Jurnal Cita Hukum is an open access and peer-reviewed journal that aims to offer legal studies, government policies, law and society, laws and regulations, and legal issues that have developed in various countries. This study is not limited to various fields of criminal law, civil law, constitutional law, state administrative law, the development of Islamic law, international law, humanitarian law, and other fields regarding contemporary issues in the field of law. Jurnal Cita Hukum has been indexed at Web of Science (WOS) P-ISSN 2356-1440 E-ISSN 2502-230X
Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
Политика использования социальных сетей в России после Спецоперации в 2022 г.(Social Media Usage Policy in Russia after the Special Military Operation in 2022)
This article examines the characteristics of social media usage in Russia, particularly following the special military operation in Ukraine in 2022, a period that marked a significant shift in the country’s information and communication landscape. The study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of how the Russian government regulates, restricts, and controls the use of digital media platforms among its citizens. Special attention is given to the political, security, and ideological considerations that underlie these restrictions, especially in the context of national sovereignty, information warfare, and state security. The primary objective of this research is to identify the key reasons behind limitations on social media usage and access to online information in Russia. It also seeks to analyze the legal framework governing these restrictions, including laws, government decrees, and regulatory policies that justify bans, content moderation, platform blocking, and surveillance of online activities. By examining these normative instruments, the article highlights how legal mechanisms are employed to shape public discourse and manage information flows in times of political tension and conflict. Methodologically, this study adopts the perspective of the social construction of mass media, which views media not merely as neutral channels of communication but as socially and politically constructed institutions influenced by power relations, ideology, and state interests. Through qualitative analysis of policy documents, official statements, and regulatory practices, the research illustrates how state narratives are reinforced through digital media governance. The findings indicate that the Russian government has developed a systematic and institutionalized policy framework to regulate social media and internet access. These policies significantly affect freedom of expression, access to alternative information sources, and patterns of online communication, reshaping the role of social media in Russian society in the post-2022 period.
Copyright (c) 2025 Albert Muhammad Isrun Naini, Margarita Olegovna Naini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Prevention of corruption in the field of social protection of the population: administrative and criminal legal aspects
The article examines the problems of preventing corruption in the social protection sector from the point of view of administrative and criminal law aspects. The mechanisms of preventive influence are considered, in particular, the standardization of procedures, internal control, audit and the implementation of e-government, which contribute to minimizing corruption risks. The criminal law measures of liability for abuse of power, acceptance or provision of illegal benefits and forgery of documents in the field of social payments are analyzed. The importance of an integrated approach combining administrative and criminal mechanisms is emphasized to increase the transparency, accountability and efficiency of the social protection system. Examples of foreign practice on the use of electronic platforms and internal audits as means of combating corruption are given. Corruption in the field of social protection of the population is a multifaceted and systemic phenomenon that negatively affects the effectiveness of state policy, the level of trust of citizens in state institutions and social justice in society. It manifests itself in various forms: from bribery and abuse of official position to manipulation of the distribution of social benefits and subsidies. Administrative mechanisms for combating corruption play an important role in preventing offenses. The introduction of electronic management systems, automation of the processes of distributing social benefits, declaring the income of officials, standardizing application forms and increasing the transparency of procedures allow minimizing the risks of abuse, increasing the accountability of social protection bodies and preventing corrupt actions at the early stages. Criminal law measures provided for by the legislation of Ukraine are a necessary condition for effective combating corruption. Strict liability for abuse of power, acceptance or provision of undue benefits, forgery of documents in the social sector provides a preventive effect, increases the level of discipline among officials and forms a legal basis for combating corruption.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wiktor Branowicki, Olena Varhuliak , Oleksandr Kozlenko, Roman Melnychuk, Artur Makarov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Martial law and transformation of the social security system: issues of equality and access to assistance for internally displaced persons and the population of occupied territories
The article examines the transformation processes in the social security system of Ukraine under martial law caused by the full-scale military aggression of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to ensure equality and justice in the distribution of social assistance among internally displaced persons and the population of temporarily occupied territories. It is noted that military actions have become a catalyst for profound structural changes in the field of social protection, which are manifested in the transition from traditional support mechanisms to digital and crisis-oriented social policy instruments. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state of the social security system of Ukraine during martial law, identify key problems in ensuring equality and accessibility of social assistance, and develop proposals for improving state policy in this area. The methodological basis is made up of general scientific and special-legal methods, in particular: systemic, comparative-legal, formal-legal, structural-functional and content analysis. Empirical materials, statistical data and judicial practice on the implementation of social rights of IDPs and citizens from occupied territories were used. The results of the study showed that the existing model of social security during martial law retains signs of fragmentation and inequality in access to assistance. The digitalization of social services (in particular, through the “Diya” application) has significantly increased the efficiency of accounting and payments, but at the same time created barriers for vulnerable groups - the elderly, people without access to the Internet and residents of remote or occupied territories. The problem of social integration of internally displaced persons requires special attention, since state policy is currently focused mainly on short-term financial payments, and not on sustainable mechanisms for employment, housing support or social adaptation. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive analysis of the transformation of Ukraine’s social policy during martial law, taking into account the factors of territorial isolation and digital inequality. Conceptual directions for reforming the social security system are proposed, based on the principles of inclusiveness, intersectoral interaction, and international cooperation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oksana Valetska, Olena Arsentieva, Viktoriia Zholudieva , Viktoriia Yurovskа , Mykhailo Ternushchak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Philosophical-Legal Aspect of the Methodology of Research on the Instruments of State Policy and Public Administration
In particular, the study has shown that each of the approaches under consideration—epistemological, ontological, axiological, and systemic (in combination with synergetics)—has its own substantive purpose, yet together they form a comprehensive methodological framework for the respective scientific inquiry. It has been established that the epistemological approach ensures the identification of the ways, boundaries, and means of acquiring knowledge about the instruments of public administration. Its significance lies in the development of methods for collecting, verifying, and interpreting information, which include dialectical analysis of contradictions, metaphysical fixation of stable elements, logical operations of induction and deduction, analytic-synthetic data processing, as well as hermeneutic interpretation of concepts and norms. Within this approach, instruments are studied through the prism of how exactly they can be known, described, and explained by scientific means. It is noted that, in contrast, the ontological approach focuses on the nature, essence, and structural characteristics of instruments as socio-legal phenomena. Its methods are oriented not so much towards the process of cognition, but rather towards the identification of the fundamental properties of the object of study and its place within the structure of public administration. It is emphasized that the axiological approach provides the value-based dimension of the research, in which the criteria for evaluating an instrument are the ideals enshrined in the legal system and social consciousness, namely justice, equality, freedom, human rights, and others. It has been revealed that the systemic approach, reinforced by the synergetic dimension, makes it possible to consider public administration instruments in interaction with all elements of the public governance mechanism as a whole, to identify internal and external connections, as well as the patterns of their dynamics, self-organization, and adaptation to changes in the external environment. It is underlined that such a multi-level methodological construct ensures the comprehensiveness of scientific description, the internal consistency of conceptual frameworks, and their resilience to changes in both the external and internal environment of the public authority system as a whole.
economic (managerial) activity of the state
private-law instruments of public administration
Copyright (c) 2025 Pavlo Liutikov , Dmytro Pryimachenko , Vasyl Yurchenko , Anatolii Dietochka , Yaroslav Sydorov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Legal status of victims of sexual and domestic violence in armed conflict: international legal standards and Ukrainian practice
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal status of victims of sexual and domestic violence in armed conflict through the prism of international legal standards and modern Ukrainian practice. The relevance of the topic is due to the ongoing armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which has led to a significant increase in the number of cases of sexual and gender-based violence, in particular in temporarily occupied areas, places of detention and among internally displaced persons. The aim of the article is to study the system of international and national legal mechanisms for the protection of victims of sexual and domestic violence during armed conflict, identify problems in the implementation of international legal norms in Ukrainian legislation and formulate proposals for its improvement. The research used a complex of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, systematic approach) and special legal (comparative legal, formal legal, historical legal, method of interpretation of legal norms) methods, which ensured the completeness and objectivity of the results obtained. The article reveals the content of the main international documents that determine the legal status of victims of sexual violence in armed conflicts: the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols thereto, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 1998, the Istanbul Convention of the Council of Europe of 2011, UN Security Council Resolutions No. 1325 (2000) and No. 1820 (2008). It is emphasized that these acts establish the obligation of states to ensure prevention, investigation, prosecution of perpetrators and assistance to victims. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the systematic approach to determining the legal status of victims of sexual and domestic violence as a complex legal category, combining elements of international humanitarian law, international human rights law and national legislation. Directions for improving the Ukrainian legal system are proposed: creation of a unified system for documenting crimes of sexual violence, improvement of interdepartmental coordination, expansion of victims' access to free legal aid, training of specialized investigators and prosecutors.
Disinformation; Human rights; Freedom of expression; Freedom of information; Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA)
Copyright (c) 2025 Andrii Sobakar, Liubov Kotova , Ihor Tatarenko , Kostiantyn Palshkov , Oksana Zuieva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Laws on The Management of the Underground Economy in the Criminal Sector in Vietnam
This study explores the complex relationship between criminal law and the underground economy in Vietnam, highlighting both its economic contributions and its detrimental effects on social order, security, and individual well-being. The underground economy—comprising unregistered businesses, informal labor, and illicit trade—has persisted due to gaps in legal enforcement, economic inequality, and the pursuit of profit outside regulatory oversight. While it can stimulate short-term economic activity, it also undermines fiscal stability, erodes trust in public institutions, and exposes participants to significant risks. To analyze this phenomenon, the study employs a qualitative research method that integrates literature review, juridical-normative analysis, and case-based exploration. Legal documents, policy papers, and academic studies are examined to understand how Vietnamese criminal law addresses underground economic activities. In addition, expert interviews with legal scholars, law enforcement officers, and economists provide contextual insights into enforcement challenges and policy gaps. This qualitative approach allows for a nuanced understanding of how law and informal economic practices interact in real-world contexts, beyond mere statistical data. The findings reveal that Vietnam’s criminal law serves not only as a deterrent mechanism but also as a regulatory instrument that shapes economic behavior. However, enforcement remains inconsistent, and coordination among state institutions remains limited. The study concludes with policy recommendations to improve legal frameworks, strengthen institutional capacity, and promote public awareness to manage and gradually formalize the underground economy in Vietnam effectively. REFERENCES Channel 14.Vn Electronic Newspaper (2018). “The story of legalizing prostitution in 10 countries around the world: The country allows prostitution but restricts the purchase of sex”. Access source: https://kenh14.vn/ specializing 20180407163634065.chn, accessed date: February 15, 2025. Dao, X. H., Nguyen, V. H., & Nguyen, D. A. (2023). “Requirements and recommendations to ensure social security for people working in the informal economy sector in Vietnam”. Journal of Namibian Studies, Vol. 33 (2023): Special Issue 3, e-ISSN 2197-5523, Publication date: May-22-2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.59670/jns.v33i.1970 , https://namibian-studies.com/index.php/JNS/article/view/1970 , p. 932. Department For Social Vices Prevention - Ministry Of Labor, War Invalids And Social Affairs (2020). “The fates of Japan's red light district during the pandemic”. Access source: http://pctnxh.molisa.gov.vn/default.aspx?page=news&do=detail&id= 2742, accessed date: February 25, 2025. Economichelp. (2019). “Underground Economy - definition, problems and causes”. Access source: https://www.economicshelp.org , accessed date: February 25, 2025. Friedrich, S., & Robert, K. (2004). “Shadow economies around the world: What do we khow?”. CESifo Working Paper NO. 1167, Category 1: Public finance, April 2004. Hung , N. V., Thinh , T. C., & Duy, N. D. (2022). Cooperative Group In Current Vietnamese Commercial Environment. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 7(6), e0509, Access source: https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2022.v7i6.e509 , p. 01. Hung, N. V. (2023). “Characteristics of the underground economy in Vietnam”. Lex Humana (ISSN 2175-0947), 15(3), access source: https://seer.ucp.br/seer/index.php/LexHumana/article/view/2537 , p. 18. Le, C., And NGUYEN, T. L. (2014). “Death Penalty in Vietnam’s Criminal Code: To Retain or Reduce and Eventually Abolish?”. Vietnam National University Journal of Science, Vol. 33 No. 3. National Assembly. “Criminal Code 1999 (amended and supplemented in 2009)”. National Assembly. “Criminal Code 2015 (amended and supplemented in 2017)”. Nguyen Vinh Hung (editor 2021). “Civil issues: Theoretical - Procedure - Comment”, People's Publish Security Publishing House. Nguyen, N. C. (2022). “Commentary on offenses against economic management order in the 2015 Criminal Code, amended and supplemented in 2017. National Political Publishing House, Hanoi. Nguyen, V. H. (2019). “The impact of the underground economy on the economy, society, and law”. Journal of Economic Studies, 7 (03). Nguyen, V. H. (2023_1). “Underground economy in the context of the fourth industrial revolution”. Journal of Political Theory, No.13. Nguyen, V. H. (2023_2). “Law on the management of the underground economy in Vietnam”. Topic scientific research in level school, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, University of Law. Nguyen, V. H., Nguyen, L. T & Tran C. T. (2023). Laws on the management of the underground economy in the financial sector in Vietnam, Lex Humana. Vol. 15 No. 4 (2023), ISSN 2175-0947, Publication date: July 20, 2023, https://seer.ucp.br/seer/index.php/LexHumana/article/view/2737 , p. 241. Nguyen, Vinh. H. (2020). “Managing the type of "underground economy" in Vietnam today”. State Management Review, 299 (12), 1-8. Nhung, D. H., Hung, N. V., & Nhung, K. T. T. (2023). “Land use planning of industrial zones in Vietnam towards sustainable development and climate change response”. Lex Humana (ISSN 2175-0947), 15(2), 1-8. https://seer.ucp.br/seer/index.php/LexHumana/article/view/2598 , p. 549. Tien Phong Electronic Newspaper (2023). “Hanoi announced that it would not allow prostitution to resume on Tran Duy Hung Street”. Access source: https://tienphong.vn/ha-noi-cong-bo-khong-de- tai-hoat-dong-mai-dam-o-pho-tran-duy-hung-post1506587.tpo , accessed date: February 15, 2025. Vietnam Open Educational Resources (2017). “Underground Economy”. Access source: https://voer.edu.vn/m/kinh-te-ngam/0d88638b , accessed date: February 23, 2025. Vnexpress Electronic Newspaper (2022). “Internet prostitution marketing”. Access source: https://vnexpress.net/topic/tiep-thi-mai-dam-qua-mang-internet-18578, accessed date: February 26, 2025. Vov2 Electronic Newspaper (2022). “Online football betting may have to go to prison”. Access source: https://vov2.vov.vn/phap-luat/ca-do-bong-da-online-co-the -phai-di-tu-39075.vov2, accessed date: February 15, 2025. Zing New Electronic Newspaper (2022). “Prostitutes in Thailand claim their rights”. Access source: https://zingnews.vn/gai-mai-dam-o-thai-lan-doi-quyen-loi -post1337923.html, accessed date: February 24, 2025.
