Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ)
type: channel
description: PBSJ is an official peer-reviewed, open-access journal managed by the Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. The journal publishes original research articles, reviews, and short communications in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical, and Biomedical Sciences (Bahasa Indonesia & English).
publisher: Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia
language: en
publication name: Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ)
issn: 2715-2979
items: Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotik pada Pasien Pneumonia Komunitas Menggunakan Metode Gyssens
items: Comparative Phytochemical Evaluation of Indonesian Single-Origin Arabica Coffees: Caffeine, Total Phenolic Content, and DPPH Antioxidant Activity
items: Assessing Patient Satisfaction and Sociodemographic Determinants in Outpatient Pharmaceutical Care
items: Optimization of Fermentation Time Enhances the Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Activities of Tea Kombucha Cascara from Pagar Alam Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora)
items: Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Garcinia dioica Blume Stem Bark Extracts
items: Formation of Silver Nanoparticles Using Phyllantus buxifolius Leaf Extract and Its Antioxidant Activity
items: Enhancing Dissolution of Febuxostat: Novel Febuxostat–Syringic Acid Multicomponent Crystals via Liquid-Assisted Grinding
items: Pendekatan Molecular Docking dalam Metode Penemuan Obat Berbasis Struktur: Sebuah Tinjauan
items: Perilaku Manajemen Diri dan Profil Temperamen pada Karyawan Universitas Prediabetes: Studi Kuantitatif Deskriptif
items: Anti-Anemia Effect of Red Beetroot and Roselle Extract Combination with NaNO2 Induction in White Rats
items: Korelasi Pengetahuan dengan Perilaku Pasien dalam Penggunaan NSAIDs untuk Swamedikasi Nyeri di Apotek
items: Perbandingan Kadar Hesperidin pada Beberapa Kulit Jeruk Menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis
items: Model Konseptual Pendidikan Farmasi Berbasis Worldview Islam dan Tibb Nabawi
items: Quantitative Evaluation of Antibiotic Utilization Using the ATC/DDD and DU90% Methods and Length of Hospital Stay Among Pediatric and Adult Pneumonia Patients in Bima
items: Hydrating Balm Serum Minyak Cendana (Santalum album L.) dan Minyak Zaitun (Olea europaea) untuk Meningkatkan Kelembapan Kulit
items: Peran Tenaga Kefarmasian Dalam Pelayanan Penyakit Faringitis Di Apotek Wilayah X Propinsi Banten
items: QSAR Analysis and ADMET Prediction of Tamoxifen Derivatives Using LFER Hansch Model
items: Exploration and Inventory of Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Medicinal Plants in Ternate: Tracing the Traditional Pharmacy Heritage of the Spice Islands
items: Most Probable Number (MPN) Coliform of Jamu Gendong Beras Kencur in Traditional Markets in Sukoharjo Region
items: Comparative Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Aceclofenac-Saccharin in Mice Granuloma Model
items: The Effect of Administration Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C.Chr Extract on Total Bilirubin Levels and Hepatosomatic Index Values of Ethanol-Induced Rats
items: Studi Awal: Identifikasi Keragaman Bakteri Saliva Wanita Usia Lanjut Menggunakan Teknologi 16S rRNA Sequencing Oxford Nanopore
items: Formulation and Antioxidant Evaluation of Clay Masks Containing Robusta Coffee Pulp Extract
items: Pengaruh Beberapa Jenis Praperlakuan Terhadap Peningkatan Rendemen Hidrodistilasi Minyak Atsiri Gaharu
items: Analisis Kandungan Hidrokuinon dan Niasinamid pada Krim Pemutih Racikan di Klinik Kecantikan Wilayah Bekasi Selatan
items: Hubungan Kepatuhan Minum Obat Amlodipin Dengan Kualitas Hidup Pasien Hipertensi Pada Dokter Praktik Perorangan Di Ranah Batahan Kabupaten Pasaman Baratabupaten Pasaman Barat
items: Korelasi Tingkat Pengetahuan denngan Perilaku Swamedikasi Obat Analgesik di Masyarakat Semper Barat, Jakarta Utara
items: Impact of National Antibiotic Guideline Implementation on Meropenem Utilization in a Teaching Hospital in Bengkulu, Indonesia
items: The Effect of Gelatin and Propylene Glycol on the Penetration Rate of Asiaticoside from Centella asiatica (L.) Urb Leaf Extract Geleaf Extract Gel
items: Studi Farmakologi Ikan Zebra sebagai Model Obesitas dan Hiperglikemia: Pengembangan Induksi Diet-Induced Obesity

Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotik pada Pasien Pneumonia Komunitas Menggunakan Metode Gyssens
type: item
description: Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally, including in Indonesia. Irrational antibiotic use among pneumonia patients can promote the development of antibiotic resistance, elevate treatment expenses, and adversely affect clinical outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the rationality of antibiotic use among patients with community-acquired pneumonia in the internal medicine inpatient ward of a government hospital in Padang City, West Sumatra, using the Gyssens method. This study employed a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional design from January to March 2025. A total of 29 patients were selected based on the inclusion criteria. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were third-generation cephalosporins (especially ceftriaxone and cefixime), macrolides (azithromycin), and fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin). The results showed that 18 patients (62.07%) used antibiotics rationally (category 0), while 11 patients (37.93%) used antibiotics irrationally in categories IIIa (17.24%), IIa (17.24%), and I (3.45%). There still needs to be better monitoring of antibiotic use by healthcare workers to improve the accuracy of antibiotic choices for patients.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dwi Aulia Zahra
creator: Rezlie Bellatasie
creator: Putri Ramadhani
creator: Widya Kardela
creator: Wulan Panduwi Melasari
creator: Hendri Satria Kamal Uyun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Aulia Zahra, Rezlie Bellatasie, Putri Ramadhani, Widya Kardela, Wulan Panduwi Melasari, Hendri Satria Kamal Uyun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 103
ending page: 109
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.51659

Comparative Phytochemical Evaluation of Indonesian Single-Origin Arabica Coffees: Caffeine, Total Phenolic Content, and DPPH Antioxidant Activity
type: item
description: Coffee (Coffea arabica) is a globally significant commodity, and Indonesia's diverse archipelagic geography produces beans with distinct origin-associated characteristics. Although the antioxidant properties of coffee are well-documented, the influence of specific geographical origins on its secondary metabolites is less understood. This study aims to investigate the variations in Total Phenolic Content (TPC), caffeine concentration, and antioxidant activity (IC50) across eight prominent Indonesian single-origin Arabica coffees: Aceh Gayo, Ciwidey, Papua Wamena, Bali Kintamani, Kerinci, Toraja, Bajawa, and Temanggung. Utilizing standardized medium-roast samples and ethanolic extraction, the phytochemical profiles were quantified and statistically analyzed via one-way ANOVA and linear regression. The results revealed significant variations (p < 0.001) across all measured parameters based on geographical origin. High-altitude coffees, specifically from Ciwidey and Papua, exhibited the highest TPC (up to 42.72 mg GAE/g) and the most potent antioxidant activity (IC50 of 40.15 ppm and 44.90 ppm, respectively). Conversely, Temanggung coffee, cultivated at lower elevations with nutrient-rich volcanic soil, demonstrated the highest caffeine concentration (1.31%) but the lowest TPC and antioxidant capacity. A strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.793) between TPC and antioxidant activity confirms that phenolic compounds are the primary drivers of radical scavenging efficacy. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that geographical origin significantly shapes the chemical profile and antioxidant capacity of Indonesian Arabica coffees, providing a practical scientific framework for origin authentication and quality evaluation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ahmad Dzaky Mualim
creator: Fitria Puspita
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Dzaky Mualim, Fitria Puspita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 146
ending page: 156
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.51354

