The Journal of Legal Research {Print ISSN 2715-7172, Online ISSN 2715-7164} is a double-blind, peer-reviewed legal journal and scholarly journal with national and international perspectives, published by Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia. The journal aims to disseminate information and views on matters related to legal research, including developments in case law and legislation, as well as proposals for legal reform from legislative institutions and other relevant institutions or individuals. The journal publishes legal research in various forms, including articles, cases, legislation, notes and commentaries, and book reviews, on themes related to legal research that offer in-depth commentary on Indonesian law and comparative law. The journal is published twice a year. The Journal of Legal Research is strongly committed to responding to and meeting the growing demand among academics, legislators, and legal practitioners in the private and public sectors for a forum that presents authoritative views on legal reform in Indonesia, Asia, and the world. Another related objective is to provide a systematic review of important legal reform initiatives and legal practice. The Journal of Legal Research publishes cutting-edge legal studies from legal academics and practitioners. Founded in 2019, the journal is rooted in the desire to present legal research as a vehicle for national legal reform.
Hak-Hak Narapidana dan Implementasi e-Grasi Pasca Permenkumham Nomor 26 Tahun 2023: Studi Normatif dan Empiris di Lapas Kelas I Cirebon
This study examines the status of prisoners' rights in applying for clemency following the enactment of Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation Number 26 of 2023, which introduced e-Clemency as an electronic-based clemency application system. This study begins with the question of whether the digitalization of clemency services truly expands access to justice for prisoners or creates new obstacles due to limited access, infrastructure, and digital literacy within correctional institutions. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach that combines normative, legal, and empirical studies based on materials contained in the source thesis. The results of the discussion indicate that e-Clemency is a normatively important innovation that aligns with the function of correctional institutions. However, its effectiveness remains dependent on the readiness of facilities, coordination between agencies, and the protection of prisoners' rights as human rights subjects. Therefore, the implementation of e-Clemency needs to be accompanied by strengthening infrastructure, socialization, and supervision to ensure the principles of justice, non-discrimination, and legal certainty are maintained.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ananda Zhafir Assakhawi, Kamarusdiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Batasan Yuridis Pengecualian Pidana Pengkajian Paham Komunisme/Marxisme-Leninisme Untuk Kepentingan Ilmu Pengetahuan Dalam KUHP Baru
The amendment to the Criminal Code is a significant phenomenon in the dynamics of criminal law in Indonesia. The amendment to the law has led to updates and even created new articles for various criminal acts in Indonesia. One of the new articles that emerged in the amendment is the emergence of an article prohibiting the spread of Communism/Marxism-Leninism in Indonesia in articles 188-189, but on the other hand, Article 188 paragraph 6 contains an exception (Criminal Exception) to study these ideologies for scientific purposes. From this, this study aims to discuss the legal limitations of the study of these ideologies in the scientific sphere so that they are not misused by related parties. This study concludes that the limitation on the permissibility of studying Communism/Marxism-Leninism for scientific purposes is as long as the activity does not include the dissemination or propaganda of these ideologies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Fadli Fathurrohman, Nur Rohim Yunus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Tanggung Jawab Shopee Atas Pelanggaran Hak Cipta Fotografi yang Dilakukan Oleh Kick Avenue dengan Goodshoes
The main problem in this study is that the element of consumer protection for business actors who do not have a valid license has not been fulfilled by listing photographic works that are not in accordance with the quality of the goods, so that it can be qualified as a violation of photographic copyright and cause losses for consumers in online buying and selling transactions on Shopee. This study aims to find out the protection efforts for aggrieved parties based on the Copyright Law and the Electronic Information and Transaction Law, as well as analyze the legal protection of consumers in online buying and selling transactions on the Shopee platform based on Article 4 paragraph (3) of the Consumer Protection Law. This research employs a normative-empirical legal research method with a qualitative approach, which involves analyzing statutory provisions as the primary basis for the study, combined with an examination of their application in the Kick Avenue and Goodshoes cases through the statute approach and the case approach. The results of the study show that consumers are harmed by merchants on Shopee who use product photos that have the potential to violate photographic copyright and sell goods of different quality from official merchants. Consumers have the right to receive products according to the photo listed, business actors are responsible for losses under the Consumer Protection Law, and Shopee is responsible for supervising and taking action against violations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayu Fitri Fadilah, Nahrowi, Hendra Pertaminawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sita Harta Suami Sebagai Jaminan Nafkah Anak Pasca Cerai: Perspektif Maqasid al-Syari’ah dan Perlindungan Anak
This study analyzes the mechanism of asset seizure against ex-husbands as a guarantee for child maintenance after divorce under Supreme Court Circular Letter (SEMA) No. 5 of 2021 and examines it from the perspective of Maqasid al-Syari’ah. The research employs a normative-empirical method by analyzing relevant statutory regulations and empirical data obtained through in-depth interviews with judges at Religious Courts in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta. The location was selected due to its high divorce rate and socio-economic complexity, which represent national legal practices. The findings reveal that asset seizure functions as an ultimum remedium when child maintenance obligations are not voluntarily fulfilled after a final court decision. However, its implementation remains limited due to low legal awareness among former wives and technical obstacles in asset identification and execution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ulfa Fauziah Hidayati, Mesraini, Rosdiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Constitutional Disobedience oleh Pembentuk Undang-Undang dan Penegakan Judicial Order