Underground Economy; Law; Criminal; Management; Crime
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Navigating the Intersection of Technology, Disinformation, and Human Rights: Balancing Freedom of Expression and Speech
The spread of deceptive content online threatens human rights, particularly freedom of expression and access to accurate information. In Pakistan, the rise of digital platforms has fuelled misinformation, weakening democratic processes, polarizing society, and eroding public trust. The challenge lies in balancing disinformation regulation with protecting free speech. While false narratives undermine institutions, restrictive measures risk suppressing dissent and opposition voices. The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) exemplifies this tension. This study critically evaluates Pakistan’s regulatory approach, assessing its effectiveness and alignment with international human rights standards. Through qualitative analysis of PECA’s provisions and case studies, findings highlight key concerns: ambiguous legal definitions and politically motivated enforcement. Case studies illustrate how disinformation affects public trust and democratic engagement. Despite the challenges posed by disinformation, a practical framework must protect fundamental rights while addressing online harms. Recommendations include refining PECA’s provisions, introducing robust procedural safeguards, and promoting digital literacy programs to empower citizens to counter misinformation. A multi-stakeholder approach involving government, civil society, and technology platforms is essential for fostering a more accountable digital environment in Pakistan. Striking a balance between regulation and free speech is crucial for preserving democracy and public trust. REFERENCES: Alibašić, H. (2024). The Post-Factual Polity: Ethical, Governance, Administrative, and Policy Crises in the Disinformation Era. IAP. AZAM, M. (2021). Pakistan's International Law Obligations and Curtailment of Freedom of Expression: Balancing Legitimate Competing Interests or a Case of Violation?. PLR, 12, 37. Butt, M. N., Riaz, M., & Rabbani, A. W. (2023). Countering Fake News in Pakistan: Challenges Faced by Newsrooms and Regulators. MAIRAJ, 2(2), 79–87. George, A. S. (2024). Weaponizing WhatsApp: Organized Propaganda and the Erosion of Democratic Discourse in India. Partners Universal Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 1(1), 22–36. Helm, R. K., & Nasu, H. (2021). Regulatory responses to ‘fake news’ and freedom of expression: Normative and empirical evaluation. Human Rights Law Review, 21(2), 302–328. Howie, E. (2018). Protecting the human right to freedom of expression in international law. International journal of speech-language pathology, 20(1), 12-15. Inobemhe, K., & Asemah, E. S. Media Literacy and Critical Thinking as Tools for Combating Disinformation. COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA DYNAMICS, 11. Iqbal, M., Talpur, S. R., Manzoor, A., Abid, M. M., Shaikh, N. A., & Abbasi, S. (2023). The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016: Understanding the Challenges in Pakistan. Siazga Research Journal, 2(4), 273–282. Jia, C., Lee, A. Y., Moore, R. C., Decatur, C. H. S., Liu, S. X., & Hancock, J. T. (2024). Collaboration, crowdsourcing, and misinformation. PNAS nexus, 3(10), page: 434. Kaushal, R., Van De Kerkhof, J., Goanta, C., Spanakis, G., & Iamnitchi, A. (2024, June). Automated Transparency: A Legal and Empirical Analysis of the Digital Services Act Transparency Database. In The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 1121–1132). Khan, S., Tehrani, P. M., & Iftikhar, M. (2019). Impact of PECA-2016 provisions on freedom of speech: A case of Pakistan. Journal of Management Info, 6(2), 7–11. Klein, A., & Klein, A. (2017). Hate speech in the information age. Fanaticism, racism, and rage online: Corrupting the digital sphere, 25–39. Kusaka, W. (2022). Fake News and State Violence: How Duterte Hijacked the Election and Democracy in the Philippines. In Fake News and Elections in Southeast Asia (pp. 145–165). Routledge. Mansoor, S. I. U. (2024). Legal Implications of Deepfake Technology: In the Context of Manipulation, Privacy, and Identity Theft. Central University of Kashmir Law Review, 4, 65–92. Mckay, S., & Tenove, C. (2021). Disinformation as a threat to deliberative democracy. Political research quarterly, 74(3), 703–717. Ness, S. (2024). The Balance Between Gatekeeper Rules and Free Speech in the EU under the Digital Markets Act and Digital Services Act. Journal of Modern Law and Policy, 4(3). Saleem, B., Ahmed, M., Zahra, M., Hassan, F., Iqbal, M. A., & Muhammad, Z. (2024). A survey of cybersecurity laws, regulations, and policies in technologically advanced nations: A case study of Pakistan to bridge the gap. International Cybersecurity Law Review, 1–29. Saleem, H., Jan, J., & Areej, A. (2022). Cyber Crimes Trends in Pakistan: Analyzing the Legal Framework and Enforcement Challenges. Society, Law and Policy Review, 1(1), 10–22. Shankar, R., & Ahmad, T. (2021). Information Technology Laws: Mapping the Evolution and Impact of Social Media Regulation in India. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 41(4). Shou, Y., Kuru, O., Newman, E., & Smithson, M. (2024). Mis-and Disinformation. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. Tenove, C. (2020). Protecting democracy from disinformation: Normative threats and policy responses. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(3), 517–537. Vese, D. (2022). Governing fake news: the regulation of social media and the right to freedom of expression in the era of emergency. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 13(3), 477–513.
Legal Regulations on Professional Liability Insurance for Non-Material Damages: Lessons for Vietnam from China
Professional liability insurance is essential for protecting professionals and organizations against financial losses resulting from negligence or errors in their services. Despite its importance, the legal framework governing professional liability insurance for non-material damages, such as reputational, prestige, or mental health harm, remains underdeveloped in Vietnam. This paper analyzed and compared the legal regulations surrounding professional liability insurance for non-material damages in China and Vietnam. It identified key lessons that Vietnam could adopt to enhance its legal framework. Existing legal texts, scholarly articles, and case law from both countries were examined. The findings revealed that, while China has established a more robust regulatory framework to address non-material damages, Vietnam's current legal provisions are fragmented and lack clarity. The analysis highlights aspects of China's approach, including comprehensive definitions and more evident liability standards, which could significantly benefit Vietnam's legal system. The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform policymakers and legal practitioners in Vietnam about effective regulatory practices in professional liability insurance. By drawing insights from China's experience, Vietnam can develop a more coherent and effective legal framework that protects professionals and enhances consumer trust in professional services. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on legal reform in Vietnam, particularly in emerging areas of professional liability law. REFERENCES: Anh, N. T. B. (2020). Medical malpractice liability insurance: Comparison of Vietnam to some European countries. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 12(3), 73–79. Aven, T. (2019). The cautionary principle in risk management: Foundation and practical use. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 191, 106585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2019.106585 Bucheton, D., & Cominh, D. (1995). The development of a Vietnamese insurance industry: Organisation, operation and prospects. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, 20(76), 180–186. Chen, C. X. (2009). Who really matters? Revenue implications of stakeholder satisfaction in a health insurance company. The Accounting Review, 84(6), 1781–1804. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2009.84.6.1781 Circular No. 40/2015/TT-BTC. (2015). Guiding the implementation of some provisions of the Law on Insurance Business. (Vietnam). (Effective June 1, 2016). Civil Code No. 91/2015/QH13. (2015). Socialist Republic of Vietnam. (Effective January 1, 2017). Civil Procedure Code of Vietnam. (2004). Socialist Republic of Vietnam. § 33 (Amended 2011). Decree No. 47/2017/ND-CP. (2017). On Health Insurance. Socialist Republic of Vietnam. (Effective June 1, 2017). Decree No. 73/2016/ND-CP. (2016). Detailing several provisions of the Law on Insurance Business. Socialist Republic of Vietnam. (Effective July 1, 2016). Ewald, W. (1995). Comparative jurisprudence (II): The logic of legal transplants. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 43(4), 489–510. https://doi.org/10.2307/840621 Gredka-Ligarska, I. (2024). Employer as an AI system operator and non-contractual civil liability for damage caused by AI systems: The EU and Chinese perspectives. Hang, N. H. B. (2024). Addressing fragmentation in Vietnam’s data protection laws: Recommendations for a unified legal framework. Vietnamese Journal of Legal Sciences, 11, 14. Insurance in Asia. (2024). Professional and directors' liability insurance in Vietnam. https://www.insuranceinasia.com/businesses-employers/professionals-directors-liability/ Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China. (1995). Insurance & Reinsurance Laws and Regulations. (2025). Insurance & Reinsurance Laws and Regulations: China 2025 (Zhiyi Ren & Blake Wang, Contributors). ICLG. Laskar, M. (2013, April 4). Summary of social contract theory by Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau. Locke & Rousseau. https://www.academia.edu/2286503/Summary_of_Social_Contract_Theory_by_Hobbes_Locke_and_Rousseau Law on State Compensation Liability, No. 10/2017/QH14. (2017). Socialist Republic of Vietnam. https://english.luatvietnam.vn/law-no-10-2017-qh14-dated-june-20-2017-of-the-national-assembly-on-state-compensation-liability-115519-doc1.html LawNet. (2024). Vietnam: Compensation for non-contractual damages involving foreign elements under Decree 138. https://lawnet.vn/thong-tin-phap-luat/en/chinh-sach-moi/vietnam-compensation-for-non-contractual-damages-involving-foreign-elements-under-decree-138-144182.html Long, P. D., Hien, B. Q., & Ngoc, P. T. B. (2024). Money supply, inflation and output: An empirically comparative analysis for Vietnam and China. Asian Journal of Economics and Banking, 8(2), 294. Nguyen, C. T. (2024). Does reputation matter? Explaining China’s evolving strategy in South China Sea disputes. Issues & Studies, 60(4), 2450013. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1013251124500135 Nguyen, N. P., Wu, H., Evangelista, F., & Nguyen, T. N. Q. (2020). The effects of organizational mindfulness on ethical behaviour and firm performance: Empirical evidence from Vietnam. Asia Pacific Business Review, 26(3), 313–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2020.1716690 QBE. (2024). Professional liability. https://www.qbe.com/vn/en/business-insurance/professional-indemnity Russin & Vecchi. (2023). Insurance law and regulation in Vietnam. The Actuary Magazine. (2024, September). Vietnamese insurance market insights: A conversation with Phuong Chung Ba, FSA, Chairman of TC Advisors at Techcombank. https://www.theactuarymagazine.org/vietnamese-insurance-market-insights/ Tran, A. L. (2017). Neurasthenia, generalized anxiety disorder, and the medicalization of worry in a Vietnamese psychiatric hospital. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 31(2), 198–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12358 Vietnam Civil Procedure Code. (2015). Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Vietnam Decree No. 73/2016/ND-CP. (2016). Detailing several provisions of the Law on Insurance Business. Vietnam Decree No. 47/2017/ND-CP. (2017). On Health Insurance. Vietnam Law on Consumer Protection No. 59/2010/QH12. (2011). Socialist Republic of Vietnam. (Effective July 1, 2011). Vietnam Law on Insurance Business No. 24/2000/QH10 (amended by Law No. 61/2010/QH12). (2010). Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Vu, N. T. (2007). Necessary reform of insurance business law in Vietnam after it acceded to the World Trade Organization: Prudential regulatory aspects. Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law, 12(6), 977. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/jcfl/vol12/iss6/1 Xue, J., & Weng, S. (2025). Navigating the legal complexities of telesurgery in China: An assessment of tort liability and the path forward. Medicine, Science and the Law, 65(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024231221361 Zhang, X., & Zhang, X. (2018). On legislation of punitive damages. In Legislation of Tort Liability Law in China (pp. 475–493). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55510-5_24.
