the presence of asiaticoside, a compound capable of promoting skin cell tissue repair. However, the large molecular size of asiaticoside hinders its penetration through the skin. This study aims to evaluate the effect of gelatin and propylene glycol on the transdermal penetration of asiaticoside from a gel formulation containing Centella asiatica leaf extract. Four different formulations were tested: a control (F1, without gelatin or propylene glycol); one with 15% propylene glycol (F2); one with 4% gelatin (F3); and one with 4% gelatin and 15% propylene glycol (F4). The physical characteristics of the formulations were assessed using several parameters: organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, centrifugation, spreadability, viscosity, and rheological behaviour. Penetration studies were performed using a Franz Diffusion Cell with a Whatman No. 1 membrane (pre-coated with Spangler solution) for 360 minutes. The penetration data were analyzed using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with a C18 BEH column (2.1 × 50 mm; 1.8 μm particle size). The results showed that each formulation exhibited distinct characteristics. The study findings indicated that both gelatin and propylene glycol, as well as their combination, significantly influenced the penetration of asiaticoside in the gel formulation. Propylene glycol, functioning as a penetration enhancer, was found to increase the penetration of asiaticoside in both gelatin-based and liquid formulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sabrina Dahlizar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Studi Farmakologi Ikan Zebra sebagai Model Obesitas dan Hiperglikemia: Pengembangan Induksi Diet-Induced Obesity
Obesity and hyperglycemia are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus and various other metabolic disorders. The use of relevant animal models is essential to support pharmacological studies. The aim of this research was to develop an effective DIO (Diet-Induced Obesity) inducer for commercially available zebrafish as a model for obesity and hyperglycemia. Adult zebrafish were induced for obesity and hyperglycemia through administration of a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. The observed parameters included body weight, body length, body mass index (BMI), and blood glucose levels. The results showed that DIO induction significantly increased body weight, BMI, and blood glucose levels (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. In conclusion, zebrafish can be developed as a model for obesity and hyperglycemia through DIO induction, thus potentially serving as an alternative test animal for pharmacological studies of metabolic diseases
Copyright (c) 2025 Lina Elfita, Lina Elfita, Irfan Nurfakhrurajab, Narti Fitriana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Relationship between Prescription Services and Patient Satisfaction Level at the Outpatient Installation of X Hospital, South Tangerang City
Prescription service is one of the pharmaceutical services that aims to improve patients' quality of life. Good service will increase patient satisfaction, affecting patients' quality of life. Patient satisfaction can be assessed by measuring elements of responsiveness, assurance, tangible, empathy, and reliability. This study aimed to determine the relationship between prescription services (waiting time) and the level of patient satisfaction at the outpatient installation of X Hospital, South Tangerang City. This study was an observational quantitative with a cross-sectional approach using a survey. The number of samples used was 382 respondents through the purposive sampling method. The data obtained were analyzed by univariate and bivariate analysis using SPSS version 22. The results showed that the level of patient satisfaction with the elements of responsiveness was 76.65%, assurance was 76.64%, tangibles was 75.28%, empathy was 76.60%, and reliability was 76.21%. Based on the results of the analysis using chi-square, there is a relationship between prescription services and the level of patient satisfaction at the outpatient installation of X Hospital, South Tangerang City with a p-value of 0.000 (p-value <0.05). This study can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between prescription services (waiting time) and the level of patient satisfaction in the outpatient installation of X Hospital, South Tangerang City.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suci Ahda Novitri, Alsyah Sholehah, Siti Yaenap, Rurynta Ferly Shavira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Optimasi dan Evaluasi Mikroemulsi Minyak Prepupa Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)
Hermetia illucens, commonly known as the Black Soldier Fly (BSF), is an insect rich in fatty acids and has potential for use as an active cosmetic ingredient, particularly for anti-aging applications. To ensure stability and achieve optimal efficacy, BSF prepupal oil was formulated into a microemulsion system. This study aimed to optimize the microemulsion formulation of BSF prepupal oil using a combination of Tween 80 as a surfactant and PEG 400, Pluronic 127, and ethanol as candidate of cosurfactants, and to evaluate its physicochemical characteristics and stability. The formulation process began with the selection of an appropriate surfactant–cosurfactant combination, followed by optimization of the selected surfactant–cosurfactant concentrations using the Simple Lattice Design method in Design Expert® 13 software. The optimized formulations were then evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, transmittance, globule size, and stability through temperature cycling and centrifugation tests. The results showed that the combination of Tween 80 and PEG 400 produced a stable microemulsion with high clarity. The optimal formulation (F12) consisted of 55.56% Tween 80, 22.22% PEG 400, and 11.11% BSF prepupal oil, exhibiting a transmittance of 98.30 ± 0.26%, a pH range of 5.19–5.70, a viscosity of 375 ± 0.54 cP, and a globule size of 550.71 ± 0.32 nm. This formulation remained stable under thermal stress and accelerated centrifugation without phase separation. Based on these findings, BSF prepupal oil can be effectively formulated into a stable microemulsion and shows potential for further development as an active cosmetic ingredient.