Assessing Patient Satisfaction and Sociodemographic Determinants in Outpatient Pharmaceutical Care
type: item
description: Abstract: Patient satisfaction is an important indicator of pharmaceutical service quality, reflecting the interaction between healthcare providers and patients. The shift from drug-oriented to patient-oriented care requires healthcare professionals to improve service quality to meet patient needs and expectations. This study aimed to evaluate patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services at the Outpatient Pharmacy of Semen Padang Hospital and its relationship with sociodemographic characteristics, including gender, age, education, occupation, and payment type. This study used a descriptive quantitative method with a cross-sectional approach using the Larson questionnaire as the research instrument. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square and Spearman tests. The study involved 391 patients who met the inclusion criteria at the Outpatient Pharmacy of Semen Padang Hospital. Most respondents were female (67.3%), adults (81.1%), had a high school education (37.1%), were unemployed (65.7%), and used BPJS insurance (82.1%). Overall, patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services was categorized as “satisfied” with a mean score of 3.87. The Friendly Explanation dimension showed a higher score (3.95) than the Managing Therapy dimension (3.77). Gender, age, and occupation did not affect patient satisfaction (p>0.05), while education and payment type affected patient satisfaction (p<0.05). Overall, patients at the Outpatient Pharmacy of Semen Padang Hospital were satisfied with the pharmaceutical services provided, indicating good service quality and positive patient perceptions toward pharmaceutical care. Keywords: Outpatient Pharmacy, Patient Satisfaction, Pharmacy Services, Sociodemographic Characteristics
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dian Ayu Juwita
creator: Chofifah Putri Isnania Syaiful
creator: Dita Permatasari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dian Ayu Juwita, Chofifah Putri Isnania Syaiful, Dita Permatasari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.51282

Optimization of Fermentation Time Enhances the Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Activities of Tea Kombucha Cascara from Pagar Alam Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora)
type: item
description: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ia1-repmtPyigOvKg4lqXogtL4Rl0h1P/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=117864675563898028088&rtpof=true&sd=true
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Eka Putri
creator: Lina Elfita
creator: Hendri Adrat
creator: Fathul Majidi
creator: Fadhlika Putri Vihanda
creator: Aulia Amira
creator: Zulaila Hunafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 eka putri syafiri, Lina Elfita, Hendri Adrat, Fathul Majidi, Fadhlika Putri Vihanda, Aulia Amira, Zulaila Hunafa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 157
ending page: 170
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.51260

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Garcinia dioica Blume Stem Bark Extracts
type: item
description: Garcinia dioica Blume, locally known as asam kandis, is a member of the Garcinia genus, which is recognized as an important source of xanthones, a class of polyphenolic compounds associated with diverse biological activities. Previous studies have demonstrated that xanthones possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of G. dioica stem bark extracts. The antioxidant analyzes with DPPH method and the cytotoxic activities with BSLT method. Asam kandis stems were extracted in stages with hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. All extracts exhibited very strong antioxidant activity compared to vitamin C, with an IC50 of 3.86. The 96% ethanol extract showed the highest activity (IC₅₀ 10.59 ppm; AAI 1.89), followed by n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts with IC50 of 12.96 and 20.04 ppm. The cytotoxic activity of ethyl acetate was proven to provide significant results, followed by ethanol and hexane extracts with LC50 of 30.50 ppm, 37.68 ppm, and 59.10 ppm, respectively. These results indicate that the bark of Garcinia dioica exhibits significant antioxidant and cytotoxic activity, suggesting its potential for further research as a source of anticancer compounds.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: antioxidant
  topic: keywords
subject: cytotoxic
  topic: keywords
subject: stem bark
  topic: keywords
subject: Garcinia dioica
  topic: keywords
creator: Vivi Anggia., M.Farm
creator: Hendri Aldrat
creator: Arsha Waniza Rusdi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Vivi Anggia., M.Farm, Hendri Aldrat, Arsha Waniza Rusdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 137
ending page: 145
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.50813

Formation of Silver Nanoparticles Using Phyllantus buxifolius Leaf Extract and Its Antioxidant Activity
type: item
description: Green synthesis is an approach for producing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that more popular because the use of bioreductor, making it safer and more eco-friendly. The use of Phyllanthus buxifolius as a source of reducing and stabilizing agents in the formation of AgNPs and its contribution to antioxidant activity is still limited. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize AgNPs using P. buxifolius leaf extract and evaluate its antioxidant activity. The leaves of P. buxifolius were extracted using ethanol in a 1:10 ratio through maceration, then followed by solvent evaporation using a rotary evaporator. AgNO3 was mixed with a 10% P. buxifolius leaf extract solution. The UV-Vis spectrum was analyzed at wavelengths ranging from 400 to 800 nm. Particle size, morphology, functional groups, and crystal structure of AgNPs were characterized. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method to determine the IC50, with ascorbic acid as the reference standard. To confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles, a color change from colorless to brown were observed. These nanoparticles exhibited a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak at 420 nm, were non-spherical with the particle size around 50 nm, and showed a crystalline structure. Additionally, the silver nanoparticles synthesized with P. buxifolius extract demonstrated comparable antioxidant activity to standard ascorbic acid, indicating their potential to be developed as antioxidant agents for health and therapeutic uses.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dini Hanifa
creator: Purnawan Pontana Putra
creator: Akmal Djamaan
creator: Marta Aulia Zahra
creator: Maharani Auliasanrah Siregar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dini Hanifa, Purnawan Pontana Putra, Akmal Djamaan, Marta Aulia Zahra, Maharani Auliasanrah Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 91
ending page: 102
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.50647

Enhancing Dissolution of Febuxostat: Novel Febuxostat–Syringic Acid Multicomponent Crystals via Liquid-Assisted Grinding
type: item
description: Gout is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joints, and its global prevalence continues to increase. Febuxostat, a selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor, serves as an alternative therapy for patients who cannot tolerate allopurinol. Although effective, its clinical performance is limited by very low aqueous solubility and slow dissolution due to its Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II characteristics. Enhancing its solubility is therefore essential to improve oral absorption. This study aimed to prepare and characterize a febuxostat–syringic acid multicomponent crystal using the liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) method and to evaluate its impact on dissolution behavior. Multicomponent crystals were prepared using various molar ratios and optimized based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results. Further characterization was conducted using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dissolution studies were conducted with three replicates (n=3) in phosphate–citrate buffer pH 5.5 containing 1% sodium lauryl sulfate followed by HPLC analysis. The formation of a multicomponent crystal was evidenced by a reduced melting point and decreased peak intensity, along with distinct diffraction patterns indicating lower crystallinity compared to the febuxostat and syringic acid components. FTIR analysis revealed shifts in the absorption of wave numbers, while SEM showed smaller and rougher particles, indicating improved wettability. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA showed that the febuxostat–syringic acid multicomponent crystal demonstrated significantly enhanced dissolution (99.21% at 60 minutes) compared with pure febuxostat (76.00% at 60 minutes) (p < 0.05). The febuxostat–syringic acid multicomponent crystal prepared via the LAG method improved the physicochemical characteristics and dissolution performanc…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Gita Sri Fitri
creator: Lili Fitriani
creator: Erizal Zaini
creator: Adhitya Jessica
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Gita Sri Fitri, Lili Fitriani, Erizal Zaini, Adhitya Jessica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 128
ending page: 136
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.50282

