Evaluating the Influence of Doubt (Shubhah) in the Implementation of Hudud Penalties
Abstract
This study examines the contrasting approaches to enforcing ḥudūd punishments during the time of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions. While Quranic texts and hadiths advocate for strict application, historical practices often reflect a reluctance to implement such penalties. This research investigates and highlights the critical role of the legal maxim idrau al-ḥudūd bi-al-shubuhāt (averting hudud punishments in cases of doubt) in shaping the actions of the Prophet and his companions. The study also critically evaluates the emergence and development of this legal principle during the Tābi’ūn period, focusing on the influence of jurists from Kufa. Scholars such as Joseph Schacht and Maribel Fierro have argued that these jurists played a crucial role in formulating the maxim, particularly mitigating punishments for influential individuals. Using a historical-analytical approach, the study draws from primary Islamic legal sources, hadith collections, and juristic texts alongside modern scholarship. The findings demonstrate that the principle of doubt profoundly impacted the application of ḥudūd punishments and gained prominence during the Tābi’ūn period, primarily due to its strategic use by Kufa jurists to mitigate the severity of penalties in certain instances.
Abstrak:
Penelitian ini mengkaji pendekatan yang berbeda dalam penerapan hukuman ḥudūd pada masa Nabi Muhammad dan para sahabatnya. Meskipun ayat-ayat Al-Qur'an dan hadits menekankan penerapan ketat hukuman ilahi ini, riwayat alternatif dan praktik para sahabat menunjukkan kecenderungan untuk menghindari penerapan hukuman tersebut kapan pun memungkinkan. Penelitian ini menyelidiki ketegangan ini dan menyoroti peran penting kaidah hukum "idrau al-ḥudūd bi-al-shubuhāt" (menghindari hukuman hudud dalam kasus-kasus keraguan) dalam membentuk tindakan Nabi dan para sahabatnya. Studi ini juga secara kritis mengevaluasi kemunculan dan perkembangan kaidah hukum ini selama periode Tābi’ūn, dengan fokus pada pengaruh para ahli hukum Kufa. Para sarjana seperti Joseph Schacht dan Maribel Fierro berpendapat bahwa ahli hukum ini memainkan peran penting dalam merumuskan kaidah tersebut, khususnya dalam mengurangi hukuman bagi individu-individu berpengaruh. Dengan menganalisis konteks sejarah dan penerapan kaidah ini, penelitian ini menangani kesenjangan signifikan dalam literatur terkait evolusi prinsip keraguan dalam penerapan ḥudūd. Menggunakan pendekatan historis-analitis, penelitian ini menggunakan sumber-sumber hukum Islam primer, koleksi hadits, dan teks-teks yuridis bersama dengan kajian modern. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prinsip keraguan sangat mempengaruhi penerapan hukuman ḥudūd dan memperoleh ketenaran selama periode Tābi’ūn, terutama karena penggunaannya yang strategis oleh para ahli hukum Kufa untuk mengurangi tingkat hukuman dalam beberapa kasus.
Keywords
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DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v25i1.37953
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