Constitutionalizing Islamic Law in Indonesia: Sharia Courts & the Legitimate Child Clause

Authors

  • Alfitri Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris Samarinda
  • Muhammad Idzhar Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris Samarinda
  • Muhammad Kholil Muqorrobien Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris Samarinda
  • Devi Kasumawati Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris Samarinda

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v25i2.41896

Keywords:

Islamic Law, Constitutional court, Legitimate child clause, Sharia courts, Socio-legal approach

Abstract

Although Indonesia is not an Islamic state and does not adopt a Sharia repugnancy clause in its Constitution, since 2003, the Constitutional Court has addressed issues of Islamic law within the national legal order. Its landmark ruling on the legitimate child clause illustrates tensions between constitutional guarantees of rights and fiqh doctrines. Sunni orthodoxy defines legitimate children as those born from a valid marriage, a provision adopted into Indonesian marriage law. In practice, this excluded children from unregistered Islamic marriages, let alone those conceived outside marriage but born after their parents wed. The Court expanded legitimacy to include biological evidence, such as DNA, requiring Sharia judges to consider lineage beyond marriage registration. Using a socio-legal approach, this article combines doctrinal analysis and interviews with judges to examine compliance and internal struggles. Findings show partial compliance: cautious application in bāṭil or fāsid marriages, divided rulings on children born out of wedlock, and a gradual shift toward balancing fiqh authority with constitutional rights.

 

Abstrak

Meskipun Indonesia bukan negara Islam dan tidak menganut klausul kepatuhan hukum dengan Syariah dalam Konstitusinya, sejak 2003 Mahkamah Konstitusi telah menangani isu‑isu hukum Islam dalam tata hukum nasional. Putusan penting mengenai klausul anak sah menunjukkan ketegangan antara jaminan konstitusional atas hak‑hak warga negara dan doktrin fikih. Menurut ortodoksi Sunni, anak sah adalah anak yang lahir dari perkawinan yang sah, suatu ketentuan yang diadopsi dalam hukum perkawinan Indonesia. Dalam praktiknya, hal ini mengecualikan anak dari perkawinan Islam yang tidak tercatat, apalagi mereka yang dikandung di luar nikah tetapi lahir setelah orang tuanya menikah. Mahkamah Konstitusi memperluas definisi anak sah dengan memasukkan bukti biologis, seperti DNA, sehingga hakim Pengadilan Agama harus mempertimbangkan nasab selain bukti perkawinan tercatat. Artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan sosio‑legal untuk menilai kepatuhan serta pergulatan internal para hakim dalam mendamaikan norma fiqh dengan mandat konstitusi. Temuan menunjukkan kepatuhan parsial: penerapan hati‑hati dalam kasus perkawinan bāṭil atau fāsid, putusan yang terbelah terkait anak luar nikah, serta pergeseran gradual menuju keseimbangan antara otoritas fiqh dan hak konstitusional.

Author Biography

  • Alfitri, Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris Samarinda
    Alfitri is a Professor of Islamic Law at Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris State Islamic University of Samarinda.

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Published

2025-12-28

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