Pendekatan Molecular Docking dalam Metode Penemuan Obat Berbasis Struktur: Sebuah Tinjauan
type: item
description: Molecular docking is one of the most widely used computational techniques in computer-aided drug design (CADD) for predicting ligand binding modes and relative binding affinities toward target proteins. Although binding affinity is frequently used to evaluate docking performance, the success of molecular docking cannot be determined by a single parameter. Instead, predictive accuracy depends on the integration of multiple interrelated methodological factors. This review discusses the fundamental principles, methodologies, validation strategies, and interpretation of molecular docking in the context of structure-based drug discovery. The topics covered include protein structure quality, conformational search algorithms, scoring functions, docking workflows, and protein–ligand interaction analysis. This review highlights that the accuracy of molecular docking relies on the integration of all methodological stages, from protein structure selection to validation and result interpretation. It provides a comprehensive overview of molecular docking as an effective tool for initial screening and hypothesis generation in structure-based drug discovery prior to further validation using molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: molecular docking
  topic: keywords
subject: hit identification
  topic: keywords
subject: drug design
  topic: keywords
subject: CADD
  topic: keywords
subject: virtual screening
  topic: keywords
creator: Adha Dastu Illahi
creator: Tifany Maulida Candra
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Adha Dastu Illahi, Tifany Maulida Candra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 110
ending page: 127
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.50146

Perilaku Manajemen Diri dan Profil Temperamen pada Karyawan Universitas Prediabetes: Studi Kuantitatif Deskriptif
type: item
description: This descriptive study (n = 39) investigated diabetes self‑management Questionnaire (DSMQ) and temperament profiles among university employees with prediabetes risk. DSMQ subscales (glucose management, dietary control, physical activity, healthcare use) were assessed alongside 75‑g OGTT categories (IFG/IGT) using ADA‑standard definitions. Most participants had low DSMQ scores (79.5%), with dietary control and physical activity as the weakest domains. Overweight/obesity was highly prevalent (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m²; 85%), and routine check‑ups were infrequent. BMI correlated with prediabetes (r = 0.436; p = 0.005) and hypertension (r = 0.466; p = 0.003). Dominant temperament was associated with 2‑hour plasma glucose during OGTT (ρ = 0.321; p = 0.045), whereas subdominant temperament was not significant (ρ = 0.285; p = 0.071). We clarified DSMQ structure (16 items; reverse‑coded items; sum scale) and standardized IFG/IGT/75‑g OGTT terms in line with ADA 2025. Findings highlight the need for workplace multicomponent programs integrating nutrition education, structured physical activity, weight management, and temperament‑informed counseling. Limitations include descriptive design (n = 39), purposive sampling, potential confounding, and the non‑causal nature of correlations. In settings with low health service utilization, pragmatic screening and regular follow‑up combined with personalized behavior change strategies may help prevent progression to type 2 diabetes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: BMI
  topic: keywords
subject: DSMQ
  topic: keywords
subject: prediabetes
  topic: keywords
subject: self-management
  topic: keywords
subject: temperament
  topic: keywords
subject: university employees
  topic: keywords
creator: Barita Juliano Siregar
creator: Almahdy A
creator: Dedy Almasdy
creator: Ofa Suzanti betha
creator: Edi Rohaedi
creator: Rafly Syah Putra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Barita Juliano Siregar, Almahdy A, Dedy Almasdy, Ofa Suzanti betha, Edi Rohaedi, Rafly Syah Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 248
ending page: 260
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.47019

Anti-Anemia Effect of Red Beetroot and Roselle Extract Combination with NaNO2 Induction in White Rats
type: item
description: Anemia remains a major global health problem characterized by reduced erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit levels, often resulting from iron deficiency and oxidative stress. Plant-based alternatives with proven hematological efficacy offer promising therapeutic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-anemic effect of combined red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extracts in sodium nitrite (NaNO₂)-induced anemic rats and to determine the most effective combination ratio. The extracts were prepared by maceration using 70% ethanol. Twenty-four female Sprague Dawley rats (±200 g body weight (BW) were randomly divided into six groups: negative control (Na-CMC), positive control (blood supplement tablet), roselle flower extract (40 mg/200 g BW), and three combination groups consisting of beetroot–roselle extracts at ratios of 1:2 (90 mg + 80 mg/200 g BW), 2:1 (180 mg + 40 mg/200 g BW), and 1:1 (90 mg + 40 mg/200 g BW). Anemia was induced using NaNO₂ for 14 days, followed by oral treatment for another 14 days. Hematological parameters, including erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit value, were measured on days 0, 7, and 14 of treatment. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s post hoc test (p < 0.05). NaNO₂ induction significantly reduced erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels, confirming successful anemia induction. All treatment groups showed significant hematological improvement compared to the negative control (P<0.05). Roselle extract alone produced the highest hemoglobin increase (84.1%), whereas combination treatments resulted in greater erythrocyte recovery. The beetroot–roselle combination at a 2:1 ratio demonstrated the most balanced improvement across erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit parameters. In conclusion, the combination of beetroot and roselle extracts exhibited synergistic anti-anemia activity, likely associated with enhanc…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Nina Herlina
creator: Moerfiah
creator: Nadya Putri Utamai
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nina Herlina, Moerfiah, Nadya Putri Utamai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-26
publication date: 2026-06-26
starting page: 21
ending page: 32
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.49813

Korelasi Pengetahuan dengan Perilaku Pasien dalam Penggunaan NSAIDs untuk Swamedikasi Nyeri di Apotek
type: item
description: The use of drugs for self-medication without proper knowledge and behavior can have a negative impact. This study explores the relationship between knowledge and behavior of patients self-medicating for pain at Serang City pharmacies. This study adopted cross-sectional research and sampling using purposive sampling. The level of knowledge and behavior was assessed using a questionnaire. This study included a total of 222 respondents (age 18-59 years) who were using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain and had taken them for the previous 3 months. The analysis of the relationship between knowledge and behavior was measured using the Spearman rho test. The results of showed a sufficient level of knowledge of the respondents (59.9%) with responsible behavior (57.2%). Spearman rho correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between knowledge and behavior with a fairly strong correlation value (r = 0.715) in a positive direction. The higher the knowledge in self-medication, the better the behavior will be.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Zainul Islam
creator: Lulu Isra Safira
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zainul Islam, Lulu Isra Safira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 261
ending page: 268
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.49682