Professional Liability Insurance; Financial Losses; Negligence; Non-Material Damages; Policymakers
The Institution of Legal Liability in the Digital Age: International Legal Standards, Administrative, Financial and Criminal Aspects
The article reveals the issue of legal responsibility within the context of digitalization in society. It is indicated that legal obligation, as a tool for coercion and the restoration of law and order, has always depended on the form of social relations. Today, digitalization has given rise not only to new objects of legal protection (personal data, digital assets, information security), but also to new subjects, such as platforms, algorithms, and autonomous systems. It is stated that the formation of the digital state leads to the transformation of traditional forms of public law responsibility, primarily administrative. In the digital age, not only is the form of offenses changing, but also how they are committed, recorded, detected, and proven. Administrative liability is becoming a tool for rapid response to mass violations in the fields of e-governance, personal data processing, cybersecurity, digital platform use, artificial intelligence, and telecommunication services. It is concluded that, accordingly, the institution of legal responsibility in the digital age is a system of prevention, regulation, self-control, and international cooperation. It must be adaptive, technologically literate, and human rights. The quality of legal mechanisms in the digital sphere determines whether the rule of law will remain effective in the context of digital transformation. REFERENCES: A Digital Agenda for Europe: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Brussels, 19.5.2010, COM (2010) 245 final. http://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52010DC0245R (01)&from=EN Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime on the criminalization of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems: Council of Europe; Protocol, International Document of 28.01.2003 https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_687#Text Association Agreement between Ukraine, of the one part, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the other part: International document of 27.06.2014. http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/984_011 Bukht, R., Heeks, R.: Digital Economy Policy in Developing Countries, 2018. https://diode.network/publications/ Bundesrecht konsolidiert: Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Signaturgesetz. https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10003685&FassungVom=2016-06-30&ShowPrintPreview=True Convention on Cybercrime Council of Europe; Convention, International Document of 23.11.2001 https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_575#Text Demchyshak, N., Hlutkovskyi, M. Rozvytok tsyfrovoi ekonomiky v Ukraini: kontseptualni osnovy, priorytety ta rol innovatsii. Innovatsiyna ekonomika, 2020? 5-6, 43-48. Digital lawyers. IT in Law: Blockchain, Online Services, Chatbots, and Legal Tech Startups. https://osvita.diia.gov.ua/courses/digital-lawyers Digitalisation: Administration. https://www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at/en/agenda/digitalisation/administration.html Drozd O., Dorokhina Yu., Leheza Yu., Smokovych M., Zadyraka N. Cassation filters in administrative judicial procedure: a step in a chasm or a novel that Ukrainian society expected? Amazonia investiga. Volume 10 - Issue 40: 222-232 / April, 2021 E-Government und E-Commerce sind im Vormarsch in Belgien. https://statbel.fgov.be/de/nachrichten/e-government-und-e-commerce-sind-im-vormarsch-belgien E-Government-Gesetz. https://www.parlament.gv.at/gegenstand/XXVII/I/1443 European Experience of Normative and Project Support for the Development of the Information Society: Conclusions for Ukraine: Analytical Report. National Institute for Strategic Studies. Kyiv, 2014. 76 p. European Experience of Normative and Project Support for the Development of the Information Society: Conclusions for Ukraine: Analytical Report. National Institute for Strategic Studies. Kyiv, 2014. 76 p. Horbalinskiy V., Markova O., Volkovа Yu., Litoshko V., Hlukhoveria K. Modalities of protection of the rights of individuals according to the administrative-procedural order and in legal-administrative procedures Cuestiones Políticas, 41(78), р. 94–103. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4178.06 Kobrusieva, Yevheniiа. Leheza, Yevhen. Rudoi, Kateryna. Shamara, Oleksandr. Chalavan, Viktor. 2021. International standards of social protection of internally displaced persons: administrative and criminal aspects. Jurnal cita hukum indonesian law journal. Vol 9, No 3, 461–484. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.23752 Kulinich, Olha. Leheza, Yevhen. Zadyraka, Nataliia. Taranenko, Kseniia, Kostiuk, Tetiana. 2023. Electronic Judicial Procedure as an Element of Access to Justice Regarding Protection of Rights of Individuals: Legal, Administrative, Theoretical, and Informational Aspects. Jurnal cita hukum indonesian law journal. 11 (3), 443–456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v11i3.36298 Kumeiko Andrii, Artur Gordienko, Yulia Volkova, Ganna Goncharenko, Andrii Blahodarnyi State Safety as an Object of Legal Protection in Ukraine Studies in Science of Science | ISSN: 1003-2053 https://sciencejournal.re/ | Volume 42, Issue 11, 2024 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14242254 Leheza, Y., Kolomoiets, Y., Chalyk, V., Kovalchuk, Y., & Sakhno, A. (2024). Foreign experience of financial-legal and administrative-legal regulation of the activities of public administration bodies. Revista do Curso de Direito do UNIFOR, 15(1), 51–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24862/rcdu.v15i1.1832 Leheza, Y., Korniienko, M., Berezniak, V., Мariienko, А., & Radchuk, A. (2024). Legal Regulation of Liability for Illegal Deportation of Children: Administrative, Criminal Aspects, Experience of Ukraine and International Standards. Revista Jurídica Portucalense, 257–274. https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(36)2024.ic-11 Leheza, Y., Shcherbyna, Bogdan. Leheza, Yulia. Pushkina, Olena & Marchenko O. (2023). “Features of Applying the Right to Suspension or Complete/ Partial Refusal to Fulfill a Duty in Case of Non-Fulfilment of the Counter Duty by the Other Party According to the Civil Legislation of Ukraine.” Revista Jurídica Portucalense, 340–359. Retrieved from https://revistas.rcaap.pt/juridica/article/view/29662 Leheza, Yevhen. Filipenko, Tatiana. Sokolenko, Olha. Darahan, Valerii, Kucherenko, Oleksii. 2020. Ensuring human rights in Ukraine: problematic issues and ways to address them in the social and legal sphere. Cuestiones políticas. Vol. 37 №º 64 (enero-junio 2020). P. 123–136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3764.10 Leheza, Yevhen. Pisotska, Karina. Dubenko, Oleksandr. Dakhno, Oleksandr. Sotskyi, Artur. “The essence of the principles of Ukrainian law in modern jurisprudence”. Revista jurídica portucalense, December (2022): 342-363. https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(32)2022.ic-15. Leheza, Yevhen. Shcherbyna, Bogdan. Leheza, Yulia. Pushkina, Olena. Marchenko, Olesia. (2024). Características de la suspensión o denegación total/parcial del cumplimiento de una obligación en caso de incumplimiento de la contraparte según la legislación civil de Ucrania. Novum Jus, 18(2), 131–150. https://doi.org/10.14718/NovumJus.2024.18.2.5 Leheza, Yevhen. Yerofieienko, Larysa. Komashko, Volodymyr. (2023). Propiedad intelectual en Ucrania bajo la ley marcial: regulación jurídica, aspectos administrativos y civiles. DIXI, 26(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.16925/2357-5891.2024.01.09 URL. https://revistas.ucc.edu.co/index.php/di/article/view/4960 Leheza, Yevhen. Yurovskа, Viktoriia. Zamryha, Artur. Ulozhenko, Vadym, Bohdan. Bohdana. (2024). Administrative and legal regulation of the status of internally displaced persons in Ukraine during the war. University of Western Australia Law Review. 51 (2). 297-313. https://www.uwa.edu.au/schools/-/media/documents/uwa-law-review/volume-51-issue-2/leheza-et-al-formatted.pdf Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA). https://www.esma.europa.eu/esmas-activities/digital-finance-and-innovat Matveenko I.V. Role of Information and Communication Influences in the Process of Implementation of Electronic Governance in Foreign Countries: Experience for Ukraine. Public governance. 2016. № 1. p. 135-145. Matviichuk, Anatolii. Shcherbak, Viktor. Sirko, Viktoria. Malieieva, Hanna. Leheza, Yevhen. 2022. Human principles of law as a universal normative framework: Principios humanos del derecho como marco normativo universal. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(75), 221–231. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.14 Nalyvaiko, Larysa Leheza, Yevhen, Sachko, Oleksandr. Shcherbyna, Victor. Chepik-Trehubenko. Olha. 2022. Principles of law: Methodological approaches to understanding in the context of modern globalization transformations. Ius Humani. Law Journal, 11(2), 55–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31207/ih.v11i2.312 OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2017, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264276284-en On approval of the Concept of development of electronic governance in Ukraine: Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated 20.09.2017 No. 649-r. http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/649-2017-%D1%80 On approval of the Concept of the State Target Program for the Creation and Functioning of the Information System for the Provision of Administrative Services for the Period up to 2017: Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated 24.07.2013 No. 614-r. URL: http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/614-2013-r On the National Program of Informatization: Law of Ukraine of February 4, 1998, No. 74/98-VR. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/74/98-vr/print (expired). Ostapchuk, O., Baksalova O., Babiy, I. Sut ta tendentsii zminy finansovoho menedzhmentu v umovakh posylenoi tsyfrovizatsii ekonomiky. Modeling the development of the economic systems. 2022 (2), 167-172. Pashchak M.Z., Plotnikova O.V. Directions of Implementation of the Experience of Development of E-Governance in Chile and Belgium in Ukraine. Shelfmark: "Future UA". 2017. https://knute.edu.ua/file/NjY4NQ==/099bcfe3ac1a6b325d46cb4e0c6b1469.pdf Pizhuk, O.I. Tsyfrova transformatsiia ekonomiky Ukrainy: obmezhennia ta mozhlyvosti. Irpin, Universytet DFS Ukrainy. 2020 Rabinovych P. M. Fundamentals of the General Theory of Law and the State. Manual. View. 10th, add. Lviv: Krai, 2008. 224 p. Semenoh, A.Yu. Tsyfrovi finansovi posluhy yak osnovnyi produkt diialnosti fintekh-kompanii. Visnyk SumDU, Ser. «Ekonomika», 2021 (4), 142-152. Sinkevych, O., YurovskаV., Komissarova, N., Tkachenko, O., & Leheza, Y. (2024). Subjects of public authority in matters of combating terrorism: legal regulation, administrative, and criminal aspects. Ius Humani. Law Journal, 13(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.31207/ih.v13i1.332 Stepanov V.Y. Problems and Prospects of the Information Society. State building. 2012. № 2. http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/DeBu_2012_2_4 Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in Ukraine: Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of May 15, 2013 No. 386-r. Official Gazette of Ukraine. 2013. № 44. Century. 1581 Syvolapenko T.L. Experience of foreign countries in the implementation of digital concepts: realities and prospects for Ukraine. State and regions. Series: Public Administration, 2019. № 3 (67). pp. 108-112 Tylchyk, Vyacheslav. Matselyk, Tetiana. Hryshchuk, Viktor. Lomakina, Olena. Sydor, Markiian. Leheza, Yevhen. 2022. Administrative and legal regulation of public financial activity: Regulación administrativa y legal de la actividad financiera pública. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(72), 573–581. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4072.33 UK's Digital Strategy. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uks-digital-strategy Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz. https://www.bmi.bund.de/DE/themen/moderne-verwaltung/verwaltungsrecht/verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz/verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz-node.html Villasmil Espinoza, Jorge; Leheza, Yevhen; Holovii, Liudmyla. 2022. Reflections for the interdisciplinary study of the Russian Federation’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022: Reflexiones para el estudio interdisciplinario de la invasión de Ucrania por parte de la Federación Rusa en 2022. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(73), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4073.00 Voitko A. E-Government in Great Britain. Implementation and Problems. Actual Problems of Social and Political Sciences: Collection of Materials of the Scientific Conference / edited by O.I. Yaremenko, S.A. Lapshin. Vinnytsia, 2018. p. 236–239. Volkova Yu. Digitalisation of administrative procedures in the field of urban planning as a tool for combating corruption. Legal Scientific Electronic Journal. 2024. NO. 12, PP. 547-550 DOI https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2024-12/127 Volkova Yu. Digitalisation of the healthcare sector is a separate factor in preventing corruption. Digital Trends and Anti-Corruption Reforms in Public Administration: Scientific monograph. Riga, Latvia: Baltija Publishing, 2023. 228 p. DOI https://doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-369-9-20 Volkova Yu. Financial market in the digital era: processes of development and improvement Private and Public Law № 4/2024 DOI https://doi.org/10.32782/2663-5666.2024.4.5 http://www.pp-law.in.ua/index.php/4-2024 Volkova Yu. The impact of digitalization on the development of public administration services and the improvement of procedures for judicial consideration of administrative cases - Government in the European Union 2022. 291-310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388894.16 Volkova Yu. The right to be forgotten as one of the fundamental human rights in the digital age Law and Society № 5/2024 DOI https://doi.org/10.32842/2078-3736/2024.5.16 Volkova Yu., Bon B., Borysenkо A., Leheza Yu., Leheza Y. Crypto Market Experience: Navigating Regulatory Challenges in Modern Conditions DOI: https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v24i2.1625 Forum Kajian Hukum dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan Vol. 24 No. 2, December 2024. 178-194 Zadyraka, Nataliia. Leheza, Yevhen. Bykovskyi, Mykola. Zheliezniak, Yevhenii. Leheza, Yulia. 2023. Correlation of Legal Concepts of Administrative Procedure and Administrative Liability in the Sphere of Urban Planning. Journal Cita Hukum Indonesian Law Journal. Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 33-44, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v11i1.31784 Zaporozhchenko Yu., Leheza Yu., Volkova Yu., Pushkina O., Koval M. Human Rights and Features of their Protection in Conditions of War: International Legal Standards, Administrative, Constitutional and Criminal Aspects. Khazanah Hukum. 2023. Vol . 5, №3. P. 245-252.