The Constitutional Court has the authority embedded by the constitution regarding the examination of laws against the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD NRI) 1945 whose decisions are final and binding. The authority aims to ensure that a norm in the law remains in compliance with the values in the constitution. Therefore, it is appropriate for the law-making body as the addresat of the Constitutional Court's decision to follow up on the decision in the legislative process. However, in practice, there is often non-compliance by law making institutions with the Constitutional Court Decision. The non-compliance with the Constitutional Court's Decision is rooted in the legislative process by the lawmaking body that contradicts the contents of the decision. This paper aims to analyse the idea of judicial order enforcement in realising the compliance of law making institutions in following up the Constitutional Court Decision. This research uses a normative juridical research method through a conceptual approach to identify these problems. The results of this study conclude that, first, there are several factors that cause the non-compliance of the legislative body with the Constitutional Court Decision and the absence of sanctions against the legislative body that does not comply with the Constitutional Court Decision. Secondly, it discusses the legal implications of the non-compliance of law making institutions with the Constitutional Court Decision. Third, offering a judicial order solution to the Constitutional Court Decision by affirming expressis verbis the clause to include the Constitutional Court Decision, which is a source of law in the lawmaking process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wahyu Indra Triyadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Rekonstruksi Regulasi Perlindungan Data Pribadi Berbasis Blockchain Guna Mendukung Transformasi Digital Berdasarkan Teori Perlindungan Hukum
Digital transformation advancements support the development of digitalization in Indonesia to realize Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, this is not spread from rampant cases of data leakage due to the absence of institutions of personal data protection and the regulation certainty to regulates the mechanism protection of public data. Overlapping regulations between the institutions create legal loopholes, so that handling by the government cannot be applied optimally. Besides that, the minimum od the technology mechanism in management of personal data protection also contributes to the problem. The objective of this study is to propose a solution highlighting the necessity for clearer regulations in the implementation of blockchain-based data protection mechanisms in Indonesia, through a comparative analysis with the mechanisms applied in the European Union. The research method used id normative juridical method conceptual approach, comparative approach, and statutory approach. The result of this research concluded that the absence of the personal data protection institutions and the overlapping regulation resulting in the prevalence of the data leakage cases in Indonesia. Therefore, required the reconstruction of the personal data protection regulation and the urgency establishment of personal data protections institution with blockchain-based to provide legal protection for every society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Reisya Thalita Nurmeyanka, Kumala Dian Pangesti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Negosiasi Syariat dan Konstitusi: Konfigurasi Politik Hukum Terhadap Formalisasi Hukum Jinayat Aceh
This article examines the formalization of Jinayat law in Aceh within the relationship between Islamic law and the Indonesian constitution by positioning it as a product of legal-political negotiation in the post-conflict Aceh context. Using a qualitative method with a historical-normative approach, this study analyzes constitutional provisions, statutory regulations on Aceh’s special autonomy, Jinayat qanun, and relevant socio-political dynamics following the Aceh conflict. The findings demonstrate that the formalization of Jinayat law was shaped by a responsive legal-political configuration after the Reform era, functioning not merely as the execution of constitutional mandates but also as a political instrument for conflict resolution, democratization, and national integration. By mapping the interaction between central and regional political interests, religious authority, and local socio-cultural legitimacy, the study shows that Jinayat law emerged through negotiation rather than unilateral constitutional enforcement. The novelty of this research lies in its argument that the Jinayat legal regime in Aceh represents a form of responsive legal politics, where constitutional recognition of regional special status intersects with pragmatic political considerations in post-conflict governance. This study contributes to political-legal scholarship by offering a nuanced understanding of Islamic law formalization as a dynamic constitutional and political process that must remain aligned with democratic principles and constitutional values.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Ridho Ilahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Optimalisasi Perlindungan Animal Welfare Right Dalam Kebun Binatang Dari Eksploitasi Sirkus Hewan Sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan Ekokrasi
The zoo is an area that has the main function as a conservation institution to preserve animal diversity amidst the threat of extinction. In practice, conservation efforts at zoos are problematic because based on investigative findings that around 90% of zoos are uninhabitable and it is exacerbated by the phenomenon of circus animal attractions. Based on these problems, writers conducted this research to identify cases of protection of animal welfare rights in zoos due to norms that have not provided legal certainty so that they are used for animal exploitation. As for the research method that used is normative juridical with statute approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The results of this research show that there are still conservation institutions, especially garden animals, which use animals as objects of exploitation through the enchantment of animal circuses to gain unilateral benefits. In fact, animal circus attractions are a form of improper treatment of animals which violates the ethics of animal welfare and the green constitution which is the fundamental value of animals as part of the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to revise and make the legal substance effective regarding protected wild animal attractions with the core of the policy focusing more on considering ecocracy-based animal welfare values, as well as prohibiting animal attractions that have fatal consequences for animals used as circus objects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Juanita Bil Atia, Ira Rahayu Ningsih, Wahyu Indra Triyadi, Ledy Zahra Rezeky https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Perlindungan Anak Dalam Penyelesaian Perkara Harta Bersama Dengan Objek Rumah Tempat Tinggal Anak (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung No. 61 K/AG/2025)