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adhitya Jessica, Erizal Zaini, Nabila Maulidya Khairunnisa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Extraction of Polyphenol From Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale), and Aromatic Ginger (Kaempfeiria galanga l) Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Based On Choline Chloride and Sugar
Indonesia is a tropical country rich in biodiversity, including a wide variety of herbal plants. Herbs and spices are abundant in Indonesia and have been used in local customs since ancient times. Turmeric, ginger, and curcuma are rhizomes used as spices in Indonesian cooking and natural medicine. This study investigates the efficiency of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) synthesized from choline chloride and various sugars—fructose, glucose, maltose, and xylose in extracting polyphenolic compounds from Indonesian rhizomes: turmeric (Curcuma longa), red ginger (Zingiber officinale), and aromatic ginger (Kaempferia galanga L). The NADES were prepared using choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA). The hydrogen bond donor (HBD) is a sugar such as fructose, xylose, maltose, and glucose. The total phenolic content (TPC) was quantified and reported in mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract. Kaempferia galanga exhibited the highest TPC among the rhizomes, reaching 32.21 mg GAE/g when extracted with ChCl–Fructose NADES. Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale yield 20.05 mg GAE/g and 25.84 mg GAE/g under the same solvent conditions, respectively. When comparing the performance of the solvents, the following order was observed: ChCl–Fr > ChCl–Xyl > ChCl–Mal > ChCl–Glu. These findings suggest that solvent polarity and hydrogen bonding capacity significantly influence polyphenol solubility and extraction efficiency. NADES based on ChCl–Fructose showed the greatest potential for eco-friendly extraction of bioactive phenolics from medicinal rhizomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gina Maulia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Melindungi Konsumen Melalui Regulasi: Studi Kasus Sosialisasi Peraturan BPOM Tentang Batas Cemaran Kosmetik
This study evaluates the effectiveness of disseminating BPOM Regulation No. 16 of 2024 in enhancing stakeholder understanding and support for regulations designed to protect consumers from unsafe cosmetics. The regulation aims to align national standards with international ones; however, its implementation faces significant challenges. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, a survey was conducted with 528 participants in a hybrid-format dissemination program. The results indicate that the dissemination activities were effective, with an average evaluation score of 5.19 out of 6 for the regulation, and consumer protection aspects receiving the highest score (5.40). The implementation of the activities was rated as excellent (average score of 5.39), reflecting the organizers’ success in reaching a broad audience. However, challenges related to implementation costs were identified as barriers for MSMEs, which require technical guidance and operational support. The study concludes that the dissemination activities improved stakeholder preparedness, but successful implementation requires a collaborative approach involving technical assistance, adequate time allocation for discussions, and innovative delivery methods. These measures are crucial to support a safe and globally competitive Indonesian cosmetics industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamad Kashuri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Potensi Tanaman Sambung Nyawa (Gynura procumbens) Sebagai Antioksidan, Antitumor dan Antikanker: Tinjauan Pustaka
Abstrak: Gynura procumbens dikenal sebagai "Daun Dewa" atau "Sambung Nyawa," adalah tanaman obat yang tumbuh di Asia Tenggara, termasuk Indonesia. Tanaman ini digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional untuk mengatasi berbagai penyakit berkat kandungan senyawa aktifnya, seperti flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, tanin, rutin, kaempferol, serta dua zat antioksidan potensial, yaitu kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside dan astragalin. Gynura procumbens memiliki potensi sebagai agen antioksidan yang kuat, yang dapat melindungi sel-sel tubuh dari kerusakan akibat radikal bebas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi efektivitas Gynura procumbens dalam mengatasi kanker dan stres oksidatif. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literatur, didapatkan 34 referensi ilmiah relevan mengenai aktivitas antioksidan, antitumor, dan antikanker tanaman ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun ini memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang signifikan serta mampu menghambat proliferasi sel kanker, khususnya pada kanker payudara dan kolorektal. Temuan ini mengindikasikan potensi Gynura procumbens sebagai terapi alternatif dalam pencegahan dan pengobatan kanker, serta sebagai sumber antioksidan alami. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun ini memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang signifikan, dengan nilai IC50 rendah, menunjukkan kemampuannya dalam menangkap radikal bebas. Selain itu, Gynura procumbens juga menunjukkan efek antikanker dan antitumor yang menjanjikan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aulia Nurazizah, Waode Rahmah Audifa, Nasywa Aura Yudia Aslah, Ahmad Firdaus Nasution, Eka Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Identification Asthma Control Level And Its Factor Among Patient in A Tertiary Hospitals In Jakarta, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Poor asthma control level can result in mortality and morbidity in asthma patients. Therefore, it is important to detect it early and identify related factors. This was a cross-sectional study with data collection carried out in outpatient asthma patients in a tertiary hospital in Jakarta. The level of asthma control was measured using the Asthma Control TestTM (ACTTM) questionnaire. SPSS version 25 using Chi-Square Test was applied to determine risk factors that potentially associate with the level of asthma control. Forty-four patients met the criteria enrolled in this study. The results showed 43.2% of asthma patients were very uncontrolled, 27.4% of asthma patients were poorly controlled, and well-controlled asthma patients were 29.5%. There were not potential factor found to be associated with asthma control level of the patients. Keywords: Asthma, Asthma Control Level, Risk factors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tuti Wiyati Wiyati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Physical Stability Test and Total Phenolic Content Determination of Spray Gel Formulation with Ethanol 70% Melinjo Leaf (Gnetum gnemon L.) Extract with Combination of Carbopol 940 and HPMC as Gelling Agent
The stability of a pharmaceutical preparation is very important in formulation to ensure product efficacy and safety. This research aims to test the physical stability and total phenolic content of a spray gel preparation made from 70% ethanol extract of melinjo leaves (Gnetum gnemon L.) with a combination of Carbopol 940 and HPMC as gelling agents. Antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method, while total phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and expressed in gallic acid equivalents (mgGAE/g). The results analysis of total phenolic content in the 70% ethanol extract of melinjo leaves showed a value of 46.237 mg GAE/g. Meanwhile, the total phenolic content in the spray gel formulation of the 70% ethanol extract of melinjo leaves was recorded at 0.88 mg GAE/g."Based on evaluation, the best formula is a combination of Carbopol and Hidroxypropyl methylCellulosa, HPMC (0.4%:0.4%), but the stability test results show physical instability. Further modifications are required to produce a physically stable formula.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nelly Suryani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Formulation of sheet mask utilizing Pometia pinnata Fruit Peel Waste as Anti-Aging and Anti-Bacterial Agent in Facial Skin Carekin Care
Pometia pinnata fruit peel extract contains secondary metabolites, such as tannins, saponins, and flavonoids, which demonstrate both antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Despite the potential identified in matoa fruit peel, its utilization remains constrained. Consequently, there is a necessity for innovative approaches to unlock its latent capabilities. Universal desires for skin health and beauty exist among individuals. Nonetheless, various factors contribute to facial skin issues, including exposure to free radicals during outdoor activities. Recently, sheet masks have gained popularity as a hygiene and efficient method for facial care. Therefore, this study aims to incorporate matoa fruit peel as an active component in sheet masks. These masks will be formulated and subjected to tests measuring antioxidant activity using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method, as well as antibacterial activity through the disc diffusion method to assess inhibition zones against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The assessment encompasses organoleptic tests, pH measurement, homogeneity, and stability. Findings from the study reveal that the sheet mask formulation is slightly viscous, possessing a distinctive odor and a light brown color. The pH of the sheet mask formulation ranges between 5.3 and 5.15. The formulation exhibits homogeneity at both 3°C and room temperature. Stability is maintained with no observable changes in color, odor, or consistency at 3°C and room temperature. Additionally, there were no reported irritations by the 12 volunteers during the skin irritation test. Antioxidant testing demonstrates high activity, with inhibition percentages of 74.47% (1:1) and 42.68% (0.5:1). In contrast, antibacterial testing indicates moderate efficacy, with an inhibition zone of 5.8667 mm. The research affirms that the matoa fruit peel extract formulated in the sheet mask exhibits both antioxidant and antibacterial properties suitable for addressing acne in facial skincare.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vivi Anggia., M.Farm https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparative Utility of Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, and Docetaxel in Breast Cancer Treatment in West Sumatera.