Perbandingan Kadar Hesperidin pada Beberapa Kulit Jeruk Menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis
type: item
description: Orange peel is a high-potential agro-waste and a rich natural source of hesperidin, a flavonoid compound with multiple health benefits, yet comparative data on hesperidin level across different citrus varieties are still limited. This study aimed to compare the yield and content of hesperidin among different citrus peels and to evaluate the reliability of UV-Vis spectroscopy for its quantification determination. Peels from Medan orange (C. sinensis), baby Java (C. sinensis), key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia), jeruk limo (C. amblicarpa), and kaffir lime (C. hystrix). Samples were extracted through a tiered Soxhletation process with n-hexane and methanol solvents, followed by acidification and crystallization to obtain hesperidin. Characterization was carried out using melting point analysis and thin-layer chromatography, while hesperidin content was determined with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of 283 nm. The results showed that citrus species significantly affected hesperidin yield and content, with with baby Java orange peel producing the highest amount (5.72%), followed by Medan orange (3.98%), lime (0.46%), jeruk limo (0.37%), and kaffir lime (0.16%). The UV-Vis spectrophotometry method proved reliable, showing linearity (r² = 0.998), accuracy (82.00%), and precision (%RSD = 0.964%). Content analysis confirmed that baby Java orange peel isolate had the highest hesperidin concentration (11.59 ppm, purity 86.14%) among other orange peel isolates compared to standard pure hesperidin. These findings highlight the variability of hesperidin content among citrus species and emphasize the importance of raw material selection for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical application.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: agro-industrial waste
  topic: keywords
subject: citrus flavonoids
  topic: keywords
subject: layered soxhlet extraction
  topic: keywords
subject: nutraceuticals
  topic: keywords
subject: thin-layer chromatography
  topic: keywords
creator: Farhan Rassya Fadhilah
creator: Vivi Anggia
creator: Priyanti Priyanti
creator: Hendri Aldrat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fadhilah, Anggia, Priyanti, Hendri Aldrat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 236
ending page: 247
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.49051

Model Konseptual Pendidikan Farmasi Berbasis Worldview Islam dan Tibb Nabawi
type: item
description: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of purified gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.), vitamin C, and their combination on AST levels in male mice subjected to maximal physical activity. Twenty-five male albino mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=5/group): normal control, maximal physical activity control, purified gambir 200 mg/kg body weight + maximal physical activity, vitamin C 65 mg/kg body weight + maximal physical activity, and a combination of purified gambir 100 mg/kg body weight and vitamin C 32.5 mg/kg body weight + maximal physical activity. Treatments were administered orally for 7 days. On day 8, maximal physical activity was induced by forced swimming for approximately 15 min. Serum AST levels were measured photometrically at 340 nm. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, Levene’s test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and exploratory Mann-Whitney U test. The mean serum AST levels in Groups I, II, III, IV, and V were 141.4 ± 5.98, 146.6 ± 6.88, 122.6 ± 14.26, 124.8 ± 9.96, and 118.8 ± 6.46 IU/L, respectively. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant overall difference among groups (p=0.007). Descriptively, the purified gambir, vitamin C, and combination groups showed lower AST levels than the maximal physical activity group. The combination group showed the lowest mean AST level; however, no significant difference was found between the combination group and the single-treatment groups in exploratory pairwise analysis. Purified gambir, vitamin C, and their combination were associated with lower serum AST levels in male mice subjected to maximal physical activity compared with the physical activity-only group. Although the combination treatment showed the lowest mean AST level, its statistical superiority over purified gambir alone or vitamin C alone was not demonstrated. These findings suggest a potential protective effect against exercise-associated tissue stress, although further studies using larger sample sizes and more specific biomarkers…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Adab
  topic: keywords
subject: Holistic health paradigm
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic worldview
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamization of knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Pharmacy education
  topic: keywords
creator: Ofa Suzanti Betha
creator: Maemunah Sa'diyah
creator: Budi Handrianto
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ofa Suzanti Betha, Maemunah Sa'diyah, Budi Handrianto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 41
ending page: 58
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.49190

Quantitative Evaluation of Antibiotic Utilization Using the ATC/DDD and DU90% Methods and Length of Hospital Stay Among Pediatric and Adult Pneumonia Patients in Bima
type: item
description: The primary treatment modality for pneumonia is antibiotic therapy, yet improper use can accelerate bacterial resistance and diminish therapeutic effectiveness. The study aims to evaluate the patterns of antibiotic utilization among hospitalized pediatric and adult patients with pneumonia in a hospital in Bima City, as well as to examine the factors influencing the length of hospital stay during the period of January to August 2020. The evaluation employed the WHO ATC/DDD methodology combined with DU 90% analysis using a descriptive cross-sectional design. Data were obtained retrospectively from medical records, and total sampling. A total of 95 patients met the inclusion criteria, representing all age categories with complete and legible documentation. Quantitative analysis showed that the total antibiotic consumption in pediatric patients reached 39.27 DDD per 100 patient-days, while in adult patients it reached 121.26 DDD per 100 patient-days. Ceftriaxone was the antibiotic with the highest DDD value in pediatric patients and adult patients, with 19.53 and 98.00 DDD/100 patient-days respectively. In the pediatric group, antibiotics within the DU 90 percent segment comprised ceftriaxone, gentamicin, cefotaxime, and azithromycin, whereas in adults, the DU 90 percent segment included ceftriaxone and azithromycin. A total of 97.6 percent of prescriptions were aligned with the hospital formulary. The bivariate analysis indicates that the presence of comorbidities is significantly associated with the length of hospital stay among pneumonia patients (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, patient age and nutritional status did not show a significant association (p > 0.05). Overall, the findings demonstrate a predominance of ceftriaxone use in the management of pneumonia in the hospital. These results highlight the importance of ongoing quantitative surveillance to monitor prescribing trends, and support implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs to minimize resistance risk and…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Jihan Istiqomah
creator: Azrifitria
creator: Marvel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jihan Istiqomah, Azrifitria , MSi, Marvel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 182
ending page: 191
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.49345

Hydrating Balm Serum Minyak Cendana (Santalum album L.) dan Minyak Zaitun (Olea europaea) untuk Meningkatkan Kelembapan Kulit
type: item
description: Dry skin is associated with barrier dysfunction and decreased hydration of the stratum corneum. Santalum album and Olea europaea contain bioactive compounds that function as emollients and occlusives. A serum balm formulation with a high concentration of active ingredients has the potential to effectively restore skin moisture. This study aimed to determine the optimal composition of a serum balm formula, identify the physical characteristics and stability of the formulation using the cycling test method, and evaluate the moisturizing effectiveness of a serum balm containing sandalwood oil and olive oil. The method involved formulating a serum balm with varying concentrations of sandalwood oil as the active ingredient, followed by evaluation of physical characteristics including organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, and adhesiveness. Stability testing was conducted using the cycling test method by storing the preparation at 4°C for 24 hours and then transferring it to room temperature (25°C) for another 24 hours. The effectiveness test was performed using an in vitro occlusivity method. The results showed that the serum balm formulations were homogeneously distributed, had a pH of approximately 5, spreadability of 3.2–3.6 cm, and adhesiveness ranging from 9–22 seconds. The physical stability test indicated that the formulations met the required standards, and the moisturizing effectiveness ranged from 30–62%. In conclusion, the most optimal formula was F5 with 10% sandalwood oil, as it demonstrated the highest moisturizing activity at 61.095% before the cycling test and 54.965% after the cycling test, while also fulfilling the required physical characteristics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Balm serum
  topic: keywords
subject: moisture
  topic: keywords
subject: olive oil
  topic: keywords
subject: sandalwood oil
  topic: keywords
creator: Vica Aspadiah
creator: Astrid Indalifiany
creator: Suryani Suryani
creator: Nur Illiyyin Akib
creator: Rahmat Muliadi
creator: Wa Ode Sitti Aminah Basri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Vica Aspadiah, Astrid Indalifiany, Suryani Suryani, Nur Illiyyin Akib, Rahmat Muliadi, Wa Ode Sitti Aminah Basri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 59
ending page: 90
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v8i1.49347