Disputes over joint property following divorce frequently generate complex issues, particularly when the disputed object constitutes the primary residence of minor children. This research examines the resolution process of joint property division cases in Religious Courts and judicial considerations in providing protection to children, specifically through analysis of Supreme Court Decision Number 61 K/AG/2025. The research employs a normative juridical approach by analyzing relevant legislation and court decisions. Findings indicate that the joint property case resolution process encompasses stages from filing suit, trial proceedings with mediation attempts, evidence presentation, through execution of judgments. In the examined case, significant differences emerged between the legalistic considerations of Religious Court and Religious High Court judges versus the Supreme Court 2019 emphasis on justice and benefit principles. This research provides important contributions to judicial practice in balancing parental rights with child protection rights in joint property cases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adiaat Muhammad Adiaat, Andhani Novita Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Juridical Accountability of Railway Operators for Sexual Harassment on Commuter Trains: A Consumer Protection Perspective in the Jabodetabek Area
This study examines the legal settlement of sexual harassment cases on Electric Rail Trains (KRL) in the Jabodetabek area by focusing on the juridical responsibility of PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia as a public transportation service provider from a consumer protection perspective. This research employs a normative juridical method with a qualitative approach, analyzing statutory regulations, particularly Law No. 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes, Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, and railway service regulations. The study finds that although PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia has implemented various preventive measures, such as women-only carriages, surveillance systems, and reporting mechanisms, these efforts are not accompanied by compensatory accountability for victims. In practice, victims of sexual harassment do not receive restitution, compensation, or health assistance, either from perpetrators or from the service provider, as mandated under Article 19 of the Consumer Protection Law. This research argues that sexual harassment on public transportation should not be viewed solely as a criminal offense but also as a violation of consumer rights that triggers the liability of business actors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ria Safitri, Kamilania https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Telaah Pengkajian Qanun Aceh Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Dalam Penanganan Kasus Kekerasan Seksual Di Indonesia (Tinjauan Aspek Konseptual Dan Politik Hukum)
This article examines the effectiveness of Aceh Qanun Number 6 of 2014 on Jinayat Law in addressing sexual violence cases by focusing on its conceptual framework and legal-political orientation. Using a qualitative method with statute and conceptual approaches, this study analyzes the structure of criminal sanctions under the Qanun, its position within Indonesia’s plural legal system, and its implementation in the context of Aceh’s asymmetric decentralization. The study finds that although the Jinayat Qanun reflects a strong political will to institutionalize Islamic criminal law as a form of regional legal identity, its effectiveness in reducing sexual violence remains limited. This limitation is evident in the predominance of retributive punishment, such as caning and imprisonment, without adequate integration of victim protection mechanisms, restitution, and perpetrator rehabilitation. By situating the Qanun within broader debates on legal politics and criminal justice policy, this research demonstrates that punitive approaches alone are insufficient to address the complex social realities of sexual violence. The novelty of this article lies in its evaluative argument that the Jinayat Qanun represents a legal-political model of punishment that prioritizes symbolic deterrence over substantive justice for victims.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fitha Ayun Lutvia Nitha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pemenuhan Unsur Kepentingan Umum dan Dampaknya Terhadap Hak Masyarakat Dalam Pembangunan Bandara YIA Kulon Progo
The development of Yogyakarta International Airport (YIA) in Kulon Progo Regency is a National Strategic Project aimed at promoting economic growth and improving the quality of public infrastructure. However, the land acquisition process for this development has triggered significant social conflicts at the local community level. This study analyzes the fulfillment of the public interest criterion in the YIA project, its impact on the protection of the rights of affected communities, and the dynamics of agrarian conflict that emerged, using a socio-legal approach. The findings indicate that although, normatively, the development of YIA complies with the provisions of Law Number 2 of 2012 on Land Acquisition for Development in the Public Interest, its implementation has not fully aligned with the principles of justice, humanity, and participation. The limited involvement of communities in decision-making processes, discrepancies in compensation mechanisms, and the use of consignment as a dispute resolution instrument have contributed to polarization between community groups that support and oppose the project. Agrarian conflicts have been further exacerbated by inconsistencies in spatial planning policies and the loss of residents’ agrarian livelihoods, reflecting unequal power relations between the state and society as explained in Marx’s conflict theory and the concept of agrarian dispossession. This study emphasizes the importance of transparency, fair compensation, and inclusive public participation to ensure that infrastructure development does not generate structural injustice and that its benefits are distributed equitably.