Digitalization; Digital Rights; Legal Responsibility; Administrative Responsibility; Financial Monitoring; Criminal Liability; International Legal Standards
Legal Regulation of the Principles of State Activity in Family Relations
This work examines some challenges in the application of the principles of family law. It is found that the principles of family law cannot replace the legal norms that regulate family relations. However, the regulatory influence of family law norms is determined and limited by its principles. It is proven that the principles of family law can be applied by authorized law-making bodies (in the process of law-making), administrative, judicial bodies, and subjects of family relations (in the process of law enforcement). It is established that the legality of the actions of public institutions and private individuals directly depends on compliance with the principles of family law. It is substantiated that the principles of family law are implemented in the process of law-making, implemented through the norms of law, and in the process of direct application. In the process of law-making, the principles of family law establish requirements for law-making activity that cannot contradict general values. They determine the content of legal norms that must reflect these values and serve as a criterion for the conformity of family law norms with the law. It has been established that the application of family law principles is possible by embedding them in family law norms. At the same time, the principles of family law are not limited to the list that can be fixed in written law. It has been proven that consolidating family law principles in written law contributes to their practical implementation. The features of applying family law principles through legal analogy have been studied. It has been established that the analogy guarantees participants in family relations that their rights and obligations will be regulated, allowing them to resolve cases within the framework of family legislation or based on the principles of family law. REFERENCES: Decision of the Tyachiv District Court of the Transcarpathian region dated May 15, 2019, in case No. 307/1041/19. http://www.reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/81775605 General theory of law: textbook / ed. by M.I. Kozyubry. Kyiv, 2015. 392 p. Halaburda, Nadiia. Leheza, Yevhen, Chalavan, Viktor. Yefimov, Volodymyr. Yefimova, Inna. 2021. Compliance with the principle of the rule of law guarantees the legality of providing public services in Ukraine. Journal of law and political sciences. Vol. 29, Іssue 4, 100–121. Kobrusieva, Yevheniiа. Leheza, Yevhen. Rudoi, Kateryna. Shamara, Oleksandr. Chalavan, Viktor. 2021. International standards of social protection of internally displaced persons: administrative and criminal aspects. Journal Cita Hukum Indonesian Law Journal. Vol. 9, No. 3, 461–484. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.23752 Kostruba A.V. Analogy of law and law as a factual fiction and a way to "rehabilitate" the mechanism of termination of rights. Journal of the Kyiv University of Law. 2012. No. 3. P. 185–189. Kroitor V.A. Eliminating gaps in civil law using analogy of law, analogy of law, and inter-branch analogy. Forum of Law. 2016. No. 3. P. 159–166. Kulinich, Olha. Leheza, Yevhen. Zadyraka, Nataliia. Taranenko, Kseniia, Kostiuk, Tetiana. 2023. Electronic Judicial Procedure as an Element of Access to Justice Regarding Protection of Rights of Individuals: Legal, Administrative, Theoretical, and Informational Aspects. Journal Cita Hukum Indonesian Law Journal. 11 (3), 443–456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v11i3.36298 Leheza, Y., Kolomoiets, Y., Chalyk, V., Kovalchuk, Y., & Sakhno, A. (2024). Foreign experience of financial-legal and administrative-legal regulation of the activities of public administration bodies. Revista do Curso de Direito do UNIFOR, 15(1), 51–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24862/rcdu.v15i1.1832 Leheza, Y., Korniienko, M., Berezniak, V., Мariienko, А., & Radchuk, A. (2024). Legal Regulation of Liability for Illegal Deportation of Children: Administrative, Criminal Aspects, Experience of Ukraine and International Standards. Revista Jurídica Portuguesa, 257–274. https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(36)2024.ic-11 Leheza, Y., Shcherbyna, B. Leheza, Yulia. Pushkina, Olena & Marchenko O. (2023). “Features of Applying the Right to Suspension or Complete/ Partial Refusal to Fulfill a Duty in Case of Non-Fulfilment of the Counter Duty by the Other Party According to the Civil Legislation of Ukraine.” Revista Jurídica Portuguesa, 340–359. Retrieved from https://revistas.rcaap.pt/juridica/article/view/29662 Leheza, Yevhen. Filipenko, Tatiana. Sokolenko, Olha. Darahan, Valerii, Kucherenko, Oleksii. 2020. Ensuring human rights in Ukraine: problematic issues and ways of their solution in the social and legal sphere. Cuestiones políticas. Vol. 37 n.º 64 (enero-junio 2020). P. 123–136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3764.10 Leheza, Yevhen. Pisotska, Karina. Dubenko, Oleksandr. Dakhno, Oleksandr. Sotskyi, Artur. “The essence of the principles of Ukrainian law in modern jurisprudence”. Revista jurídica portucalense, December (2022): 342–363. https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(32)2022.ic-15 Leheza, Y. Shcherbyna, Bogdan. Leheza, Yulia. Pushkina, Olena. Marchenko, Olesia. (2024). Características de la suspensión o de la denegación total o parcial del cumplimiento de una obligación en caso de incumplimiento de la contraparte, según la legislación civil ucraniana. Novum Jus, 18(2), 131–150. https://doi.org/10.14718/NovumJus.2024.18.2.5 Leheza, Y. Yerofieienko, Larysa. Komashko, Volodymyr. (2023). Propiedad intelectual en Ucrania bajo la ley marcial: regulación jurídica, aspectos administrativos y civiles. DIXI, 26(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.16925/2357-5891.2024.01.09 URL. https://revistas.ucc.edu.co/index.php/di/article/view/4960 Leheza, Yevhen. Yurovskа, Viktoriia. Zamryha, Artur. Ulozhenko, Vadym, Bohdan. Bohdana 2024. Administrative and legal regulation of the status of internally displaced persons in Ukraine during the war. University of Western Australia Law Review. 51 (2). 297–313. https://www.uwa.edu.au/schools/-/media/documents/uwa-law-review/volume-51-issue-2/leheza-et-al-formatted.pdf Matviichuk, Anatolii. Shcherbak, Viktor. Sirko, Viktoria. Malieieva, Hanna. Leheza, Yevhen. 2022. Human principles of law as a universal normative framework: Principios humanos del derecho como marco normativo universal. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(75), 221–231. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.14 Nalyvaiko, L., Hryhorchuk, M, Shevchenko, A, Melnyk, M, & Dolhoruchenko, K. (2023). Protection of Property Rights during the Russian-Ukrainian War: Theoretical and Legal Analysis. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 2(19), 172–190. URL: https://ajee-journal.com/protection-of-property-rights-during-the-russian-ukrainian-war-theoretical-and-legal-analysis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-6.2-n000206 Nalyvaiko, L., Pryputen, D., Verba, I., Lebedieva, Yu., & Chepik-Trehubenko, O. (2023). The European Convention on human rights and the practice of the ECTHR in the field of gestational surrogacy. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 2(19), 206–219. URL: https://ajee-journal.com/upload/attaches/att_1684147648.pdf. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.33327/AJEE-18-6.2-n000203 Nalyvaiko, L., Маrсhenko, O., & Іlkov, V. (2018). Conceptualisation of the Phenomenon of Corruption: International Practices and Ukrainian Experience. Economic Annals-XXI, 172(7-8), 32-37. URL: https://ea21journal.world/index.php/ea-v172-06/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.21003/ea.V172-06 Nalyvaiko, Larysa Leheza, Yevhen, Sachko, Oleksandr. Shcherbyna, Victor. Chepik-Trehubenko. Olha. 2022. Principles of law: Methodological approaches to understanding in the context of modern globalization transformations. Ius Humani. Law Journal, 11(2), 55–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31207/ih.v11i2.312 Osadchuk S.S. Application of the principles of law in law-making and law-enforcement processes. Our law. 2012. No. 3. Part 3. P. 32–37. Pidvalna M.Z. Problems of applying the principle of the rule of law. University scientific notes. 2012. No. 3 (43). P. 17–24. Pogrybny S. Analogy of law and analogy of law as means of regulating contractual civil relations. Theory and practice of intellectual property. 2010. No. 5. P. 14–21. Regarding the procedure for applying regulatory legal acts in the event of inconsistency between subordinate legislation: Letter of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine dated January 30, 2009, No. N-35267-18. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/v3526323-09#Text Sinkevych, O., YurovskаV., Komissarova, N., T., O., & Leheza, Y. (2024). Subjects of public authority in matters of combating terrorism: legal regulation, administrative, and criminal aspects. Ius Humani. Law Journal, 13(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.31207/ih.v13i1.332 Tylchyk, Vyacheslav. Matselyk, Tetiana. Hryshchuk, Viktor. Lomakina, Olena. Sydor, Markiian. Leheza, Yevhen. 2022. Administrative and legal regulation of public financial activity: Regulación administrativa y legal de la actividad financiera pública. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(72), 573–581. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4072.33 Villasmil Espinoza, Jorge; Leheza, Yevhen; Holovii, Liudmyla. 2022. Reflections for the interdisciplinary study of the Russian Federation’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022: Reflexiones para el estudio interdisciplinario de la invasión de Ucrania por parte de la Federación Rusa en 2022. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(73), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4073.00 Zadyraka, Nataliia. Leheza, Yevhen. Bykovskyi, Mykola. Zheliezniak, Yevhenii. Leheza, Yulia. 2023. Correlation of Legal Concepts of Administrative Procedure and Administrative Liability in the Sphere of Urban Planning. Journal Cita Hukum Indonesian Law Journal. Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 33–44, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v11i1.31784 Zavalnyuk S.V. General provisions of applying the analogy of law under the current civil legislation. Journal of Civil Studies. 2014. Issue 16. P. 72–74. Zavalnyuk S.V. Peculiarities of applying the analogy of law under the civil legislation of foreign countries. Journal of Civil Studies. 2016. Issue 20. P. 166–170.
Relations; Principles; Family Law, Analogy of Law; Legal Regulation; Judicial Practice
Information Support of Procedural Activities to Prove Moral Damage in Pre-Trial Proceedings
This article explores the procedure for establishing the facts of moral harm resulting from criminally punishable acts during pre-trial criminal proceedings. The study employs a qualitative research method with a normative-juridical and descriptive-analytical approach, drawing upon legal documents, statutory provisions, and expert opinions to analyze how investigators and inquiry officers handle moral damage claims. Through qualitative content analysis of case files, legal frameworks, and interview data with practitioners, the study identifies procedural gaps and best practices in ensuring justice for victims. It has been demonstrated that investigators and inquiry officers must clearly explain the victim’s right to file a civil claim, take appropriate measures to secure compensation, and provide guidance on evidence collection. The article also analyzes criteria for assessing moral damage, emphasizing the importance of documenting both the psychological and emotional consequences of criminal acts. The findings affirm the necessity of mandatory documentary proof to substantiate claims of moral harm. Moreover, the proactive role of investigators in gathering and attaching supporting documents to case files is essential, as it establishes the legal basis for courts to award fair monetary compensation proportional to the moral suffering endured by victims. REFERENCES: Burdov v. the Russian Federation (No. 2) (complaint No. 33509/04): Ruling of the European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg, January 15, 2009. (2009). In O. A. Sadovskaya, & A. I. Ryzhov (Comp.), Case law of the European Court of Human Rights in relation to Russia: Collection of selected decisions and decisions of the ECHR for Russian judges: in 2 vols. Vol. 2. Nizhny Novgorod: Komitet protiv pytok. Chechel, G. I. (2013). Preduprezhdeniye prestupleniy – osnova zashchity interesov obshchestva [Prevention of crimes is the basis of society's interests’ defense]. Society and Law. No. 3(45), 176-180. Erofeev, S. V., & Erofeeva, A. S. (2005). Meditsinskiye i yuridicheskiye aspekty problemy vozmeshcheniya moral'nogo vreda v svyazi s povrezhdeniyem zdorov'ya i prichineniyem smerti [Medical and legal aspects of the problem of compensation for moral damage in connection with damage to health and causing death]. In Yu. D. Sergeev (Ed.), Scientific works of the II All-Russian Congress (National Congress) on medical law, Moscow, Russia, April 13-15, 2005: Collection of scientific articles. Moscow: National Medical Law Association. Grinenko, A. V. (2001). Sistema printsipov ugolovnogo protsessa i yeye realizatsiya na dosudebnykh stadiyakh [The system of principles of criminal procedure and its implementation at the pre-trial stages]: Diss. ...Doct. Jurid. Sciences. Voronezh State University, Voronezh. Gritsenko, E. N. (2005). Moral'nyy vred kak posledstviye prestupleniy protiv zhizni i zdorov'ya [Moral harm as a consequence of crimes against life and health]: Abstract. Diss. ...Cand. Jurid. Sciences. People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow. Kanaev v. the Russian Federation (complaint No. 43726/02): Ruling of the European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg, July 27, 2006. (2009). In O. A. Sadovskaya, & A. I. Ryzhov (Comp.), Case law of the European Court of Human Rights in relation to Russia: Collection of selected decisions and decisions of the ECHR for Russian judges: in 2 vols. Vol. 1. Nizhny Novgorod: Komitet protiv pytok. Khasanshina, R. G. (2014). Sushchnost' i znacheniye vozmeshcheniya vreda poterpevshemu pri prinyatii protsessual'nykh resheniy po ugolovnym delam [The essence and significance of compensation for harm to the victim when making procedural decisions in criminal cases]: Diss. ...Cand. Jurid. Sciences. South Ural State University, Kazan. Komarov, I. M., & Potetinov, V. A. (2016). Problemnyye aspekty kompensatsii moral'nogo vreda v poryadke reabilitatsii [Problematic issues of compensation for moral damage in the order of rehabilitation]. Criminalist's library. Scientific Journal. No. 4(27), 59-69. Kopik, M. I. (2014). Kompensatsiya moral'nogo vreda zhertvam terrorizma [Compensation for moral damage to victims of terrorism]: Diss. ...Cand. Jurid. Sciences. Volgograd State University, Volgograd. Krivoshchekov, N. V. (2008). Grazhdanskiy isk v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve [Civil suit in criminal proceedings]: Monograph. Tyumen: Tyumen Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Krylov, E. N. (2016). Chto nuzhno znat' o kompensatsii moral'nogo vreda poterpevshemu [What you need to know about compensation for moral damage to the victim]. Criminal Procedure. Vol. 9, No. 141, 32-43. Kurkina, N. V. (2011). Legal basis and practical regulation of criminal procedural activities of the police for compensation of moral damage. In A. V. Grinenko (Ed.), Criminal, criminal procedural and penal enforcement legislation (current state and directions of improvement): Collection of works of participants of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference, Moscow, Russia, April 13-14, 2011. Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow State University. Melnikov, V. Yu. (2014). Obespecheniye i zashchita prav cheloveka pri primenenii mer protsessual'nogo prinuzhdeniya v dosudebnom proizvodstve Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Ensuring and protecting human rights when applying procedural coercion measures in pre-trial proceedings of the Russian Federation]: Diss. Doct. Jurid. Sciences. People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow. Nadyseva, E. H. (2014). Ugolovno-protsessual'nyye aspekty problemy vozmeshcheniya vreda, prichinonnogo prestupleniyem [Criminal procedure aspects of the problem of compensation for criminally caused damage]. Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University. Series: Jurisprudence. No. 4, 88-94. Nguyen, V. T., Pushkarev, V. V., Tokareva, E. V., Makeev, A. V., & Shepeleva, O. R. (2021). Compensation for damage caused by a crime in the socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Russian Federation. Journal Cita Hukum. Vol. 9, No. 2, 211-220. https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i2.21738 Ostankov, S. M. (2007). Features of compensation for moral damage in criminal proceedings. In the Thematic "round tables" of the NOXIS of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (2006-2007). Moscow: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. (2013). Resolution of June 27, 2013, No. 19 “On the application by courts of legislation regulating the grounds and procedure for exemption from criminal liability” (as amended by resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of November 15, 2016, No. 48). Retrieved from https://www.vsrf.ru/documents/own/8350/ Pushkarev, V. V., Fadeev, P. V., Khmelev, S. A., Van Tien, N., Trishkina, E. A., & Tsviliy-Buklanova, A. A. (2019). Crimes in the Military-Industrial Complex (MIC). International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering. Vol. 8, No. 3, 7950-7952. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.C6635.098319 Pushkarev, V. V., Poselskaya, L. N., Skachko, A. V., Tarasov, A. V., & Mutalieva, L. S. (2021). Criminal prosecution of persons who have committed crimes in the banking sector. Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 39, No. 69, 395-406. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.25 Pushkarev, V. V., Skachko, A. V., Gaevoi, A. I., Vasyukov, V. F., & Alimamedov, E. N. (2022). Managing the investigation of cryptocurrency crimes in the Russian Federation. Revista Electrónica de Investigación en Ciencias Económicas. Vol. 10, No. 19, 111-125. Savkina, M. A. (2014). Otvetstvennost' gosudarstva pered poterpevshimi ot prestupleniya i mekhanizm kompensatsii ushcherba [The responsibility of the state to the victim of a crime and the mechanism of compensation for damage]. Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. No. 5, 48-50. Shipshin, S. S. (2021). Production of a forensic psychological examination. Bulletin of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. No. 4, 115-118. State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. (1996). Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996, No. 63-FZ. Retrieved from http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody&nd=102041891&ysclid=lxmd9ifewk474600514 State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. (2001). Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2001, No. 174-FZ. Retrieved from http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102073942&ysclid=lxmcyu7jfo490204262 Tarnavsky, O. A., & Kurbatova, A. V. (2011). Vozmeshcheniye vreda poterpevshemu: vzglyad na rossiyskiye problemy cherez prizmu opyta zarubezhnykh stran [Compensation for damage to the victim: A look at Russian gaps through the prism of the experience of foreign countries]. Gaps in Russian Legislation. No. 6, 226-230. Teterina, T. V. (2004). Problemy obespecheniya imushchestvennykh, inykh prav i zakonnykh interesov poterpevshego v ugolovnom protsesse [Problems of ensuring property, other rights and legitimate interests of the victim in criminal proceedings]: Diss. ...Cand. Jurid. Sciences. Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod. Vereshchagina, A. V. (2013). O faktorakh, vliyayushchikh na razmer kompensatsii moral'nogo vreda, prichinonnogo nezakonnymi deystviyami doznavatelya, sledovatelya, prokurora i suda v khode osushchestvleniya ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva (na materialakh sudebnoy praktiki) [On the factors affecting the amount of compensation for moral damage caused by illegal actions of the investigator, investigator, prosecutor, and court during criminal proceedings (based on the materials of judicial practice)]. State and Law. No. 4, 46-55. Vladimirova, V. V. (2005). Compensation for moral damage in cases of crimes that caused the death of a person. Criminal Process. No. 11, 59-64. Zvereva, Yu. N. (2015). Dokazyvaniye kharaktera i razmera vreda, prichinennogo prestupleniyem [Proving the nature and extent of the harm caused by the crime]: Diss. ...Cand. Jurid. Sciences. Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod.