The large number of breast cancer cases in Indonesia and the high cost of treatment cause the need for utility analysis. West Sumatra province ranks second with the highest prevalence of breast cancer in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the quality of life of breast cancer patients at the national referral hospital Dr. M. Djamil, West Sumatra, who underwent chemotherapy. This study used a cross-sectional design from January to April 2024. Data collection was done prospectively by filling out questionnaires at the Chemotherapy Unit. Utility value was obtained from filling out a questionnaire with the EQ-5D-5L instrument. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The data obtained was 47 respondents who received Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide chemotherapy regimen (24 respondents) and a Docetaxel chemotherapy regimen (23 respondents), all of whom met the inclusion criteria in this study. The average utility value obtained for the doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide regimes is 0.637, and the average utility value for the docetaxel regimen is 0.704. Age did not affect utility (p>0.05), while recent education, occupation, and patient origin affected utility (p<0.05). Both regimens provided similar perceived quality of life and overall health status as measured by utility and VAS scores, suggesting comparable patient-reported quality of life outcomes between these chemotherapy treatments.
Copyright (c) 2025 apt. Najmiatul Fitria, Ph.D, Intan Nur Rahmadani, Dita Permatasari, Fitri Handayani
A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study of Oral Dosage Form Administered in The Form of Suspension to ICU Patients at Hospital X
Patients in the intensive care unit were often very sick and had lost consciousness. Because they had trouble swallowing, individuals with reduced awareness frequently depended on enteral tubes (NGT) for their daily medical and nutritional requirements. Since not all medications were accessible in parenteral forms, patients who relied on enteral tubes often had issues, including drug stability. Many problems arose in clinical usage when the medication was crushed or suspended and put into the NGT, including drug obstruction in the enteral tube and a reduction in drug stability as a result of the dose form being altered, making the drug unstable. Thus, this study aimed to ascertain the stability of oral suspension medications given to intensive care unit patients. The medical records of intensive care unit patients who had received oral medication therapy at X Hospital in Jakarta were examined retrospectively using a cross-sectional, descriptive approach. According to the statistics, coated tablets accounted for 68% of the most frequently used oral medication preparations. It was highly likely that crushing the coated tablets and administering them via NGT had resulted in tube obstruction. Additionally, 59.26% of the medications used had exhibited hygroscopic qualities, and several had been readily hydrolyzed. Based on these findings, it was concluded that oral medications, particularly crushed-coated tablets, could negatively affect drug stability. Active substances with hygroscopic properties and those prone to hydrolysis were also identified as potential contributors to instability.
Aktivitas Antibakteri Sediaan Masker Gel Peel Off Ekstrak Mentimun (Cucumis Sativus) Dan Tomat (Solanum Lycopersicum) Terhadap Staphylococcus Epidermidis
Acne is a disease that can be caused by bacteria, one of which is Staphylococcus epidermidis. Acne can be treated with active compounds derived from natural ingredients such as cucumbers and tomatoes. Gel masks peel off. This study aims to determine the average diameter of the inhibition zone, the difference in the average diameter of the inhibition zone, and the antibacterial activity of the peel-off from a mixture of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) with a concentration of 5%, 10 %, 15%, 20% against Staphylococcus epidermidis. This experimental study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of one factor and 6 levels. The results showed that the average diameter of the inhibition zone of the anti-acne peel-off gel mask preparation of cucumber and tomato extracts against Staphylococcus epidermidis at a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% were 16.38 mm, respectively. ; 24.88 mm; 29.88 mm and 34.88 mm. There was a significant difference in the average diameter of the inhibition zone of the peel off mixture of cucumber and tomato extracts with a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%; against Staphylococcus epidermidis. gel mask preparation peels off from a mixture of cucumber and tomato extracts against Staphylococcus epidermidis at a concentration of 5%, 10% concentration, 15% concentration and 20% concentration, namely strong, very strong, very strong and very strong.