Copyright (c) 2026 Neti Hasiah, Stephanie Tiara Christina, Tsabita Husna Fauziah, Tsabita Zukhrufi Islamiya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Upaya Kepolisian Republik Indonesia Dalam Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Perjudian Online
Online gambling is one form of cybercrime and represents a persistent social problem that has proven difficult to eradicate across generations. This study aims to analyze the legal framework regulating online gambling offenses and the efforts undertaken by the Kuningan Police in combating such crimes. The research employs a juridical-empirical method, using both the statute approach and the case approach to examine relevant legal norms and their practical implementation. The findings show that the regulation of online gambling is stipulated in the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP). The Kuningan Police’s efforts to address online gambling include conducting community outreach programs, cooperating with local village officials, and performing routine patrols. However, the study also identifies several obstacles that hinder effective law enforcement, such as limited public awareness, difficulties in tracing online offenders, and insufficient coordination among law enforcement institutions. Consequently, the role of the police in handling online gambling cases remains less effective, highlighting the need for stronger inter-agency cooperation and enhanced technological capacity to counter this evolving form of cybercrime.
Copyright (c) 2025 Diky Hikmatul Fittra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Perjanjian Franchise Antara Mysalon Dan Ratnasari Lukitaningrum (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung No.493/Pdt/2018/Pt.DKI)
This study analyzes the breach of contract (wanprestatie) committed by a franchisee in executing the agreement established with the franchisor. The research adopts a statute approach combined with an analytical approach to examine the relevant legal provisions and their practical implications. The findings indicate that RL, as the franchisee, failed to fulfill contractual obligations under the agreement with MYSalon, the franchisor. Initially, MYSalon demonstrated good faith by summoning the franchisee and offering an opportunity to settle outstanding payment obligations. However, the franchisee refused to comply and instead unilaterally closed the MYSalon outlet under their management while filing a lawsuit before the South Jakarta District Court. To prevent the franchisor’s claim from becoming illusory and to ensure compensation for material losses, the franchisor requested the court to impose a conservatory attachment (conservatoir beslag) on all movable assets, equipment, and furniture owned by the franchisee across all managed outlets. Furthermore, the franchisor petitioned the court to prohibit the franchisee from using the MYSalon name and trademark, which legally belong to the franchisor.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rahmat Ivan Shabriansyah, Abu Tamrin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analisis Diversi Dalam Perkara Pidana Anak: Studi Putusan Nomor 24/Pid.Sus-Anak/2021/PN.Jkt.Brt
Prosedur dan proses diversi dalam kasus pencurian dengan pemberatan oleh anak serta penerapan hukum dan pertimbangan hakim dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Barat Nomor 24/Pid.Sus-Anak/2021/PN Jkt.Brt tidak sepenuhnya sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku. Studi ini menggunakan penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus, mengacu pada Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012, Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 4 Tahun 2014, serta Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 65 Tahun 2015. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dalam perkara ini, Jaksa Penuntut Umum menerapkan dakwaan subsidiar dengan Pasal 365 ayat (2) butir 1 dan 2 KUHP atau Pasal 363 ayat (1) butir 4 KUHP, dan hakim menjatuhkan putusan pidana penjara 1 bulan 15 hari kepada anak pelaku. Meskipun diversi telah dilakukan dan mencapai kesepakatan damai, hakim tetap melanjutkan proses peradilan hingga vonis dijatuhkan, yang bertentangan dengan prinsip keadilan restoratif dalam sistem peradilan anak. Rekomendasi yang diusulkan mencakup penguatan regulasi terkait diversi, termasuk ketentuan tempat pelaksanaannya serta sanksi bagi aparat hukum yang tidak menerapkannya dengan baik. Sistem peradilan pidana anak perlu lebih mengedepankan prinsip perlindungan anak dan restorative justice agar tidak ada lagi pemidanaan yang tidak diperlukan bagi anak yang telah berhasil mencapai kesepakatan damai melalui mekanisme diversi.