Preliminary Investigation; Compensation; Investigator; Interrogator; Victim
Judicial Activism In Criminal Prison Sentences Below The Minimum Sentence In Narcotics Cases From A Criminal Accountability Perspective
The decision to sentence below the special minimum that has been determined by law a priori is a denial of the principle of legality. However, in the paradigm of Judicial Activism, it can be justified as long as it meets the principles or principles of applicable criminal law, follows the development of community law and in the context of protecting the basic rights of the Defendant from the arbitrariness of law enforcement. Therefore, the author wants to test the extent to which the practice of Judicial Activism can be carried out by judges in sentencing decisions below the special minimum. In this paper, the author wants to test it by reinterpreting the principle of legality in the function of regulating criminal law, the concept of criminal responsibility and viewing it futuristically through the application of the National Criminal Code. The research method in this paper is normative with a statutory and conceptual approach. Two things are concluded, First, Judicial Activism can be applied within the framework of the principle of legality which means that the judge corrects the prosecution process by the Public Prosecutor in the criminal justice system and is based on the balance of the subjective state of the Defendant when committing a crime, so that the decision can be made below the special minimum. Second, the guidelines and limitations of judges in carrying out Judicial Activism are to consider the concept of the Defendant's criminal responsibility in the trial, the limits of which can be guided by the National Criminal Code, especially in relation to the Sentencing Guidelines.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raenes Wadi, Prija Djatmika, Milda Istiqomah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Interpretation of Legal Norms in Modern Jurisprudence: Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Human Rights Protection Under Martial Law
The purpose of the research is to consider ways for the interpretation of legal norms in modern jurisprudence. Main content. It has been established that interpretation will result in a general conclusion or a sum of the findings reached by the subject of interpretation in the process of clarifying the rule of law (legal norms) using the entire set of interpretation methods, which is adequate to the actual content of this rule and meets the criteria of truth and correctness of the result of interpretation... Methodology: The methodological basis of the research is presented as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, interpretation method, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. Conclusions. It has been concluded that the procedure for achieving the goal of interpretation should be as follows: grammatical interpretation, teleological interpretation - clarification of compliance of the essence of legal norm content with the principles of law, systematic interpretation, special legal interpretation, logical interpretation, functional interpretation, historical interpretation - repeated application of the interpretation procedure when receiving new data. REFERENCES: Antoshkina, Valeriia Kostiantynivna. 2011. Reasons for the interpretation of civil law norms: Actual problems of civil law: the materials of the "round table" are dedicated. in memory of Prof. Genghis Khan by Nufatovych Asimov. National Law Academy of Ukraine named after Yaroslav the Wise. Right. Kharkiv. Ukraine. BEZPALOVA, Olha. YUNINA, Maryna. KOROHOD, Svitlana. REZVOROVICH, Kristina. OHANISIAN, Tsahik. 2021. Legal regulation of entrepreneurial activity in the national security system. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 8(3), 340-355. DOI:10.9770/jesi.2021.8.3(22) Halaburda, Nadiia. Leheza, Yevhen, Chalavan, Viktor. Yefimov, Volodymyr. Yefimova, Inna. 2021. Compliance with the principle of the rule of law in guarantees of ensuring the legality of providing public services in Ukraine. Journal of law and political sciences. Vol. 29, Іssue 4, 100-121. Kobrusieva, Yevheniiа. Leheza, Yevhen. Rudoi, Kateryna. Shamara, Oleksandr. Chalavan, Viktor. 2021. International standards of social protection of internally displaced persons: administrative and criminal aspects. Jurnal cita hukum indonesian law journal. Vol 9, No 3, 461-484. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.23752 Kotiuk, Volodymyr Oleksandrovych. 1996. Theory of law: educational. Ventur. Kyiv. Ukraine. Kudlai, Tamara Pavlivna. 2009. Theory of the state and law: study guide / T.P. Kudlai NADU, Kyiv. Ukraine. Kulinich, Olha. Leheza, Yevhen. Zadyraka, Nataliia. Taranenko, Kseniia, Kostiuk, Tetiana. 2023. Electronic Judicial Procedure as an Element of Access to Justice Regarding Protection of Rights of Individuals: Legal, Administrative, Theoretical, and Informational Aspects. Jurnal cita hukum indonesian law journal. 11 (3), 443–456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v11i3.36298 Leheza, Y., Kolomoiets, Y., Chalyk, V., Kovalchuk, Y., & Sakhno, A. (2024). Foreign experience of financial-legal and administrative legal regulation of the activities of public administration bodies. Revista do Curso de Direito do UNIFOR, 15(1), 51–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24862/rcdu.v15i1.1832 Leheza, Y., Korniienko, M.., Berezniak, V., Мariienko А., & Radchuk, A. (2024). Legal Regulation of Liability for Illegal Deportation of Children: Administrative, Criminal Aspects, Experience of Ukraine and International Standards. Revista Jurídica Portucalense, 257–274. https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(36)2024.ic-11 Leheza, Y., Shcherbyna, Bogdan. Leheza, Yulia. Pushkina, Olena & Marchenko, O. (2023). “Features of Applying the Right to Suspension or Complete/ Partial Refusal to Fulfill a Duty in Case of Non-Fulfilment of the Counter Duty by the Other Party According to the Civil Legislation of Ukraine.” Revista Jurídica Portucalense, 340–359. Retrieved from https://revistas.rcaap.pt/juridica/article/view/29662 Leheza, Yevhen. Filipenko, Tatiana. Sokolenko, Olha. Darahan, Valerii, Kucherenko, Oleksii. 2020. Ensuring human rights in Ukraine: problematic issues and ways to address them in the social and legal sphere. Cuestiones políticas. Vol. 37 № 64 (enero-junio 2020). P. 123-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3764.10 Leheza, Yevhen. Pisotska, Karina. Dubenko, Oleksandr. Dakhno, Oleksandr. Sotskyi, Artur. “The essence of the principles of Ukrainian law in modern jurisprudence”. Revista jurídica portucalense, December (2022): 342–363. https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(32)2022.ic-15 Leheza, Y. Shcherbyna, Bogdan. Leheza, Yulia. Pushkina, Olena. Marchenko, Olesia. (2024). Características de la suspensión o de la denegación, total o parcial, del cumplimiento de una obligación en caso de incumplimiento de la contraparte, según la legislación civil ucraniana. Novum Jus, 18(2), 131–150. https://doi.org/10.14718/NovumJus.2024.18.2.5 Leheza, Y. Yerofieienko, Larysa. Komashko, Volodymyr. (2023). Propiedad intelectual en Ucrania bajo la ley marcial: regulación jurídica, aspectos administrativos y civiles. DIXI, 26(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.16925/2357-5891.2024.01.09 URL. https://revistas.ucc.edu.co/index.php/di/article/view/4960 Leheza, Yevhen. Yurovskа, Viktoriia. Zamryha, Artur. Ulozhenko, Vadym, Bohdan. Bohdana 2024. Administrative and legal regulation of the status of internally displaced persons in Ukraine during the war. University of Western Australia Law Review. 51 (2). 297-313. https://www.uwa.edu.au/schools/-/media/documents/uwa-law-review/volume-51-issue-2/leheza-et-al-formatted.pdf Matviichuk, Anatolii. Shcherbak, Viktor. Sirko, Viktoria. Malieieva, Hanna. Leheza, Yevhen. 2022. Human principles of law as a universal normative framework: Principios humanos del derecho como marco normativo universal. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(75), 221-231. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.14 Mykhailovych, Dmytro Marianovych. 2003. Official interpretation of the law: abstract of the dissertation for obtaining the scientific degree of candidate of legal sciences. Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs. Ukraine. Nalyvaiko, Larysa Leheza, Yevhen, Sachko, Oleksandr. Shcherbyna, Victor. Chepik-Trehubenko. Olha. 2022. Principles of law: Methodological approaches to understanding in the context of modern globalization transformations. Ius Humani. Law Journal, 11(2), 55-79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31207/ih.v11i2.312 Patei-Bratasiuk, Mariia Hryhorivna. 2010. Anthropocentric theory of law: a study guide. Kyiv. Ukraine. Sinkevych, O., YurovskаV., Komissarova, N., Tkachenko, O., & Leheza, Y. (2024). Subjects of public authority in matters of combating terrorism: legal regulation, administrative, and criminal aspects. Ius Humani. Law Journal, 13(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.31207/ih.v13i1.332 Skakun, Olha Fedorivna. 2012. Theory of law and the state: a textbook. Alert. Kyiv. Ukraine. Tylchyk, Vyacheslav. Matselyk, Tetiana. Hryshchuk, Viktor. Lomakina, Olena. Sydor, Markiian. Leheza, Yevhen. 2022. Administrative and legal regulation of public financial activity: Regulación administrativa y legal de la actividad financiera pública. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(72), 573-581. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4072.33 Villasmil Espinoza, Jorge; Leheza, Yevhen; Holovii, Liudmyla. 2022. Reflections for the interdisciplinary study of the Russian Federation’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022: Reflexiones para el estudio interdisciplinario de la invasión de Ucrania por parte de la Federación Rusa en 2022. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(73), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4073.00 Volynka, Kateryna Hryhorivna. 2003. Theory of the state and law: a study guide. MAUP. Kyiv. Ukraine. Zadyraka, Nataliia. Leheza, Yevhen. Bykovskyi, Mykola. Zheliezniak, Yevhenii. Leheza, Yulia. 2023. Correlation of Legal Concepts of Administrative Procedure and Administrative Liability in the Sphere of Urban Planning. Jurnal cita hukum indonesian law journal. Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 33–44, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v11i1.31784
Ways for Interpretation of Legal Norms; The Purpose of Interpretation; Legal Understanding; Criminal Liability; Types of Legal Understanding
Raising the Level of Legal Culture in Society: Regulatory Framework for Academic Integrity
This article aims to analyze academic integrity both as a legal category and as an indicator of legal culture, highlighting its essential role in shaping the quality and morality of higher education. It argues that the implementation and internalization of academic integrity must be prioritized by all actors within the educational system to ensure the sustainable development of the Russian scientific and academic environment. Violations of academic integrity—such as plagiarism, data falsification, or dishonest assessment practices—pose significant risks to the educational process, leading to diminished public trust, intellectual decline, and the normalization of deviant academic behavior. To achieve its objectives, the study employs a qualitative research methodology, using a normative and socio-legal approach. Data are collected through documentary analysis of Russian legislative frameworks, academic codes of conduct, and relevant legal documents regulating education. In addition, in-depth interviews with legal scholars and education policy experts provide interpretative insights into the relationship between law, ethics, and academic practice. The qualitative analysis allows the study to explore not only the normative aspects of academic integrity but also the underlying cultural and institutional factors affecting its enforcement. The findings reveal that the absence of a precise legal definition of academic integrity hinders consistent interpretation and enforcement. Thus, effective regulation should be grounded in well-formulated legislative provisions aligned with international legal drafting standards. Ultimately, the article identifies the key features of academic integrity as a legal category and underscores its pivotal function as both the moral foundation and legal instrument for advancing education quality and social development. REFERENCES: Abdullayev, I., Akhmetshin, E., Nayanov, E., Otcheskiy, I., & Lyubanenko, A. (2024). Possibilities of using online network communities in the educational process to develop professional skills in students. Revista Conrado. Vol. 20, No. 98, 395–401. Aipova, A., Pfeifer, N., Burdina, Ye., & Usina, Zh. (2023). Influence of the content of the ethnic component in pedagogical education on the development of ethnopedogical competence in future teachers. European Journal of Contemporary Education. Vol. 12, No. 4, 1113-1129. https://doi.org/10.13187/ejced.2023.4.1113 Akhmetshin, E., Abdullayev, I., Kozachek, A., Savinkova, O., & Shichiyakh, R. (2025). Competency-based model for the development of teachers' personal and professional qualities. Interacción y Perspectiva. Vol. 15, No. 1, 87–97. