Sesquiterpene Content Analysis of Agarwood Inoculated Using The Simpori Technique

Dian Pratiwi, Resti Wahyuni

Abstract


Agarwood is a resin formed in plants that belong to the Thymelaeaceae family, including Gyrinops Versteeg, as a result of damage or microbial infection. The content of sesquiterpenes in both the wild and cultivated agarwood indicates its quality. Nevertheless, information regarding the comparison between the content has not been provided. This study aimed at identifying the sesquiterpenes in G. versteegii inoculated using the simpori technique with various dosages of inoculants (3; 9; and 18 mL/porous nail) and harvested at 18 months after inoculation. The harvested agarwood was extracted using n-hexane solvent. The chemical compositions were subsequently analyzed using the GC-MS. Compounds with a similarity index above 80% were analyzed, including their presence and percentage in the agarwood. The statistical significance test was carried out with a 5% level of significance. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a P-value <0.05, indicating the significant differences between the inoculant dosages on the percentage of sesquiterpenes. Agarwood with F. solani at a dosage of 9 mL/porous nail shows the best result with a Mean Rank of 16 and 23.69% of sesquiterpenes. It contains aromadendrene; α-selinene; (1aS,4aS,8aR)-4a,8,8-trimethyl-2-methylene-1,1a,2,4a,5,6,7,8-ctahydrocyclopropa[d]naphthalene; 6-Methyl-2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl)hepta-1,5-dien-4-ol; alloaromadendrene; and eremophilene. Therefore, this dosage is recommended for optimizing agarwood production.


Keywords


Agarwood; Aromadendrene; Eremophilene; Sesquiterpene; Simpori; Aromadendrene; Eremophilene; Gaharu; Seskuiterpen

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ahmaed, D. T., & Kulkarni, A. D. (2017). Sesquiterpenes and chromones of agarwood: A review. Malaysian Journal of Chemistry, 19(1), 33-58.

Batubara, R., Hanum, T. I., Affandi, O., Julianti, E., & Ulfa, M. (2022). The antioxidant activities and chemical compounds of Aquilaria crassna, Aquilaria microcarpa, and Gyrinops versteegii leaves growing in Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 23(12), 6619-6628. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d231260.

Ceniza, L. C., Pogosa, J. O., Lina, S. O., & Bande, M. M. (2021). Conservation and ecological threats of agarwood (Aquilaria sp.) on Leyte Island, Philippines. IJERD: International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development, 12(1), 122-128. doi: 10.32115/ijerd.12.1_122.

Gao, M., Han, X., Sun, Y., Chen, H., Yang, Y., Liu, Y., ... Han, J. (2019). Overview of sesquiterpenes and chromones of agarwood originating from four main species of the genus Aquilaria. Royal Society of Chemistry, 9(8), 4113-4130. doi: 10.1039/C8RA09409H.

Gogoi, I., Choudhury, S., & Jayaraj, R. (2023). A review on biological induction of agarwood in Aquilaria, with special reference to India. Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products, 29(4), 143-152. doi: 10.54207/bsmps2000-2023-VMIVKV.

Hou, W., Feng, J., Sun, Y., Chen, X., Liu, Y., & Wei, J. (2024). Utilizing metabolomics and network analysis to explore the effects of artificial production methods on the chemical composition and activity of agarwood. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1357381.

Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 7631:2011. (2011). SNI 7631:2011 Gaharu. (2022, November 20). Retrieved from https://jogja.bsilhk.menlhk.go.id/?page_id=1367.

Lamers, Y. (2003). (+)-Aromadendrene as chiral starting material for the synthesis of fragrances and pheromones (Doctoral dissertation). Wageningen University, Netherland.

Lukman., Dinarti, D., Siregar, U. J., Turjaman, M., & Sudarsono. (2022). Characterization and identification of agarwood-producing plants (Aquilaria spp.) from North Aceh, Indonesia, based on morphological and molecular markers. Biodiversitas, 23(9), 4861-4871. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d230955.

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2023). NIST chemistry webbook, SRD 69. (2024, July 15). Retrieved from https://webbook.nist.gov/.

Piers, E., & Keziere, R. J. (1969). Stereoselective synthesis of (+)-eremophil-3,11-diene and related compounds. Concerning the structure of eremophilene. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 47, 137-144.

Roemantyo., & Partomihardjo T. (2010). Analisis prediksi sebaran alami gaharu marga Aquilaria dan Gyrinops di Indonesia. Berita Biologi, 10(2), 189-198.

Saputra, H., Satria, B., Nazir, N., & Anggraini, T. (2024). Development of agarwood oil research and benefit: Bibliometric analysis. Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment, 8(1). doi: 10.29165/ajarcde.v8i1.

Shao, H., Mei, W. L., Kong, F. D., Dong, W. H., Gai, C. J., Li, W., ... Dai, H. F. (2016). Sesquiterpenes of agarwood from Gyrinops salicifolia. Fitoterapia, 113, 182-187. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.07.015.

Sundaraj, Y., Mediani, A., Rodrigues, K. F., & Baharum, S. N. (2023). GC-MS olfactometry reveals sesquiterpenes α-humulene and δ-cadinene significantly influence the aroma of treated Aquilaria malaccensis essential oil. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 17(12), 893-901. doi: 10.21475/ajcs.23.17.12.p3916.

Sutomo, S., Iryadi, R., & Sumerta, I. M. (2021). Conservation status of agarwood-producing species (Gyrinops versteegii) in Indonesia. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 13(2), 149-157. doi: 10.15294/biosaintifika.v13i2.27809.

Syameera, N. A., Kaewdaungdee, S., Tajuddin, S. N., Tanee, T., Sudmoon, R., Chaveerach, A., & Lee, S. Y. (2024). Effects of heat treatment on the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and toxicity of agarwood oil. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 36(4). doi: 10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103141.

Tamyiz, M., Prayoga, L., Prasetyo, R., Murchie, E. H., & Sugiyono. (2022). Improving agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) plantlet formation using various types and concentrations of auxins. Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 37(1), 142-151. doi: 10.20961/carakatani.v37i1.58370.

Wahyuni, R., Prihantini, A. I., & Anggadhania, L. (2020). Formation of Gyrinops versteegii agarwood by Fusarium solani bioinduction with simpori technique. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 25(1), 152-159. doi: 10.18343/jipi.25.1.152.

Yang, L., Yang, J. L., Dong, W. H., Wang, Y. L., Zeng, J., Yuan, J. Z., … Dai, H. F. (2021). The characteristic fragrant sesquiterpenes and 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones in wild and cultivated “qi-nan” agarwood. Molecules, 26(2). doi: 10.3390/molecules26020436.

Yu, C., Gao, S., Rong, M., Xiao, M., Xu, Y., & Wei, J. (2023). Identification and characterization of novel sesquiterpene synthases TPS9 and TPS12 from Aquilaria sinensis. PeerJ, 11. doi: 10.7717/peerj.15818.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v18i2.40877

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


This work is licensed under a CC-BY- SA.

Indexed By:

/public/site/images/rachma/logo_moraref_75 /public/site/images/rachma/logo_google_scholar_75_01 /public/site/images/rachma/logo_isjd_120 /public/site/images/rachma/logo_garuda_75 /public/site/images/rachma/logo_crossref_120/public/site/images/rachma/logo_base_2_120 /public/site/images/rachma/neliti-blue_75   /public/site/images/rachma/dimensions-logo_120