Copyright (c) 2025 JOURNAL of LEGAL RESEARCH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Tanggung Jawab Hukum Tokopedia Terhadap Konsumen Atas Ketidaksesuaian Barang Dalam Jual Beli Online
This study discusses Tokopedia's legal responsibility towards consumers for non-conformity of goods in online sales transactions. Although regulations regarding electronic commerce have been established, there are still weaknesses in consumer legal protection. Consumers often experience losses due to goods received that do not match the description without receiving proper compensation. This study uses a normative-empirical method with a regulatory-statutory approach and case studies to analyze Tokopedia's responsibility and legal protection for consumers in electronic transactions. The study results indicate that the available settlement mechanisms, such as online dispute resolution, have not fully provided justice for consumers. Tokopedia, as a platform provider, is responsible for ensuring that consumer rights are protected and providing more effective settlement solutions. In addition, consumer legal awareness of their rights in electronic transactions is still low, so they are willing to take their position in dealing with sales with sellers. This study highlights the need to strengthen regulations and implement more effective consumer legal protection in the e-commerce ecosystem. An active role is needed from the government and e-commerce platforms to ensure a transparent complaint mechanism supporting consumer protection to create a safer and fairer digital trade ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2025 JOURNAL of LEGAL RESEARCH
Efektivitas Undang-Undang Hak Cipta Dalam Menanggulangi Penyebaran Spoiler Film Di Media Sosial Tiktok: Studi Kasus Film Mencuri Raden Saleh
The effectiveness of the Copyright Law in dealing with the practice of spreading movie spoilers on TikTok social media, with a case study of the film Mencuri Raden Saleh. The phenomenon of movie spoilers on social media is a problem that impacts the economic and moral rights of creators of cinematographic works. This study uses a sociological, legal approach to understand the interaction of society with applicable legal norms. The study results indicate that TikTok's policies are not yet in line with copyright protection regulations in Indonesia, so copyright infringement in the form of spoilers and film piracy is still difficult to control. Although Law Number 28 of 2014 has provided legal protection for copyright holders, its implementation is still hampered by the nature of the complaint offense, which requires copyright owners to file a report first so that the legal process can run. In addition, the low public legal awareness of copyright is also a significant factor in the rampant practice of movie piracy on social media. Therefore, a more comprehensive regulatory update is needed, as increased supervision of digital platforms and wider socialization to raise public awareness of the importance of copyright protection in the digital era.
Menyoal Efektivitas Asas Erga Omnes Dalam Konsep Eksekutorial Dan Hukum Islam (Studi Putusan MK Nomor 91/PUU-XVII/2020)
The validity of the erga omnes principle is reflected in the provision stating that the Constitutional Court's decision can be implemented directly without any consideration of the decision of the relevant authorized official unless other regulations and laws regulate it. This provision reflects the binding legal force and comprehensive nature (between parties), which generally applies to the parties to the case. Problems arise when the Constitutional Court's decision is not implemented by the parties to the case, state institutions, state administrators, and related parties for various reasons. This research is a normative legal research with secondary data. The results of the study show that the logistical consequences of the erga omnes principle, which requires all levels of citizens to implement the decision, impact parties with various interests so that they feel disadvantaged. In a situation like this, the parties can no longer take other legal measures except to obey and comply with the punishment.
Pembuktian Tidak Langsung Dalam Praktik Kartel Pada Industri Minyak Goreng (Studi Putusan Nomor 24/KPPU-I/2009 Jo. Nomor 03/KPPU/2010/PN.Jkt.Pst Jo. Nomor 582k/Pdt.Sus/2011.)
This study aims to examine the application of indirect evidence in handling cartel practices in the cooking oil industry, focusing on a case study of Decision No. 24/KPPU-I/2009 Jo. No.03/KPPU/2010/PN.JKT.PST Jo. Number 582K/PDT.SUS/2011. The research method used is the juridical-normative approach, which relies on legal sources such as laws and regulations, legal principles, norms, principles, and expert opinions to analyze the issues studied. In the KPPU decision No. 24/KPPU-I/2009, the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) stated that 21 cooking oil producers were proven to have practiced cartels. However, business actors applied with the Central Jakarta District Court, which then overturned the decision through Decision No. 03/KPPU/2010/PN.JKT.PST. The cancellation was based on the consideration that KPPU only relied on analysis, theories, and definitions considered speculative and not supported by substantial evidence. KPPU then filed an appeal to the Supreme Court, but the Supreme Court rejected the appeal and upheld the settlement of the first-level court through Decision No. 582K/PDT.SUS/2011. This study also highlights that challenges in indirect evidence can be overcome by implementing a leniency program, as has been implemented in various countries. This program incentivizes parties involved in the cartel to disclose information to the competition authority.