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14031118 Alekseeva, D. A., & Danilov, V. N. (2020). Problema plagiata v kontekste akademicheskoi etiki [The issue of plagiarism in the context of academic ethics]. Philosophy of Science and Technology. Vol. 25, No. 1, 52-64. https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2020-25-1-52-64 Andreeva, E. V. (2023). Sistemnyy podkhod v izuchenii imidzha sovremennykh studentov [A systematic approach to the study of modern students' image]. Pedagogika i prosveshcheniye. No. 4, 98–111. https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0676.2023.4.69113 Babina, A., & Utusikov, S. (2024). Methods to develop students’ humanitarian culture in the educational and training process. Nuances: Estudos Sobre Educação. Vol. 35, No. 00, 1-11. Bagraim, J., Goodman, S., & Pulker, S. (2014). Understanding dishonest academic behavior amongst business students – The business leaders of the future. Industry and Higher Education. Vol. 28, No. 5, 331–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2014.0222 Beskorovaynaya, S., Karimova, D., Akhyadov, E., Kolganov, S., Mamazova, Z., & Aleshkov, A. (2025). Protection of human rights: Participation of European international organisations in regulating the functioning of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. Jurnal CIta Hukum-Indonesian Law Journal. Vol. 13, No. 1, 17-30. Bezsmertnaya, E. R. (2016). Akademicheskoe moshennichestvo v universitetakh: mozhno li emu protivodeistvovat [Academic fraud in universities: How can we oppose it]? Discussion. Vol. 11, No. 74, 94–102. Bogustov, A. A. (2021). Pravovye aspekty retraktsii [Legal aspects of retraction]. In M. A. Rozhkova (Ed.), Pravo tsifrovoi ekonomiki, 17: Ezhegodnik-antologiya (pp. 448-461). Moscow: Statut. Boldysheva, N. O. (2024). Uchitel' budushchego i budushcheye uchitelya v menyayushcheysya professii [The teacher of the future and the teacher’s future in a changing profession]. Sotsiodinamika. Vol. 1, 17-27. https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-7144.2024.1.68962 Byvaltsev, V. A., Stepanov, I. A., Belykh, E. G., Kalinin, A. A., & Bardonova, L. A. (2017). Plagiat i akademicheskaya dobrosovestnost v nauke [Plagiarism and academic integrity in science]. Annals of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Vol. 72, No. 4, 299-304. https://doi.org/10.15690/vramn788 Dremova, O. V., & Bekova, S. K. (2021). Eticheskie kodeksy v universitetakh: chto i kak oni reguliruyut [University codes of ethics: What do they regulate and how]? Educational Policy. Vol. 1, No. 85, 88–99. Dzhaneryan, S., Kima, A., Gutermana, L. & Esayan, M. (2025). Perceptions of neural network use in higher education: Case study. European Journal of Contemporary Education. Vol. 14, No. 1, 3–12. https://doi.org/10.13187/ejced.2025.1.3 Efimova, G. Z. (2013). Analiz osnovnykh strategii borby s proyavleniyami nedobrosovestnosti v nauke i obrazovanii [The analysis of crucial ways of struggle against the display of dishonesty in the field of science and education]. Russian Journal of Education and Psychology. Vol. 2, No. 22, 125-143. Eremenko, T. V. (2021). Aktualnye voprosy formirovaniya akademicheskoi etiki studentov v protsesse raboty s informatsiei: po materialam ekspertnogo oprosa [Topical issues of the formation of students’ academic ethics in the process of working with information: Based on the materials of an expert survey]. Sociology of Science and Technology. Vol. 12, No. 3, 152-170. https://doi.org/10.24412/2079-0910-2021-3-152-170 Fialkovskaya, I. D. (2024). Printsipy predostavleniya publichnykh uslug: sistema i soderzhaniye [Principles of public service provision: System and content]. NB: Administrative Law and Administration Practice. No. 1, 23-38. https://doi.org/10.7256/2306-9945.2024.1.69515 Gazizova, F. S., Chunikhin, A. A., Kozachek, A. V., Mussaui-Ulianishcheva, E. V., Shichiyakh, R. A., Gubanova, N. V., & Kolcova, N. A. (2025). Opportunities for the development of higher education under the influence of digital technology: Prospects of Education 4.0. Revista online de Politica e Gestao Educacional. Vol. 29, No. 00, e025008. https://doi.org/10.22633/rpge.v29i00.20124 Government of the Russian Federation. (2013). Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 24, 2013 No. 842 “On the order of the award of academic degrees” (together with the “Regulation on the award of academic degrees”). Retrieved from http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102167993&rdk=&backlink=1&ysclid=mbgxitd2ee580715187 Gubanov, N. I., Gubanov, N. N., & Shorikova, E. S. (2021). Vidy akademicheskogo moshennichestva i ego prichiny [Types of academic dishonesty and its causes]. Filosofiya i obshchestvo. Vol. 2, No. 99, 5-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30884/jfio/2021.02.01 Iogolevich, N. I., & Lobodenko, E. I. (2020). Akademicheskaya nedobrosovestnost studentov tekhnicheskogo vuza: masshtaby problemy i puti resheniya [Academic dishonesty among technical students: Scale of the problem and solutions]. Pedagogy. Theory & Practice. Vol. 5, No. 1, 99-106. https://doi.org/10.30853/pedagogy.2020.1.18 Kalinin, S. V. (2024). Problemy integratsii otechestvennoy i zarubezhnykh sistem obrazovaniya v sovremennom pedagogicheskom protsesse [Problems of integration of domestic and foreign systems education in the modern pedagogical process]. Pedagogika i prosveshcheniye. No. 1, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0676.2024.1.39662 Krainova, N., Gaag, I., & Poshivailov, A. (2024). Impact of the digital transformation of society on the determination of optimal punishment models to counter crime. Jurnal CIta Hukum-Indonesian Law Journal. Vol. 12, No. 1, 59-70. https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v12i1.37743 Kryucheva, Y., & Tolstoukhova, I. (2024). The importance of motivation in students for successful professional education. Revista on-line de Política e Gestão Educacional. Vol. 28, No. 00, e023031. https://doi.org/10.22633/rpge.v28i00.19886 Kurgansky, S., Turanina, N., Malysheva, M., Zamanova, I., & Pushina, V. (2024). Project-based activity as an effective strategy of a modern library and its impact on the education and cultural development of society. Revista Conrado. Vol. 20, No. 100, 511–515. Levin, V. I. (2019). Problemy akademicheskoi etiki i rossiiskaya nauka [Problems of academic ethics and Russian science]. Philosophy and Humanities in Information Society. Vol. 2, No. 24, 89–100. Macfarlane, B., Zhang, J., & Pun, A. (2014). Academic integrity: A literature review. Studies in Higher Education. Vol. 39, No. 2, 339–358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2012.709495 Mahmud, S., & Bretag, T. (2013). Postgraduate research students and academic integrity: ‘It’s about good research training’. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management. Vol. 35, No. 4, 432–443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2013.812178 Marsden, H., Carroll, M., & Neill, J. T. (2005). Who cheats at university? A self-report study of dishonest academic behaviors in a sample of Australian university students. Australian Journal of Psychology. Vol. 57, No. 1, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049530412331283426 Neborsky, E. V. (2024). Tendentsii razvitiya obrazovaniya do 2050 goda ot Chatgpt: prognoz ili nabor sluchaynostey [Education trends up to 2050 from Chatgpt: Forecast or a set of randomness]? Anthropological Didactics and Upbringing. Vol. 7, No. 1, 26-39. Rozhkova, M. A. (2021). Plagiat i inye vidy nekorrektnykh zaimstvovanii v dissertatsiyakh: pravovye i eticheskie voprosy [Plagiarism and other types of incorrect borrowings in dissertations: Legal and ethical issues]. Zhurnal Suda po intellektualnym pravam. Vol. 3, No. 33, 124-140. Saltykova, M. V., & Sulima, T. G. (2019). Publikatsionnaya etika v izdatelskom protsesse: problemy plagiata i oformleniya nauchnykh materialov [Publication ethics in the publishing process: Problems of plagiarism and design of scientific materials]. Vestnik NTsBZhD. Vol. 3, No. 41, 61-70. Serbin, S. V., & Popova, L. I. (2022). Plagiat kak mezhpravovaya kategoriya [Plagiarism as a cross-legal category]. Epomen Scientific Journa. Vol. 69, 252-258. Shichkin, I., Ruziev, Z., Jumaniyazova, M., Abdullaeva, M., & Abdullayev, I. (2024). Development of higher education in the context of digitalization: Developing an effective socioeconomic integration model. Revista Conrado. Vol. 20, No. S1, 142–147. Shmeleva, E. D. (2015). Akademicheskoe moshennichestvo v sovremennykh universitetakh: obzor teoreticheskikh podkhodov i rezultatov empiricheskikh issledovanii [Academic dishonesty in modern universities: A review of theoretical approaches and empirical findings]. Journal of Economic Sociology. Vol. 16, No. 2, 55–79. Smolyaninova, O. G., & Ivanova, N. A. (2024). Razvitiye kommunikativnogo komponenta sotsial'nogo intellekta podrostkov kak pedagogicheskaya problema [The development of the communicative component of the social intelligence of adolescents as a pedagogical problem]. Anthropological Didactics and Upbringing. Vol. 7, No. 1, 11–25. Soloveva, I. V., & Zamkovaya, M. A. (2024). Soblyudenie norm akademicheskoi dobrosovestnosti i proktoring pri provedenii form kontrolya online [Academic integrity and proctoring in online testing]. Pedagogika i psikhologiya obrazovaniya. No. 3, 194–207. https://doi.org/10.31862/2500-297X-2024-3-194-207 State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. (2012). Federal Law of December 29, 2012, No. 273-FZ “On education in the Russian Federation”. Retrieved from http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102162745&ysclid=mbgy8jjfzx945746953 Tucci, V., & Galwankar, S. (2011). JETS policy on plagiarism and academic dishonesty. The Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock. Vol. 4, No. 1, 3–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2700.76818 Vlasova, V. V. (2024). Angloyazychnyye zaimstvovaniya koronavirusnoy epokhi i ikh funktsionirovaniye v nemetskikh onlayn-izdaniyakh [English-language borrowings of the coronavirus era and their functioning in German online publications]. Filologiya: Nauchnyye Issledovaniya. Vol. 1, 93–103. https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2024.1.69680 Wong, S. S., Lim, S. W., & Quinlan, K. M. (2016). Integrity in and beyond contemporary higher education: What does it mean to university students? Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 7, 1094. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01094 Zakhartsev, S. I., & Salnikov, V. P. (2018). Kratko o plagiate v nauchnykh issledovaniyakh [Briefly about plagiarism in research]. Yuridicheskaya nauka: Istoriya i sovremennost. No. 8, 188–192. Zhilkibaeva, R., Avazova, S., Qahhorova, M., Myrksina, Y., & Tretyak, E. (2024). Impact of cloud technology implementation on the educational process. Revista Conrado. Vol. 20, No. 99, 387–392.
Higher Education; Academic Culture; Students; Institutions; Academic Integrity Violations
International Courts and Their Contribution to Justice in the Context of the War in Ukraine
Ensuring justice during the ongoing war in Ukraine represents one of the most pressing challenges for contemporary international law. This study examines the pivotal role of international judicial institutions—particularly the International Criminal Court (ICC), the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), and various ad hoc tribunals—in enforcing accountability for war crimes, upholding human rights, and preserving the rule of law amid armed conflict. Using a qualitative research method, the study relies on comparative analysis as well as historical and legal approaches to understand how these institutions function within complex geopolitical contexts. Through qualitative data collection and interpretive analysis of court decisions, international conventions, and reports from global organizations, the research identifies structural and procedural challenges faced by international courts, including political interference, difficulties in gathering evidence, and limited coordination with domestic jurisdictions. Moreover, the study explores the role of international cooperation and judicial precedents in building a more consistent and enforceable global justice system. The findings suggest that while international courts play a critical role in prosecuting war crimes and deterring future violations, their effectiveness is often constrained by issues of state sovereignty and the lack of uniform enforcement mechanisms. Therefore, the paper argues for a strategic consolidation between international and national legal systems to ensure that justice is not only pursued but also realized in practice. Ultimately, this research contributes to the broader discourse on strengthening international criminal justice in the era of hybrid conflicts and global political polarization.