Peran Tenaga Kefarmasian Dalam Pelayanan Penyakit Faringitis Di Apotek Wilayah X Propinsi Banten
type: item
description: Pharyngitis, or sore throat inflammation, is a disease generally caused by a virus and can heal on its own within a few days. However, symptoms such as pain when swallowing can cause discomfort for patients. Patients often come to the pharmacy to get medication without first consulting a doctor. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of pharmacists in region X in Banten province in providing pharmaceutical services to patients who come with complaints of sore throat. This study is a cross-sectional study using a survey method. Data collection methods were carried out using two methods, the first is participatory observation where researchers and observers acted as patients visiting selected pharmacies by conveying the complaints in question based on the scenario created. The second method was conducting interviews with pharmaceutical personnel at pharmacies in one of the selected areas who met the specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the study showed that in the patient simulation method: methyl prednisolone was the most frequently prescribed drug (52%), followed by lozenges containing dequalinium chloride (32%), the most frequently asked questions by pharmaceutical personnel when assessing patients were the symptoms experienced (63%) followed by the patient's age (53%). Meanwhile, in the interview method, lozenges containing dequalinium chloride were the most frequently prescribed medication (78%), followed by methylprednisolone (46%). The most frequently asked questions during patient assessment were the patient's age (98%), followed by the duration of symptoms experienced (96%). The drug's usage information was the most frequently conveyed information in both methods. The patient assessment process and drug information provided to patients in the interview method were better than in the simulated patient method. In general, pharmaceutical services provided by pharmacists to patients with sore throat problems are still not optima…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Yardi Saibi
creator: Suci Ahda Novitri
creator: Erza Agustia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yardi Ph.D, Apt, suci ahda Novitri, Erza Agustia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 229
ending page: 235
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.49343

QSAR Analysis and ADMET Prediction of Tamoxifen Derivatives Using LFER Hansch Model
type: item
description: Tamoxifen is a pharmaceutical compound that can be widely used in the therapeutic regimen for breast cancer, particularly for postmenopausal women. Nevertheless, this clinical efficacy is frequently diminished and limited due to the emergence of drug resistance and heterogeneous therapeutic impacts with different degrees of severity. This has led to the discovery of structurally connected compounds that are more effective than tamoxifen. The current research study describes QSAR modeling and predicting the ADMET parameters of tamoxifen derivatives for the treatment of breast cancer. SPSS software was used for analysis of multiple linear regression and found the pIC50 = -0.059CLogP + 0.759LUMO - 0.011MR + 3.444. Model validation yielded R = 0.921, R² = 0.848 and Q² = 0.651, which suggests high predictability. The most important characteristic being LUMO energy, the second most important descriptor was followed by CLogP and MR. The ADMET prediction showed high intestinal absorption values (HIA > 90%) and satisfactory permeability over skin. Water solubility was impaired but also low. The metabolism of compounds seemed to predominantly occur via CYP3A4 enzyme. However, LD50 values were of acceptable size, ranging from 324 to 3000 mg/kg (within the safety profile). The findings of this work will thus show help in designing anticancer tamoxifen derivative products with the least toxicity. Additional structural optimization is advocated to achieve maximal therapeutic benefit and least toxicity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ADMET
  topic: keywords
subject: breast cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: drug design
  topic: keywords
subject: QSA
  topic: keywords
creator: Andzar Fikranus Shofa
creator: Rawwdha Luthfi Nur Muhammad
creator: Norma Adityaningsih Prameswari
creator: Sendi Handika Putra
creator: Aisyah Afifah Setiawan
creator: Dhia Salsabila Rizki
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Andzar Fikranus Shofa, Rawwdha Luthfi Nur Muhammad, Norma Adityaningsih Prameswari, Sendi Handika Putra, Aisyah Afifah Setiawan, Dhia Salsabila Rizki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 192
ending page: 202
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.49191

Exploration and Inventory of Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Medicinal Plants in Ternate: Tracing the Traditional Pharmacy Heritage of the Spice Islands
type: item
description: The ethnobotanical wisdom of the Ternate community represents a rich heritage of traditional healing practices that are deeply rooted in the interaction between people and nature. However, the modernization of the healthcare system and cultural shifts have increasingly threatened the continuity of this indigenous knowledge. This study aimed to explore and inventory the ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants traditionally used in the Ternate region as part of an effort to preserve the traditional pharmacy legacy of the Spice Islands. Data were collected through field-observations, semi-structured interviews with traditional healers, local residents, and plant specimen documentation. A purposive sample of 29 traditional healers was recruited for this study, based on their presumed expertise in medicinal plant knowledge. The study identified 70 medicinal plant species belonging to 40 families, which are empirically used to treat common ailments such as fever, digestive disorders, wounds, insomnia, diabetes mellitus, and urinary stones. Leaves were the most frequently used plant part (approximately 64%) followed by roots and barks, with decocting being the dominant preparation method. Several endemic species have demonstrated pharmacological potential, consistent with findings in contemporary scientific literature, indicating promising opportunities for bioprospecting. This research highlights that preserving ethnobotanical knowledge is not merely a cultural duty but also a scientific imperative for sustainable natural product development rooted in Ternate’s local wisdom.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ethnobotany
  topic: keywords
subject: exploration
  topic: keywords
subject: medicinal plants
  topic: keywords
subject: ternate
  topic: keywords
subject: traditional pharmacy heritage
  topic: keywords
creator: Lina Elfita
creator: Hijria Abd Gani
creator: Ismiarni Komala
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lina Elfita, Hijria Abd Gani, apt. Ismiarni Komala, Ph.D https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 269
ending page: 279
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.49235

Most Probable Number (MPN) Coliform of Jamu Gendong Beras Kencur in Traditional Markets in Sukoharjo Region
type: item
description: : One of the traditional medicines that is very popular with the public is the jamu gendong beras kencur. The safety of traditional medicine products (herbal medicine) is a demand that has been put forward since the emergence of human health problems due to microorganism contamination, such as coliform. This study aims to determine Coliform bacteria contamination in jamu gendong beras kencur in traditional markets in the Sukoharjo area. The method used in this study is the MPN (Most Probable Number) method, which consists of two stages, namely the Presumptive Test and the Confirmed Test. The study results showed that samples with codes 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, and 12 had an MPN value of 0/100 ml. Furthermore, samples with codes 3, 4, 9, and 10 showed an MPN value >0/100 ml. Based on the research results, samples that meet the quality of good drinking water based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2010, are samples with codes 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12 while samples with codes 3, 4, 9, 10 do not meet the requirements. There needs to be education on how to make good herbal medicine, environmental sanitation, and clean herbal medicine sales locations so that herbal medicine sellers can improve the quality of the herbal medicine they sell and ensure it is safe to consume
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: coliform bacteria
  topic: keywords
subject: Jamu Gendong
  topic: keywords
subject: beras kencur
  topic: keywords
creator: Makhabbah Jamilatun
creator: Pradea Indah Lukito
creator: Eka Nanda Safitri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Makhabbah Jamilatun, Pradea Indah Lukito, Eka Nanda Safitri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i1.49174