Copyright (c) 2025 JOURNAL OF LEGAL RESEARCH
Disparitas Putusan Pengadilan Agama Terhadap Legal Standing LPKSM Sebagai Penggugat Dalam Sengketa Ekonomi Syariah
The inconsistency of decisions regarding the legal standing of the Community-Based Consumer Protection Institution (LPKSM) in the Sharia economic court case at the Religious Court has created legal defenders. There are differences of opinion between judges regarding the legal standing of LPKSM as the Plaintiff in this settlement. This study aims to examine the position of LPKSM in the trial at the Religious Court and analyze various decisions that show this disparity. Through a qualitative literature approach, the study concludes that the law grants LPKSM the right to sue with specific requirements. LPKSM cannot act as an advocate representing consumers directly because it contradicts Law Number 18 of 2013. The differences in court decisions regarding the legal standing of LPKSM mainly depend on considerations regarding the interests fought for by the institution. To overcome the disparity in decisions and create legal certainty, a special formulation is needed to be used as a guideline in reconstructing the sharia economy. LPKSM who wish to become a party in a Sharia economic case must meet formal and material requirements, namely being a legal entity or foundation, having Articles of Association, being registered with the Consumer Protection Agency Registration Certificate (TDLP), and fighting for public interests, not individual interests. With clear standards, it is hoped that legal certainty can be created in handling Sharia economic settlements involving LPKSM in the Religious Court.
Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemilik Kondominium Atas Pailitnya PT. Dwimas Andalan Bali Sebagai Pengembang
The bankruptcy of a developer company often directly impacts condominium owners who have made a sale and purchase transaction, in the case of the bankruptcy of PT. Dwimas Andalan Bali condominium owners experience legal protection because the units that have been purchased are included in the bankruptcy estate. This study analyzes the developer's responsibility towards consumers in bankruptcy conditions and the legal status of condominium objects that are part of the bankrupt assets. The method used is normative legal research with a case approach focusing on the Supreme Court Decision Number 437 K / Pdt. Sus-Pailit / 2019. The study results show that in bankruptcy conditions, developers still have legal obligations to consumers who have fulfilled their achievements in the sale and purchase transaction. Based on Article 36 of Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, consumers have the right to submit a request to the curator to ensure the process of extending condominium ownership rights to the Deed of Sale and Purchase (AJB) stage. Consumers are entitled to compensation or damages if these obligations are not met. In the case of developer bankruptcy, consumer rights must still be protected through available legal mechanisms, either through an application to the curator or other legal efforts. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen legal protection for consumers so that they are not harmed in bankruptcy-related property transactions.
Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pekerja Dari Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja Sepihak Akibat Union Busting Analisis Putusan Nomor 229/Pdt.Sus-Phi/2019/Pn.Bdg dan Nomor 436 K/Pdt.Sus-PHI/2020
Unilateral termination of employment due to union-busting practices is a serious problem in industrial relations in Indonesia. This study analyzes legal protection for workers against unilateral termination of employment due to union busting, referring to the Industrial Relations Court (PHI) Decision Number 229/Pdt.Sus-PHI/2019/PN.Bdg and the Supreme Court Decision Number 436 K/Pdt.Sus-PHI/2020. This study uses a normative juridical method with a case approach, a regulatory approach, and data collection techniques through literature studies. The results of the study indicate that PT. Asmo Indonesia (PT. Denso Manufacturing) is predicted to have carried out union-busting practices by unilaterally terminating the employment of the union chairman without going through the bipartite and tripartite mechanisms by the provisions of the regulations. Although there are indications of violations of the right to associate as regulated in Law Number 21 of 2000, the courts at the PHI and cassation levels do not explicitly summarize the practice of union busting in their legal considerations. Unilateral termination of employment of active workers in trade unions can be charged as an unlawful act. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen legal protection for workers to prevent discriminatory and repressive actions by employers against freedom of association. In addition, judges in industrial relations cases need to consider more comprehensively the aspects of Human Rights and the principle of justice in every decision related to employment.
Analisis Yuridis Pemberhentian Sepihak Direksi Perseroan Terbatas Berdasarkan Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1888 K/Pdt/2020
Legal protection against unilateral termination of the direction of a Limited Liability Company (PT) through a General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS) is an important issue, as seen in the Supreme Court Decision Number 1888 K/Pdt/2020. This study analyzes legal protection as a direction terminated without clear reasons and the opportunity to defend itself. This study uses normative legal research with a case and regulatory approach. The results of the study show that the unilateral termination of the directors of PT Multi Daya Wonua was carried out verbally without a strong legal basis, so it is contrary to Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies, especially Article 105 which stipulates that directors must be allowed to defend themselves before being dismissed. Although the court ruled that the GMS has the authority to dismiss, the decision did not consider aspects of justice and the right of direction. This can be justified as an unlawful act. Directors who are unlawfully terminated are entitled to legal protection in the form of cancellation of the GMS decision or compensation according to the remaining term of office. Therefore, fairer law enforcement and stronger protection for the direction are needed to prevent arbitrary actions in the management of PT.