International courts; War in Ukraine; War crimes; Human rights; International law; International Criminal Court; European Court of Human Rights; Responsibility; Justice; Special Legal Regime
Copyright (c) 2025 Iurii Rega, Anastasiia Mernyk, Oksana Adamovych, Olha Melnychuk, Dmytro Chobotar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Place of Financial Administrative Sanctions in the System of Public Liability
The article is devoted to clarifying the place of financial administrative sanctions among other sanctions in public law which constitute a single ‘right of responsibility’. Financial administrative sanctions are a widespread phenomenon, as they allow the states to respond promptly to violations of public order, while increasing budget revenues. The purpose of the article is to find out whether there is a single ‘right of liability’ and what exactly it includes; to establish how certain types of public law liability are distinguished from each other, in particular, to characterise the difference between financial administrative sanctions and criminal law sanctions; and to find out the extent to which criminal law guarantees are extended to the system of financial administrative sanctions. The article provides a rationale for the existence of a single ‘right of liability’, which is divided into two branches based on the criterion of the subject of liability - criminal liability and administrative sanctions. The authors compare financial administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions by the subject and substantive criteria. The authors substantiate the view that criminal law guarantees should be applied when imposing financial administrative sanctions on a person. The study is based on the current state of legal doctrine, and therefore the article is of a theoretical nature. The results of the study make it possible to determine the true legal nature of financial administrative sanctions and can be used to develop concepts of legislative acts, as well as in law enforcement. REFERENCES: Calderón, C.R., Bórquez, J.C.F., Ortiz, P.M. (2021) La reconfiguración teórica de la potestad sancionadora de la Administración Pública: Del tradicional ius puniendi único estatal a la función responsiva [The theoretical reconfiguration of the sanctioning power of the Public Administration: From the traditional state ius puniendi to the responsive function]. Revista de Derecho Administrativo Economico, 34, 97–130. DOI: 10.7764/redae.34.4 [in Spanish]. Cristóvam, J.S. da S.; Ferreira, G.C. (2020). About the disregard of legal entity doctrine in Brazilian anti-corruption act (Law no. 12,846/2013). Revista de Direito Econômico e Socioambiental, v. 11, n. 1, 188–213. DOI: 10.7213/rev.dir.econ.soc.v11i1.25800. Dănişor, D.C., Dănişor, M.-C. (2021) Modern solidarity and administrative repression. Juridical Tribune, 11(3), 472-496. DOI: 10.24818/TBJ/2021/11/3.04. Guskow, T.M., Oliveira, L.P.S. 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Taranenko, Kseniia, Kostiuk, Tetiana. 2023. Electronic Judicial Procedure as an Element of Access to Justice Regarding Protection of Rights of Individuals: Legal, administrative, Theoretical and Informational Aspects. Jurnal cita hukum indonesian law journal. 11 (3), 443-456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v11i3.36298 Leheza, Y., Kolomoiets, Y., Chalyk, V., Kovalchuk, Y., & Sakhno, A. (2024). Foreign experience of financial-legal and administrative legal regulation of the activities of public administration bodies. Revista do Curso de Direito do UNIFOR, 15(1), 51–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24862/rcdu.v15i1.1832 Leheza, Y., Korniienko, M. ., Berezniak, V., Мariienko А., & Radchuk, A. (2024). Legal Regulation of Liability for Illegal Deportation of Children: Administrative, Criminal Aspects, Experience of Ukraine and International Standards. Revista Jurídica Portucalense, 257–274. https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(36)2024.ic-11 Leheza, Y., Shcherbyna, Bogdan. Leheza, Yulia. Pushkina, Olena & Marchenko O. (2023). “Features of Applying the Right to Suspension or Complete/ Partial Refusal to Fulfill a Duty in Case of Non-Fulfilment of the Counter Duty by the Other Party According to the Civil Legislation of Ukraine.” Revista Jurídica Portucalense, 340–359. Retrieved from https://revistas.rcaap.pt/juridica/article/view/29662 Leheza, Yevhen. Filipenko, Tatiana. Sokolenko, Olha. Darahan, Valerii, Kucherenko, Oleksii. 2020. Ensuring human rights in Ukraine: problematic issues and ways to address them in the social and legal sphere. Cuestiones políticas. Vol. 37 № 64 (enero-junio 2020). P. 123-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3764.10 Leheza, Yevhen. Pisotska, Karina. Dubenko, Oleksandr. Dakhno, Oleksandr. Sotskyi, Artur. “The essence of the principles of Ukrainian law in modern jurisprudence”. Revista jurídica portucalense, December (2022): 342-363. https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(32)2022.ic-15. Leheza, Yevhen. Shcherbyna, Bogdan. Leheza, Yulia. Pushkina, Olena. Marchenko, Olesia. (2024). Características de la suspensión o de la denegación total o parcial del cumplimiento de una obligación en caso de incumplimiento de la contraparte, según la legislación civil ucraniana. Novum Jus, 18(2), 131–150. https://doi.org/10.14718/NovumJus.2024.18.2.5 Leheza, Yevhen. Yerofieienko, Larysa. Komashko, Volodymyr. (2023). Propiedad intelectual en Ucrania bajo la ley marcial: regulación jurídica, aspectos administrativos y civiles. DIXI, 26(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.16925/2357-5891.2024.01.09 URL. https://revistas.ucc.edu.co/index.php/di/article/view/4960 Leheza, Yevhen. Yurovskа, Viktoriia. Zamryha, Artur. Ulozhenko, Vadym, Bohdan. Bohdana 2024. Administrative and legal regulation of the status of internally displaced persons in Ukraine during the war. University of Western Australia Law Review. 51 (2). 297-313. https://www.uwa.edu.au/schools/-/media/documents/uwa-law-review/volume-51-issue-2/leheza-et-al-formatted.pdf Łysko, M. (2020). Operacja przekwaliikowania drobnych występków w wykroczenia w Polsce ludowej [Operation of retraining minor offences into misdemeanours in the people’s Poland]. Studia Iuridica Lublinensia, 29(5), 197–214. DOI: 10.17951/sil.2020.29.5.197-214 [in Polish]. Mizhnarodni standarty prav liudyny u kryminalnomu pravi: komparatyvna perspektyva [Human rights from a comparative criminal law perspective]: textbook (2022). D. Lukianov, O. Marin, I. Sen, V. Tuliakov, O. Uvarova, O. Kharytonova, O. Shostak. Edited by O. Kharitonova, G. Schmelzer. Kharkiv: Pravo, 220 p. URL: https://dspace.nlu.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/19705/1/MSPLKP.pdf [in Ukrainian]. Pullés, F.R.G. (2020). La Potestad Sancionatoria Administrativa Y Las Garantías Del Derecho Penal [The administrative sanction and the guarantees of criminal right]. Prudentia Iuris, 2020 (special edition), 263–279. DOI: 10.46553/prudentia.aniversario.2020.pp.263-279 [in Spanish]. Quinzacara, E.C. (2012). El Derecho administrativo sancionador y su relación con el Derecho penal [Punitive administrative law and its relationship with criminal law]. Revista de Derecho, 25(2), 131–157. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-09502012000200006 [in Spanish]. Rocha, J.C.C. (2022) La aplicación de sanciones tributarias en el marco del procedimiento de fiscalización: afectación al derecho de defensa de los contribuyentes [The application of tax sanctions in the framework of the tax control procedure: affectation to the right of defense of taxpayers]. Ius et Veritas, 65, 233–243. DOI: 10.18800/iusetveritas.202202.015 [in Spanish]. Śliwiński, E. (2021). Administratywizacja karania [Administrativisation of punishment]. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica, 97, 199-224. DOI: 10.18778/0208-6069.97.12 [in Polish]. Veas, J.E. (2023). ¿Por qué los legisladores establecen sistemas sancionatorios de vía múltiple? Análisis sobre el fundamento, justificación y formas de organización de los sistemas sancionatorios de vía múltiple [Why do legislatures provide for multiple sanctioning systems? Analysis on the rationale and models of organization of multiple sanctioning systems]. Revista de Derecho Administrativo Economico, 38, 59-87. DOI: 10.7764/redae.38.3 [in Spanish]. Vega, L.C. (2020). El derecho administrativo sancionador y los sectores de referencia en el sistema institucional chileno [Regulation of administrative sanctions and reference areas in the chilean institutional system]. Ius et Praxis, 26(1), 240–265. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-00122020000100240 [in Spanish]. Voinarivskyi, M.M. (2014). Harantii prav ta zakonnykh interesiv subiektiv hospodariuvannia pry zastosuvanni administratyvno-hospodarskykh sanktsii [Guarantees of rights and legitimate interests of business entities in the application of administrative-economic sanctions]. Thesis for the degree of Candidate of Law. Odesa, National University ‘Odesa Law Academy’. URL: https://dspace.onua.edu.ua/server/api/core/bitstreams/35e03a17-48aa-4e46-b6ce-5b4f72a6d64d/content [in Ukrainian]. Zadyraka, Nataliia. Leheza, Yevhen. Bykovskyi, Mykola. Zheliezniak, Yevhenii. Leheza, Yulia. 2023. Correlation of Legal Concepts of Administrative Procedure and Administrative Liability in the Sphere of Urban Planning. Jurnal cita hukum indonesian law journal. Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 33-44, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v11i1.31784
Administrative Sanction; Criminal Law Guarantees; Financial Responsibility; Gravity of an Offence; Procedure for Applying a Sanction; Public Law Responsibility; Right of Responsibility; Severity of a Sanction
Proposing Some Solutions to Improve Policies and Laws on Land Use Rights of Overseas Vietnamese
The overseas Vietnamese community constitutes an important resource for the nation’s development, in which economic contributions represent one of the most traditional and widespread forms of engagement. The substantial flow of remittances sent by overseas Vietnamese has significantly contributed to Vietnam’s socio-economic development by supporting and stimulating domestic production and business activities. Given the notable benefits derived from the expansion of land use rights for overseas Vietnamese, this reform can be regarded as a major advancement of the 2024 Land Law in attracting foreign investment to Vietnam. The expansion provides more favorable conditions for overseas Vietnamese to invest in their homeland’s real estate market while fostering linkages and investment cooperation between them and foreign-invested enterprises. Such collaboration is expected to promote joint business initiatives, strengthen the private sector, and accelerate the growth of innovative start-up enterprises. Furthermore, the attraction of foreign investment serves as a vital bridge for economic integration, facilitating the connection of the domestic economy with global production and business networks. Through this process, Vietnam not only gains access to advanced scientific and technological innovations, modern management practices, and global value chains but also broadens its market reach—creating opportunities for domestic products, goods, and services to enter the global market and affirm their position in the international arena.
Copyright (c) 2025 Doan Hong Nhung, Hoang Truong Giang, Nguyen Vinh Hung https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The International Human Rights Standard and Pakistan’s Obligations regarding Wrongful Conviction: A Comparative Doctrinal Analysis with the United Kingdom
Failures within the criminal justice system can result in wrongful convictions, leading to a loss of human rights. Additionally, wrongful convictions can erode trust in the system as a whole. This article examines the disparate human rights standards around the world as they relate to wrongful convictions, focusing on Pakistan and the expectations for Pakistan’s position in the global community on the issue. This article also examines the comparative and doctrinal position of the UK, aiming to identify the strengths and weaknesses of Pakistan's position. This takes into account the central instruments of human rights —the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights —as well as the domestic case law and statutes of both the UK and Pakistan. In Pakistan, all the agreements on fair trial and remedies under the ICCPR guarantee fair trial rights. Still, there have also been domestic legislative omissions, such as the lack of a law to compensate the wrongfully imprisoned. The UK, on the other hand, has a more systematic approach, particularly in the office of the Criminal Justice Act 1988. In light of this, Pakistan needs a domestic law that addresses the human rights standards at its disposal to deliver justice to the wrongfully convicted.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naseem Jan, Ramalinggam Rajamanickam, Mohd Zamre Mohd Zahir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Legal Reconstruction of Employee Shareholder Protection through ESOP Program from Termination of Employment
Article 43, paragraph 3 of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies allows an employee to become a shareholder of the company through the ESOP (Employee Stock Option Program). In practice, an ESOP by companies is stated in a stock option agreement that outlines the rights and obligations of employees concerning the stock options. The position of employees will certainly not be exempt from the HR management policies carried out by the company, including the Termination of Employment policy. Compensation as an employee's right when Termination of Employment occurs is Severance Pay, Long Service Award Pay, Replacement of Rights, and Separation Pay if entitled only to Separation Pay. This study aims to examine and find forms of legal protection and find weaknesses in legal protection for employee shareholders (ESOP) when laid off, and to find efforts to reconstruct legal protection for employee shareholders (ESOP) when laid off. This research is normative juridical. Using secondary data as the primary source, the research was conducted through document studies via library research, employing both statistical and conceptual approaches. The results of this study are: first, that the legal provisions regarding layoffs of employees who are also shareholders of the company through ESOPs in Government Regulation Number 35 of 2021 concerning Fixed-Term Employment Agreements, Outsourcing, Working Hours and Rest Periods, and Termination of Employment have not been able to provide maximum legal protection for the rights of employees who are also shareholders. The current reality is that when ESOP employees are laid off, the company only relies on their employee status, the reason for the layoff, and the rights clearly stated in the legislation. Second, the research findings indicate that the reconstitution of Article 40 paragraph 4 letter (c) of Government Regulation 35 of 2021 aims to provide certainty and legal protection for ESOP employees in the event of layoffs by the company.