Comparative Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Aceclofenac-Saccharin in Mice Granuloma Model
type: item
description: Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) and suppresses prostaglandin synthesis. Its clinical utility, however, is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory activity of a multicomponent crystal (MC) of aceclofenac with saccharin using a carrageenan-induced granuloma pouch model in mice. Male mice were divided into three groups (n = 3 per group): control, aceclofenac, and aceclofenac-saccharin multicomponent crystal, administered intraperitoneally. Inflammatory response was assessed via exudate volume and TNF-α levels. Both aceclofenac and MC significantly reduced exudate volume and TNF-α compared to the control (p < 0.05), with the MC group showing the greatest reduction. Although not statistically different from aceclofenac in TNF-α suppression, the MC demonstrated superior performance overall. The enhanced efficacy may be attributed to improved solubility and drug delivery. These outcomes support co-crystallization as a promising approach to optimize NSAID therapy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aceclofenac-Saccharin
  topic: keywords
subject: Anti-inflammatory
  topic: keywords
subject: Exudate volume
  topic: keywords
subject: ; Granuloma pouch
  topic: keywords
subject: TNF-α
  topic: keywords
creator: Hendrizal Usman
creator: Yufri Aldi
creator: Salman Umar
creator: Rahmadevi
creator: Erizal Zaini
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hendrizal Usman, Yufri Aldi, Salman Umar, Rahmadevi, Erizal Zaini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 119
ending page: 123
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i1.49145

The Effect of Administration Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C.Chr Extract on Total Bilirubin Levels and Hepatosomatic Index Values of Ethanol-Induced Rats
type: item
description: The Liver is a vital metabolic organ. Liver injury is related to an inflammatory process that increases the hepatosomatic index (HSI). One indicator of liver damage is increased total bilirubin levels (hyperbilirubinemia). Currently, hyperbilirubinemia treatment is still limited to irradiation therapy and exchange transfusions, because there is no pharmacological specific treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C.Chr extract on total bilirubin levels and the hepatosomatic index (HSI) in male white rats. A laboratory-based experimental design was employed using a post-test only control group, involving 35 rats randomly assigned to seven groups: normal control, negative control, positive control (sacatonic active), solvent control (Na CMC), and treatment groups receiving ethanol extract at doses of 50 mg/kgBW, 100 mg/kgBW, and 200 mg/kgBW.The treatment was administered orally for 14 consecutive days. On the final day, all rats (except the normal group) were induced with absolute ethanol at 2 mL/200 gBW. After 12 hours, the animals were euthanized for liver and blood sample collection. Total bilirubin levels were measured, and the hepatosomatic index was calculated. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by LSD post hoc test. The results demonstrated that administration of Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C.Chr extract significantly reduced total bilirubin levels and HSI, particularly at doses of 50 mg/kgBW and 100 mg/kgBW, compared to the negative control group (p<0.05). These findings suggest that Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C.Chr ethanol extract exhibits a hepatoprotective effect by reducing total bilirubin levels and HIS.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ethanol
  topic: keywords
subject: Hepatosomatic index
  topic: keywords
subject: Liver injury
  topic: keywords
subject: Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C.Chr
  topic: keywords
creator: Hendri Saputra
creator: Reza Pertiwi
creator: Delia Komala Sari
creator: Septi Wulandari
creator: Reza Rahmawati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hendri Saputra, Reza Pertiwi, Delia Komala Sari, Septi Wulandari, Reza Rahmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 62
ending page: 70
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i1.49112

Studi Awal: Identifikasi Keragaman Bakteri Saliva Wanita Usia Lanjut Menggunakan Teknologi 16S rRNA Sequencing Oxford Nanopore
type: item
description: The elderly are a population particularly susceptible to diseases resulting from the decline in immune system function. The mouth is one of the areas of the body that is the entry point for microorganisms into the body. It is known that the oral microbiome greatly affects oral and systemic health. The oral bacterial profile is important to understand its role in maintaining health and causing disease. Therefore, maintaining oral health is very important, especially in our study of the elderly. Utilizing advanced sequencing techniques such as Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) offers the opportunity to reveal bacterial diversity comprehensively. This study aims to identify the oral microbiome in a group of elderly women. Knowledge of the oral microbiota profile could help spread awareness of the benefits of maintaining good dental hygiene, especially in older adults. Methods: Seven elderly housewives had their unstimulated saliva samples taken in the morning and kept at -80°C. The phenol-chloroform technique was used to isolate the DNA, and a Qubit Fluorometer was used to measure purity and concentration. By employing ONT for 16S rRNA sequencing and Epi2Me software for analysis, taxonomic mapping of the bacterial diversity was accomplished. Results: According to the taxonomic analysis, Streptococcus and Veillonella were the most common genera in the samples. It was common to find species like Veillonella parvula, Veillonella atypica, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus rubneri. These genera contributed to the dynamics of oral biofilms by exhibiting complex ecological interactions. With advanced sequencing technologies, this work highlights the diversity of oral bacteria in elderly women in Indonesia while providing a new perspective. Notwithstanding a few limitations, these findings provide insight into the ecological dynamics of the oral microbiota, potentially leading to clinical applications in the treatment and prevention of disease.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: 16S rRNA
  topic: keywords
subject: Epi2Me
  topic: keywords
subject: ONT
  topic: keywords
subject: oral bacteria
  topic: keywords
subject: elderly woman
  topic: keywords
creator: Chris Adhiyanto., Ph.D
creator: Laifa A. Hendarmin
creator: Zeti Harriyati
creator: Erike A. Suwarsono
creator: Auliyani Andam Suri
creator: Yudhi Nugraha
creator: Dwirini Retno Gunarti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chris Adhiyanto., Ph.D, Laifa A. Hendarmin, Zeti Harriyati, Erike A. Suwarsono, Auliyani Andam Suri , Yudhi Nugraha, Dwirini Retno Gunarti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 20
ending page: 30
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i1.49111