Penggunaan Strict Liability Dalam Pertanggungjawaban Secara Perdata Pada Sengketa KLHK Melawan PT. Waringin Agro Jaya
The right to access a good and healthy environment is a right for all citizens guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution. The right to obtain a good and healthy environment is not only limited by the rights of the current generation but also a right that future generations can feel with pro-environment sustainable development. The state's right to sue the central government through the Ministry of Environment and Forestry is an effort to protect the environment from polluters and/or environmental destroyers, one of which is filing a civil lawsuit. This research is a normative or doctrinal legal research with a statute, conceptual, and case approach. This study concludes that the legal liability carried out by PT Waringin Agro Jaya can be justified based on strict liability because, in principle, strict liability is a liability without fault in every business or activity categorized as Abnormally Dangerous Activity.
Konstruksi Hukum Pembuktian Penuntut Umum Terhadap Sonny Widjaja Dalam Kasus Korupsi PT. ASABRI
Evidence is crucial to the criminal process, especially in corruption cases. This study analyzes the strength of the evidence presented by the Public Prosecutor in the corruption case of the reconstruction of investment funds of PT. ASABRI with Sonny Widjaja's response. The focus of this study is to assess the extent to which the evidence meets the elements of a crime as regulated in Article 2, paragraph (1) of Law Number 31 of 1999 in conjunction with Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of Corruption. This study uses a normative method with a statutory regulatory approach and a case approach. The study results indicate that the Public Prosecutor proved the elements unlawful, enriching oneself or others and causing losses to state finances with a loss value of Rp22.78 trillion. The evidence was carried out through five main pieces of evidence, namely witness statements, expert statements, letters, statements from prostitutes, and clues, including electronic evidence. The Panel of Judges accepted the evidence and declared the perpetrator guilty based on the primary charge, thus imposing a prison sentence of 18 years and a fine of Rp750 million. This study confirms that a strong evidentiary strategy by the Public Prosecutor plays an essential role in shaping the judge's conviction and upholding justice in large-scale corruption cases.
Problematika Perizinan Penyadapan Oleh KPK Pasca Revisi Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2019
The revision process of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) Law resulted in structural changes with the formation of the KPK Supervisory Board. This change impacts the work procedures of KPK investigators, especially in conducting wiretapping of corruption suspects. This article analyzes the problematic issues of wiretapping permits by the KPK after the revision of Law Number 19 of 2019, which introduced a multi-layered bureaucracy. This study uses a normative legal method with statutory regulations. The results of the study indicate that the revision of the law requires the KPK to obtain permission from the Supervisory Board before conducting wiretapping, which has the potential to hinder the effectiveness and speed of investigations. However, after a judicial review was conducted at the Constitutional Court, it was decided that wiretapping could be carried out without permission from the Supervisory Board but must still be notified within a specific period. This decision is measured as a positive step in maintaining a balance between the effectiveness of corruption eradication and the accountability of the KPK institution.
Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Ahli Waris Terhadap Pembebanan Hak Tanggungan Terkait Boedel Warisan Atas Harta Bersama Yang Belum Dibagi
Dalam pasal 833 ayat (1) KUHPerdata ditentukan bahwa ahli waris dengan sendirinya karena hukum memperoleh hak milik atas segala barang, segala hak dan segala piutang dari si pewaris. Fenomena dalam masyarakat banyak terjadi harta warisan (boedel warisan) yang belum dibagi tetapi telah dipergunakan sebagai jaminan dalam fasilitas kredit dari bank, tanpa persetujuan ahli waris yang lain. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan jenis penelitian yuridis normatif yaitu penelitian hukum kepustakaan atau data sekunder dengan sumber bahan-bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa akibat hukum pembebanan hak tanggungan atas boedel warisan harta bersama yang belum dibagi yaitu tetap sah apabila dalam pelaksaan pembebanan hak tanggungan tersebut melalui persetujuan dari seluruh ahli waris. Namun apabila tanpa persetujuan seluruh ahli waris, maka pembebanan hak tanggungan tersebut batal demi hukum, tidak sah, serta tidak berkekuatan hukum karena dalam pembebanan tersebut merupakan perbuatan melawan hukum karena pemberi hak tanggungan tidak mempunyai kewenangan yang mutlak atas objek hak tanggugan yang dijaminkan. Adapun perlindungan hukum bagi ahli waris terhadap pembebanan hak tanggungan atas boedel warisan harta bersama yang belum dibagi yaitu dilakukan pemisahan dan pembagian terlebih dahulu, namun apabila pemisahan dan pembagian belum dapat dilakukan, maka sebelum melakukan pembebanan hak tanggungan terlebih dahulu meminta persetujuan dari seluruh ahli waris. Sedangkan apabila pembebanan hak tanggungan atas boedel warisanyang belum dibagi tanpa adanya persetujuan ahli waris, maka ahli waris berhak untuk mengajukan gugatan ke pengadilan dengan dalih bahwa ia tidak pernah memberikan persetujuannya untuk menjaminkan boedel warisan tersebut, sehingga hak ahli waris dikembalikan seperti semula.
