Abuse of Rights: A Comparative Study between Mālikī Jurisprudence & Positive Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v25i2.44606Keywords:
Abuse of rights, Mālikī jurisprudence, Positive law, Maslahah Mursalah, Civil liabilityAbstract
This paper offers a comparative analytical evaluation of the theory of abuse of rights as articulated within Mālikī jurisprudence and in positive law. It highlights the doctrinal foundations of this theory within the Mālikī school, characterized by the extensive application of this concept to encompass all types of harm, supported by evidence from the Holy Quran and Sunnah. The research also employs a qualitative method based on a comparative analysis of classic jurisprudential texts, such as al-Muwāfaqāt, al-Furūq, and al-Mudawwanah, while specifically focusing on contemporary positive law, such as the civil codes of Egypt and Algeria. The study demonstrates that there is a high degree of overlap between the core criteria laid down by Mālikī jurisprudence related to the abuse of rights and the related criteria adopted in contemporary positive law, especially concerning three basic criteria: the illegitimacy of the interest; the intent to harm others; and the inconsistency between the interest sought and the harm caused. The study also demonstrates that Mālikī jurisprudence was at the forefront of developing an integrated theory of abuse of rights that carefully balances private interests with broader public-interest principles.
Abstrak
Paper ini menyajikan evaluasi analitis komparatif terhadap teori penyalahgunaan hak sebagaimana dirumuskan dalam fikih Mālikī dan dalam hukum positif. Kajian ini menyoroti landasan doktrinal teori tersebut dalam mazhab Mālikī, yang dikenal penerapannya yang luas sehingga mencakup semua bentuk kemudaratan, didukung oleh dalil-dalil dari Al-Qur’an dan Sunnah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan komparatif terhadap teks-teks fikih klasik, seperti al-Muwāfaqāt, al-Furūq, dan al-Mudawwanah, serta membandingkannya dengan hukum positif kontemporer, khususnya dalam kodifikasi perdata Mesir dan Aljazair. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya tingkat keselarasan yang signifikan antara prinsip dasar dalam fikih Mālikī terkait penyalahgunaan hak dan prinsip yang diadopsi dalam hukum positif modern, terutama terkait tiga prinsip utama: ketidakabsahan kepentingan yang diperjuangkan; adanya niat untuk merugikan pihak lain; dan ketidakseimbangan antara tujuan yang ingin dicapai dengan kerugian yang ditimbulkan. Studi ini juga menegaskan bahwa fikih Mālikī berada di garda terdepan dalam merumuskan teori penyalahgunaan hak yang komprehensif, yang mampu menyeimbangkan kepentingan individu dengan prinsip kemaslahatan umum.
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