Formulation and Antioxidant Evaluation of Clay Masks Containing Robusta Coffee Pulp Extract
type: item
description: The pulp of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora L.) is known to contain chlorogenic acid compounds that have potential as antioxidants. The content of this compound can be utilized as an active ingredient in cosmetics such as clay masks. The main component that affects the physical properties of a clay mask is the clay base. This study aims to develop a clay mask formulation from robusta coffee pulp extract with variations in the concentration of base combinations, namely bentonite and kaolin, and to observe their effects on the physical properties of the dosage form. The base concentration variations used were 20% (F1), 25% (F2), and 30% (F3) with a bentonite to kaolin ratio of 1:2. The evaluation of physical properties included organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, spreadability tests, adhesion tests, viscosity tests, and drying time measurements. The evaluation results showed that all clay masks were homogeneous with pH values ranging from 5.15 ± 0.04 to 5.29 ± 0.12, spreadability values of 4.60 ± 0.22 to 4.74 ± 0.37 cm, adhesion values of 0.82 ± 0.11 to 1.16 ± 0.15 seconds, and viscosity ranged from 5501 ± 670.22 to 7567.67 ± 220.30 mPa.s, and drying time ranged from 20.60 ± 0.39 to 25.34 ± 0.80 minutes. Results of the antioxidant activity test indicated that the clay mask made from robusta coffee pulp extract is a powerful antioxidant with IC50 values of 28.31 ± 4.72 to 30.45 ± 5.69 ppm. Variations in the concentration of the clay mask base significantly (p < 0.05) affected the viscosity and drying time of the dosage form. In summary, the clay mask formulations satisfied the essential physical criteria and showed promise for cosmetic application. F3 emerged as the leading formula, exhibiting the highest antioxidant capacity, evidenced by its lowest IC₅₀ value.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: antioxidants
  topic: keywords
subject: clay mask
  topic: keywords
subject: coffee bean pulp
  topic: keywords
subject: formulation
  topic: keywords
subject: physical properties
  topic: keywords
creator: Fith Khaira Nursal
creator: Anisa Amalia
creator: Karsiti Karsiti
creator: Sri Nevi Gantini
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anisa Amalia, Fith Khaira Nursal, Karsiti Karsiti, Sri Nevi Gantini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 211
ending page: 220
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.47124

Pengaruh Beberapa Jenis Praperlakuan Terhadap Peningkatan Rendemen Hidrodistilasi Minyak Atsiri Gaharu
type: item
description: Agarwood essential oil (minyak atsiri gaharu or minyak gaharu) has the potential to be developed as aromatherapy to help reduce stress, but its availability in nature is not abundant, so effective efforts are needed to get optimal results. Although various pretreatments before hydrodistillation are known to enhance the yield of agarwood oil, no comparative study using the same sample has been reported to date. This research aims to compare the yield and profile of agarwood oil compounds obtained from maceration, microwave, ultrasonic and fermentation using ragi tapai and ragi tempe pretreatments. The research was carried out by pretreatment extraction, distillation of agarwood powder, identification of essential oil compounds via Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and hedonic tests. The distillation results showed that pretreatment yeast tapai fermentation had the highest percentage yield of agarwood oil at 0.050% followed by Fusarium sp fermentation. (0.036%), ultrasonic (0.034%), microwave (0.030%), maceration (0.024%), control (0.018%) and ragi tempe (0.002%). Six compounds were consistently found in each sample, such as α-agarofuran, neoisolongifolene, α-santalol, δ-guaiene, dihydrocolumellarin, and hexadecanoic acid. The most sesquiterpene compounds were obtained from pretreatment using tempeh yeast. Based on the research results, it is known that maceration, microwave, ultrasonic and fermentation pretreatments can increase the yield and influence the compound profile of agarwood oil.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: fermentation
  topic: keywords
subject: GC-MS
  topic: keywords
subject: maceration
  topic: keywords
subject: microwave
  topic: keywords
subject: Fusarium sp.
  topic: keywords
subject: pretreatment
  topic: keywords
subject: ragi tapai
  topic: keywords
subject: ragi tempe
  topic: keywords
creator: Hendri Aldrat
creator: Khoerunnisa
creator: Karina Wandani
creator: Supandi
creator: M. Yanis Musdja
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hendri Aldrat, Khoerunnisa, Karina Wandani, Supandi, M. Yanis Musdja1 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 80
ending page: 91
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i1.49005

Analisis Kandungan Hidrokuinon dan Niasinamid pada Krim Pemutih Racikan di Klinik Kecantikan Wilayah Bekasi Selatan
type: item
description: Hydroquinone and niacinamide are whitening agents used alone or combined with cream products. Currently, the level of hydroquinone still exceeds the recommended safety limit. This study aimed to identify and determine the levels of hydroquinone and niacinamide in whitening creams prescribed by a beauty clinic in South Bekasi. The UV-Vis spectrophotometry was performed simultaneously. This study begins with the validation of analytical methods using validation parameters. Hydroquinone and niacinamide were identified using five samples, determined by purposive sampling, and measured at the maximum wavelengths of hydroquinone (293.4 nm) and niacinamide (261.4 nm). The results of the method validation showed that the linearity values expressed in the correlation coefficient (r) at concentrations of hydroquinone 8-28 µg/mL and niacinamide 10-34 µg/mL were 0,9999 and 0.998, LOD values 0,3990 and 0,3525 µg/mL, LOQ values were 1,3299 and 1,1749 µg/mL, RSD values of 0,0909% and 0,2591%, and recovery values were in the range of 99,154±0,223% to 107,387±0,121%. Based on the research data, it can be concluded that the five samples contained hydroquinone and niacinamide compounds at levels of 17,246% and 1,211% (A), 18,002% and 2,034% (B), 5,033% and 0,823% (C), 0,952% and 0,575% (D), and 0,10% and 5,367% (E). Samples A, B, and C have hydroquinone content exceeding the permitted maximum, while sample E contains niacinamide in an amount exceeding the recommendation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Novia Ramadhani
creator: Supandi
creator: Estu Mahanani Dhilasari
creator: Mabrurotul Mustafidah
creator: Nelly Suryani
creator: Marvel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Estu Mahanani Dhilasari, Novia Ramadhani, Supandi, Mabrurotul Mustafidah, Nelly Suryani, Marvel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 221
ending page: 228
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.48740

Hubungan Kepatuhan Minum Obat Amlodipin Dengan Kualitas Hidup Pasien Hipertensi Pada Dokter Praktik Perorangan Di Ranah Batahan Kabupaten Pasaman Baratabupaten Pasaman Barat
type: item
description: Hypertension is a disease in which a person has an increase in diastolic (≥90 mmHg) and systolic (≥140 mmHg) blood pressure. Treatment of hypertension is a long-term therapy, one of the parameters to achieve therapeutic success is patient compliance in taking medication in order to minimize the impact caused so that it can affect the quality of life of patients. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between compliance with amlodipine consumption with the quality of life of hypertensive patients at Individual Practitioners in Ranah Batahan. The research design used was quantitative research using a cross- sectional approach conducted on 45 respondents who met the inclusion criteria. The level of compliance with taking the respondent's medication was measured using the Pill Count method and the quality of life of hypertensive patients using the WHOQOL questionnaire. Data were processed using IBM SPSS 22 and analyzed through frequency distribution analysis (univariate) and Chi square test (bivariate). Based on the results of measuring the level of compliance, 29 respondents (64.4%) were declared compliant and 16 respondents (35.6%) were not compliant. Measurement of quality of life level, as many as 28 (62.2%) were moderate and 17 (37.8%) were low. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant relationship between the level of compliance with quality of life p value < 0.05 with moderate relationship strength p value 0.003.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Barita Juliano Siregar
creator: yardi
creator: Sripi Mahalaya
creator: Muhammad Rafly Syah Putra
creator: Edi Rohaedi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Barita Juliano Siregar, yardi, Sripi Mahalaya, Muhammad Rafly Syah Putra, Edi Rohaedi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 124
ending page: 137
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i1.48764