Copyright (c) 2023 JOURNAL of LEGAL RESEARCH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Kepastian Hukum Terhadap Pihak Penjual Dalam Peralihan Kepemilikan Saham Tanpa Adanya Akta Jual Beli Saham Yang Dibuat Oleh Notaris
Dalam penelitian ini digunakan teori kepastian hukum yang dikemukakan Gustav Von Radburch, yang menyatakan kepastian hukum "that law should be certain, that it could not be interpreted and applied in one way today and in another tomorrow, in one way here and in another way there.” Yang artinya (Hukum itu harus pasti, bahwa itu tidak dapat ditafsirkan dan diterapkan dalam satu cara hari ini dan dengan cara lain besok, dalam satu cara di sini dan dengan cara lain di sana). Jenis Penelitian yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu penelitian hukum yuridis normatif, dimana penelitian hukum yuridis normatif adalah penelitian hukum yang dilakukan secara meneliti bahan Pustaka atau data sekunder saja. Penelitian ini disebut juga dengan penelitian hukum kepustakaan. Sedangkan yang menjadi hasil dari penelitian ini adalah agar dalam pembentukan maupun perbaikan peraturan terkait jual beli saham mengharuskan dibuatnya akta pemindahan hak termasuk jual beli saham, agar dibuat dengan akta otentik yang dibuat oleh pejabat yang berwenang melakukan pembuatan akta otentik yaitu Notaris, guna meminimalisir terjadinya sengketa dalam jual beli saham akibat akta/perjanjian yang dibuat adalah akta/perjanjian yang dibuat dengan akta dibawah tangan.
Operasionalisasi Lembaga Wali Amanat Dalam Hukum Pasar Modal Yang Mengadopsi Struktur Trust Beserta Kedudukan Hukumnya Dalam Hukum Perdata Indonesia
Pertemuan suatu system hukum dapat dilakukan dengan cara adopsi system hokum. Adopsi adalah masuknya pranata hukum asing yang mempunyai system hukum yang berbeda merujuk pada perpindahan norma-norma hukum atau ketentuan hukum tertentu dari suatu Negara tertentu ke Negara lain selama suatu proses pembuatan hukum. Dalam tulisan ini penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian yuridis normative. Adapaun yang menjadi pembahasan dalam tulisan ini adalah menegenai mekanisme/ struktur trust sebagaimana dikenal dalam sistem hukum Anglo Saxon serta juga membahas mengenai operasioanalisasi lembaga wali amanat dalam hukum pasar modal Indonesia. Dalam tulisan ini, penulis menemukan bahwa Sistem Hukum Anglo Saxon merupakan suatu sistem hukum yang didasarkan pada yurispudensi. Globalisasi mengakibatkan masuknya pranata ekonomi dan hukum asing ke dalam suatu negara yang memiliki sistem hukum yang berbeda, yaitu masuknya lembaga hukum yang hanya ada pada system Common Law ke Indonesia yang menganut sistem hukum Civil Law yang dalam pelaksanaannya seringkali menimbulkan benturan.
Copyright (c) 2022 JOURNAL of LEGAL RESEARCH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Perlindungan Hukum Kepada Konsumen Selaku Pembeli Beritikad Baik Terhadap Pembelian Properti Jenis Apartemen Yang Pembangunan Tidak Terealisasi
Pengembang selaku pelaku usaha bidang Real Estat jenis apartemen, hubungan hukum antara pengembang dan pembeli berdasarkan perjanjian Surat Pesanan unit apartemen, pengembang telah melakukan wanprestasi atas perjanjian yaitu tidak realisasi pembangunan apartemen sesuai waktu yang dijanjikan, hal tersebut sudah menjadi fenomena hukum di Indonesia. Berdasarkan uraian dalam penulisan ini, maka permasalahan yang dikemukakan dalam tesis ini adalah 1) bagaimana akibat hukum dari perjanjian Surat Pesanan unit apartemen bagi para pihak terhadap pengembang yang melakukan wanprestasi? 2) Bagaimana bentuk perlindungan hukum yang dapat diperoleh pembeli atas tidak terealisasinya pembangunan apartemen. Dari hasil penelitian normatif yang dianalisa secara kualitatif ini dapat diperoleh bentuk akibat hukum atas tindakan wanprestasi oleh pengembang dan bentuk perlindungan hukum bagi pembeli. Solusi kongkrit dari pengembang saat ini untuk penyelesaian permasalahan adalah relokasi unit, maka harus mencarikan solusi terkait tuntutan pengembalian uang, denda dan ganti rugi kepada pembeli yang tidak memiliki kejelasan pembayaran kepada pembeli dan belum ada upaya untuk memperoleh perlindungan hukum yang dijamin oleh undang-undang, karena kurang edukasi dan literasi pembeli sehingga sangat diperlukan peran dan perhatian pemerintah, agar eksistensi lembaga pemerintahan dan non pemerintahan dalam penyelesaian masalah bagi pembeli yang dirugikan.