ESOP Employees; Legal Protection; Layoffs
The Legislation of the Notary System and Electronic Data Evidence in Different Countries
As digital applications continue to expand across various fields, the importance of reliable electronic data evidence and an efficient notary system has become even more prominent. The improper handling of electronic data not only affects the fairness of judicial proceedings but also poses threats to the legitimate rights and interests of individuals and organizations. This paper analyzes the characteristics of notarial system in different countries through comparative research method, elaborates in detail the situation of EU and China in electronic data evidence legislation, and carries out a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences between the Chinese and European legislation. It is found that the notarization system of civil law countries is characterized by strong state intervention, high authority of notarial acts, and wide scope of application; while the notarization system of common law countries is relatively flexible, with simple procedures but limited authority. EU legislation on electronic data evidence is centered on the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which is detailed and has strong extraterritorial effect in protecting personal data rights. China has actively constructed a legal framework for electronic data evidence, focusing on combining it with national development strategies and reflecting Chinese characteristics while safeguarding data security and privacy. Based on this, the article puts forward suggestions in terms of technological upgrading, legislative optimization, professional development of personnel and international cooperation, with the aim of promoting the development of the notary system in the era of electronic data, and facilitating the effective use and protection of electronic data evidence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cao Zhaoxun, Ramalinggam Rajamanickam, Nur Khalidah Dahlan, Min Bingyuan, Rajini Kumar Sreedharam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Online Privacy and Personal Data Protection: An Islamic Law Perspective
This article explores the intricate intersection of online privacy and personal data protection through the lens of Islamic law, shedding light on the ethical considerations that govern digital transactions. Grounded in Qur’anic principles, Sunnah, and classical Islamic jurisprudence, this study examines how Shari’ah law provides a comprehensive ethical framework for navigating the digital landscape while upholding timeless Islamic values. Key principles such as Ghibah (gossip and backbiting), Amanah (trustworthiness), and Sitr (respect for privacy) are analyzed to highlight their significance in regulating online interactions and data protection. Employing a doctrinal legal method and an inductive approach, the article explores online privacy from an Islamic perspective. It incorporates Qiyas (analogical reasoning) to address emerging challenges posed by rapid technological advancements. The study finds that the commitment to Amanah underscores the responsibility of individuals, organizations, and governments in safeguarding personal information. It emphasizes ethical considerations in the collection, processing, and usage of data, aligning digital practices with Islamic moral obligations. Moreover, the dynamic nature of Ijtihad (independent legal reasoning) allows Islamic jurisprudence to adapt to contemporary digital issues while preserving its foundational ethical principles. By synthesizing Islamic teachings with digital ethics, this article offers a robust framework for addressing modern privacy concerns. It contributes to the discourse on the harmonious coexistence of technological innovations and Islamic values, providing insights into how Shari’ah law can guide ethical digital conduct. Ultimately, this study reinforces the relevance of Islamic legal principles in shaping responsible and morally sound digital practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bareq Muntadher Abdul Wahab, Safinaz Mohd Hussein, Ramalinggam Rajamanickam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Reforming Ukraine’s Legal System in the Context of Sustainable Development: Challenges and Prospects
The article aims to analyse the status of reforming the legal system of Ukraine and identify the main challenges and prospects for sustainable development. To achieve this goal, the author used a descriptive research methodology, particularly the PRISMA approach, which included a search for relevant scientific literature (2018-2024) and legislative acts. The study formed four inclusion criteria based on relevance, content, geographical focus, and timeframe. In total, 52 items of scientific materials were analysed. The study results show that Ukraine's legal system has made some progress in aligning with the principles of sustainable development, especially in environmental protection. At the same time, key challenges remain, such as corruption, insufficient harmonisation with international standards, lack of systematic understanding of environmental legislation, and the effects of the financial crisis and Russian aggression. The recommendations include harmonising legislation with EU standards, strengthening the environmental component, focusing on socially oriented legal reforms, ensuring economic justice, and digitalising judicial and law enforcement processes. The study confirms that adherence to Ukraine's European integration course and implementing environmental and social principles can strengthen the legal framework for sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadiia Demchyk, Volodymyr Kroitor, Petro Korniienko, Olha-Mariia Alimenko, Iryna Bryiovska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Legal Basis of Cross-Border Criminal Prosecution of Cybercriminals: Criminal and Procedural Challenges for Azerbaijan
The impact of modern digital technologies is essential for understanding the need to improve the law enforcement system. The purpose of this article is to examine the legal basis for cross-border criminal prosecution of cybercrime in Azerbaijan, identify key criminal law and procedural challenges, and develop recommendations to improve national legislation and strengthen international cooperation. The study is based on an analysis of Azerbaijan's criminal and criminal procedure legislation in the field of cross-border prosecution of cybercrimes. Normative and comparative legal analysis methods, along with systematization, were employed to identify gaps and formulate recommendations. The results show that the Criminal Code of Azerbaijan contains references to the illegality of unauthorized access to computer information, illegal actions related to the exploitation of computer networks, and the distribution of malicious software. There is no separate article on computer fraud, so clear standards for collecting electronic evidence are not specified, indicating significant gaps in the national legal framework. The main challenges in cross-border prosecution of cybercrimes include the limited scope of bilateral extradition agreements, difficulties in cooperating with countries with different legal systems, and bureaucratic obstacles to the exchange of digital evidence. The conclusions highlight recommendations that would improve the regulatory framework. First and foremost, they point to the need to implement regulations on computer fraud and clear rules for the use of electronic evidence, expand international cooperation, and implement the provisions of international conventions to which Azerbaijan is a party.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shohlet Muzaffar Karimov, Rashad Mammad Sharifov, Akif Maharlam Eyvazov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Ai In Big Data in Criminal Investigation: Procedural Safeguards and Human Rights Risks
The purpose of the study is to develop recommendations for improving procedural safeguards when using AI and big data in criminal investigations in Azerbaijan, considering the existing safeguards and risks that exist in the Azerbaijani legal system. This normative-legal study examines national and international laws pertaining to artificial intelligence in criminal justice using comparative and black-letter legal techniques. Due to the dearth of local research, it synthesizes scholarly material and adapts international approaches to the Azerbaijani setting. In results It has been demonstrated that the application of AI influences the development of human rights hazards, including the denial of access to algorithms, the possibility of discrimination, and the restriction of appeal procedures. The establishment of unique control and supervision mechanisms for the use of AI, as well as compatibility with international norms, are necessary due to the notable gaps in Azerbaijani legislation. Therefore, to enhance procedural guarantees in Azerbaijan, it is suggested that: establish and approve ethical standards for the use of AI in criminal proceedings; codify the rights of parties to transparency in algorithmic decisions and access to information about how AI works; and introduce legislative norms governing appeal procedures for AI-based decisions. In conclusion it is shown that a significant prospective direction is the study of the interaction between technological innovations and legal institutions to shape modern regulatory frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Matanat Pasha Asgarova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
People with intellectual disabilities and crime: changes in terminology, attitudes and interventions in the Czech context
Supporting people with intellectual disabilities in the field of crime prevention and re-socialisation after imprisonment is a key challenge for contemporary society. It is essential not only to strengthen existing programmes but also to create an inclusive environment that enables these people to participate fully in society. The joint efforts of professionals, families and the general public can contribute to enabling people with intellectual disabilities to become equal members of our society. This expert article focuses on the understudied issue of persons with mental disabilities who commit crimes and serve prison sentences in the Czech prison system. The aim of the text is to draw attention to changes in terminology, social attitudes and professional approaches when working with this target group. The article emphasises the rights of people with mental disabilities, the need to support their self-determination and responsibility, as well as the prevention of criminal behaviour and appropriate resocialisation after serving a sentence. The paper includes an analysis of current interventions and recommendations for practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lukáš Stárek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Custom in Insurance Law: A Doctrinal and Applied Analysis of Usage as a Source of Legal Norms
Custom has long served as an implicit yet powerful source of legal norms, particularly in fields characterized by technical complexity and rapid evolution. This article examines insurance custom—the unwritten practices consistently adopted by insurance market participants—as a source of legal authority in insurance contracts. While insurance regulation is increasingly comprehensive, it cannot anticipate every contingency or dispute, leaving gaps often filled by industry usage. Drawing on doctrinal legal theory and applied analysis, this study consolidates scattered jurisprudential principles and industry practices to clarify the concept, emergence, authority, types, and conditions of insurance custom. It distinguishes verbal custom (customary terminology) from practical custom (customary conduct), and analyzes their legal functions as mandatory, interpretive, and supplementary norms in contract adjudication. The article also explores judicial reliance on custom to interpret ambiguous policy terms, enforce implied obligations, or reject claims that contradict established usage. The findings highlight the dual nature of insurance custom as both a stabilizing force and a potential source of uncertainty. It argues for structured mechanisms to document, evaluate, and integrate custom into insurance adjudication, ensuring both legal predictability and responsiveness to evolving industry practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdullah bin Abdulrahman Al-Bader https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Practice of the european court of human rights as a factor in the development of private law
The article examines the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter referred to as the ECHR) as an important factor in the development of private law in the national legal systems of the member states of the Council of Europe. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the decisions of the ECHR, which have a systemic impact on the improvement of legal mechanisms for the protection of rights in the field of private law relations. The expediency of using the construction “case law of the European Court of Human Rights”, which has already been implemented in legislation of Ukraine (Civil Procedure Code, Commercial Procedure Code, Code of Administrative Procedure, Law of Ukraine “On the Execution of Decisions and Application of the Practice of the European Court of Human Rights”) is substantiated, which emphasizes the normative legitimacy of such an approach. Changing the focus from “civil law” to the broader concept of “private law” allows expanding specialization, also covering aspects of economic, family and other related areas. The paper highlights the key areas of influence of the ECHR practice on law enforcement in matters of property rights protection, access to justice, fair trial and effective enforcement of court decisions. It also examines the problems of implementing ECHR decisions into the legal practice of Ukraine, conflicts between national and international law, as well as the role of the Court in forming a balance between public and private interests. In conclusion, the importance of the ECHR practice as a factor in the evolution of the doctrine of private law and the unification of European standards of human rights protection is emphasized.
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights
Principle of the best interests of the child
Copyright (c) 2025 Andrii Petrovskyi, Larysa Neskorodzhena, Vitalii Kucher, Iryna Borovska, Volodymyr Bondar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Artificial Intelligence’s Application In Journalistic Practice In Terms Of Digital Transformation
The article examines the problems of regulatory and legal support for the use of artificial intelligence technologies in journalism in Ukraine in the context of modern digital transformations. Utilising interdisciplinary and comparative legal analysis, the legal nature of AI as an object of regulation is examined, the state of national legislation in the media sphere is characterised, and gaps in the regulatory framework for the use of AI in journalism are identified. This study places particular emphasis on the analysis of two significant documents: the EU Regulation No. 2024/1689, also known as the “Artificial Intelligence Act”, and the European Parliament Resolution on AI in the audiovisual sector. These documents are of particular significance as they serve to enshrine the principles of transparency, non-discrimination, ethical use of algorithms and protection of freedom of expression. The implementation of the relevant provisions of the Acquis Communautaire into Ukrainian national legislation is justified by the aim of ensuring information security, freedom of speech and European integration. The analysis yielded a proposed model of regulatory harmonisation, which entails the incorporation of specific AI regulations within the Ukrainian legislation entitled “On Media” and “On Information”. Additionally, the model calls for the formulation of a code of ethics for the utilisation of AI in journalism. The results of the study are of practical importance for updating the legal framework in the context of digital challenges and contribute to the formation of a theoretical and methodological basis for further research on the interaction between AI and freedom of speech.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vladyslav Teremetskyi, Oleksandr Ryzhenko, Liudmila Ryzhenko, Viktoriia Klymiuk, Andrii Smus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Conflict of Interest Regulation in Transitional Legal Systems: A Comparative Legal Study of Ukrainian Compliance with International Anti-Corruption Standards
This article examines the legal and institutional implementation of international standards on conflict-of-interest regulation within the Ukrainian legal system. Drawing on a comparative legal methodology, the study evaluates the degree of normative convergence between Ukrainian legislation and key international instruments, including the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), OECD Recommendations, and GRECO guidelines. In addition to doctrinal analysis, the research analyzes 120 judicial decisions at the national, regional, and local levels to assess patterns of interpretation, enforcement disparities, and procedural compliance. The findings reveal that while Ukraine demonstrates a high level of formal alignment—particularly in its legal provisions on disclosure and sanctions—significant deficiencies persist in preventive mechanisms, judicial consistency, and institutional coordination. National courts apply conflict-of-interest rules with relative rigor, yet subnational courts exhibit variability in reasoning, procedural irregularities, and limited engagement with international legal norms. The study identifies structural obstacles that hinder effective enforcement, including the absence of harmonized jurisprudence, insufficient legal training, and weak oversight frameworks. These gaps risk reducing international compliance to a symbolic function rather than a substantive tool for safeguarding integrity in public governance. The article concludes with targeted recommendations for legal reform, emphasizing the need for judicial interpretive guidelines, independent monitoring bodies, and coordinated enforcement strategies. By situating Ukraine’s legal system within a global comparative context, this study offers actionable insights for EU candidate countries and transitional legal systems seeking to enhance rule-of-law compliance and public sector integrity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alina Biryukova, Sergii Tellis, Serhii Hrechaniuk, Oleh Roy, Tetiana Sukhorebra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Regulating Legal Ethics in Vietnam: Institutional Challenges, Normative Frameworks, and Reform Imperatives
This article analyzes Vietnam’s regulatory mechanisms for legal ethics using institutional theory and comparative legal analysis. It explores how ethical standards can move beyond aspirational guidelines to become enforceable norms within a modern rule-of-law system. Applying a normative-analytical approach and case studies from Germany, the UK, the US, and Australia, the study identifies four core pillars of an effective mechanism: (i) ethical standards, (ii) independent supervisory institutions, (iii) transparent disciplinary procedures, and (iv) public accountability. Findings show Vietnam’s framework remains fragmented, administratively dependent, and lacks independent oversight and public participation. Ethical codes are non-binding, while enforcement is internalized, compromising transparency and trust. The article proposes five reforms: interdisciplinary ethical codes, partial legal codification, independent ethics committees, public feedback mechanisms, and situational ethics education. Together, these aim to build a dynamic governance system supporting integrity and accountability in legal practice. This research contributes to debates on regulatory governance in transitional legal systems and offers insights for designing context-sensitive, enforceable ethical frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Minh Tuan Nguyen, Hanh Dang Thi My https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0