Korelasi Tingkat Pengetahuan denngan Perilaku Swamedikasi Obat Analgesik di Masyarakat Semper Barat, Jakarta Utara
type: item
description: Self-medication is a person's action in determining and using medicine independently to treat a disease or its symptoms. The benefits of this practice include cost efficiency and helping to ease the burden of health services. However, there are risks if done without adequate knowledge; it can cause side effects or additional costs. Good knowledge greatly supports correct self-medication behavior in the community. The type of drug that is often used during self-medication is analgesics, which function to suppress pain. This study aims to analyze the correlation between the level of knowledge and self-medication behaviour in the use of analgesic drugs in the community in Semper Barat Village, North Jakarta. The research design used a quantitative approach with an instrument in the form of a questionnaire that had passed validity and reliability tests. Four hundred respondents from 9 RW in Semper Barat Village participated in this study. Data were processed through Chi-square and Spearman-rho analysis. The research data showed that the majority of respondents had a sufficient level of knowledge (64.3%) and behaved sufficiently (52.5%). In the chi-square analysis, except for education, most characteristics did not correlate significantly with knowledge or behaviour. The results of the Spearman-rho test showed a significant correlation (p = 0.011) between knowledge and analgesic self-medication behaviour.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Analgetik
  topic: keywords
subject: Pengetahuan
  topic: keywords
subject: Perilaku
  topic: keywords
subject: Swamedikasi.
  topic: keywords
creator: Zainul Islam
creator: Endang Sulistyaningsih
creator: Fanni Luthfianti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zainul Islam, Endang Sulistyaningsih, Fanni Luthfianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 100
ending page: 110
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i1.41623

Impact of National Antibiotic Guideline Implementation on Meropenem Utilization in a Teaching Hospital in Bengkulu, Indonesia
type: item
description: The World Health Organization (WHO) classified antibiotics into the AWaRe categories to encourage rational prescribing and reduce inappropriate use of broad-spectrum agents. Indonesia adopted this framework through the National Antibiotic Guideline outlined in Ministry of Health Regulation No. 28/2021, which strengthened antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) efforts in hospitals. Although WHO categorized meropenem in the Watch group, the national guideline reclassified it as a Reserve antibiotic, highlighting its critical role as a last-line treatment for multidrug-resistant infections and the need for strict oversight. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the guideline’s implementation on meropenem utilization in a teaching hospital and assess its position within the Drug Utilization 90% (DU90%) segment from 2020 to 2022. Using a cross-sectional design, aggregated inpatient antibiotic consumption data were analyzed across pre-intervention (May 2020–August 2021) and post-intervention (September 2021–December 2022) periods. Antibiotic use was quantified using Defined Daily Doses per 100 patient-days (DDD/100 PD) according to the ATC/DDD methodology, and DU90% analysis was applied to identify antibiotics accounting for 90% of total consumption. Meropenem showed a significant 43% reduction in the DDD/100 PD score during the post-intervention period (t = 4.427; p < 0.05), suggesting that the guideline contributed to a more controlled, optimized use of this high-priority antibiotic. However, meropenem consistently remained within the DU90% segment throughout the three years, indicating that despite reduced utilization, it continued to account for a substantial proportion of antibiotic use in the hospital. These findings underscored the importance of sustained AMS implementation and strict regulatory adherence to preserve meropenem effectiveness and mitigate the risk of antimicrobial resistance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Yusna Fadliyyah Apriyanti
creator: Susi Delvera
creator: Bella Donna Perdana Putra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yusna Fadliyyah Apriyanti, Susi Delvera, Bella Donna Perdana Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 161
ending page: 169
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.46946

The Effect of Gelatin and Propylene Glycol on the Penetration Rate of Asiaticoside from Centella asiatica (L.) Urb Leaf Extract Geleaf Extract Gel
type: item
description: Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. is a plant known for its potential in scar treatment due to the presence of asiaticoside, a compound capable of promoting skin cell tissue repair. However, the large molecular size of asiaticoside hinders its penetration through the skin. This study aims to evaluate the effect of gelatin and propylene glycol on the transdermal penetration of asiaticoside from a gel formulation containing Centella asiatica leaf extract. Four different formulations were tested: a control (F1, without gelatin or propylene glycol); one with 15% propylene glycol (F2); one with 4% gelatin (F3); and one with 4% gelatin and 15% propylene glycol (F4). The physical characteristics of the formulations were assessed using several parameters: organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, centrifugation, spreadability, viscosity, and rheological behaviour. Penetration studies were performed using a Franz Diffusion Cell with a Whatman No. 1 membrane (pre-coated with Spangler solution) for 360 minutes. The penetration data were analyzed using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with a C18 BEH column (2.1 × 50 mm; 1.8 μm particle size). The results showed that each formulation exhibited distinct characteristics. The study findings indicated that both gelatin and propylene glycol, as well as their combination, significantly influenced the penetration of asiaticoside in the gel formulation. Propylene glycol, functioning as a penetration enhancer, was found to increase the penetration of asiaticoside in both gelatin-based and liquid formulations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Asiaticoside
  topic: keywords
subject: Centella asiatica
  topic: keywords
subject: Franz Diffusion Cell
  topic: keywords
subject: Gel
  topic: keywords
subject: Gelatin
  topic: keywords
subject: Penetration
  topic: keywords
subject: Propylene Glycol.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sabrina Dahlizar
creator: Yuni Anggraeni
creator: Atina Munfarikhatin
creator: Nelly Suryani
creator: Ofa Suzanti Betha
creator: Zilhadia
creator: Sofa Fajriah
creator: Abdi Wira Septama
creator: Maulina Handayani
creator: Herdini
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sabrina Dahlizar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 43
ending page: 53
doi: 10.15408/w7prk175

Studi Farmakologi Ikan Zebra sebagai Model Obesitas dan Hiperglikemia: Pengembangan Induksi Diet-Induced Obesity
type: item
description: Obesity and hyperglycemia are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus and various other metabolic disorders. The use of relevant animal models is essential to support pharmacological studies. The aim of this research was to develop an effective DIO (Diet-Induced Obesity) inducer for commercially available zebrafish as a model for obesity and hyperglycemia. Adult zebrafish were induced for obesity and hyperglycemia through administration of a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. The observed parameters included body weight, body length, body mass index (BMI), and blood glucose levels. The results showed that DIO induction significantly increased body weight, BMI, and blood glucose levels (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. In conclusion, zebrafish can be developed as a model for obesity and hyperglycemia through DIO induction, thus potentially serving as an alternative test animal for pharmacological studies of metabolic diseases
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Diabetes melitus
  topic: keywords
subject: Diet Induced Obesity (DIO)
  topic: keywords
subject: Obesity
  topic: keywords
subject: Zebrafish
  topic: keywords
creator: Lina Elfita
creator: Irfan Nurfakhrurajab
creator: Narti Fitriana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lina Elfita, Lina Elfita, Irfan Nurfakhrurajab, Narti Fitriana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 31
ending page: 42
doi: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i1.45453