Lolo Bangko: Child Marriage & Family Resilience in Island Communities in South Sulawesi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v25i2.40543Keywords:
Lolo Bangko, Child Marriage, Marital Culture, Family Resilience, Island CommunitiesAbstract
The minimum age limit for marriage is regulated by the state to control the mental readiness of prospective bride and groom. In this context, child marriage based on local traditions is widespread in island communities. Therefore, this research aims to describe the practice of child marriage and the consequent impact on family resilience in the communities of Kodingareng and Badi in Spermonde Islands, South Sulawesi. A qualitative method is applied through critical ethnography, while data collection is carried out through interviews, observation, and document review. The results show that there is prevalence of child marriage as a common practice in island communities. In this context, the society understands the minimum age limit but maintains the tradition of child marriage due to cultural, customary, religious, and economic factors. The traditional view in the form of Lolo Bangko is the fear of not finding a suitable partner in the future. Consequently, children are forced to enter into early marriage which are often conducted illegally. This has an impact on harmony, independence, and household continuity, increasing the level of divorce in young families.
Abstrak
Negara mengatur batas usia minimal untuk melangsungkan perkawinan agar calon pengantin memiliki kesiapan mental untuk membangun keluarga. Namun, perkawinan anak-anak yang didasari oleh tradisi lokal masih marak di masyarakat kepulauan. Artikel ini mendeskripsikan praktik perkawinan anak dan dampak konsekuensinya terhadap ketahanan keluarga pada masyarakat kepulauan di Pulau Kodingareng dan Pulau Badi di Kepulauan Spermonde, Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui metode etnografi kritis, dan pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dan kajian dokumen. Hasil studi menunjukkan prevalensi perkawinan anak sebagai praktik umum di masyarakat kepulauan. Masyarakat telah mengetahui peraturan batas usia minimum untuk menikah, tetapi mereka mempertahankan tradisi perkawinan anak karena faktor budaya, tradisi, kepercayaan agama, dan ekonomi. Pandangan tradisional berupa Lolo Bangko, yaitu ketakutan tidak mendapatkan pasangan yang cocok di kemudian hari sehingga anak dipaksa untuk melakukan perkawinan dini yang tak jarang dilakukan secara illegal. Hal ini berdampak pada keharmonisan, kemandirian, dan bahkan keberlangsungan unit keluarga, yaitu maraknya perceraian keluarga muda.
References
Aditya, R. I., & Waddington, L. (2021). The Legal Protection Against Child Marriage in Indonesia. Bestuur, 9(2), 126–134. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v9i2.55144
Ahmad, A. K., et al., (2023). Bunting Lolo: The Dialectics of State, Islamic Law, and Culture in Marriage Practice among Island Communities in South Sulawesi.pdf. Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial, 18(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v18i2.10399
Ana. (2023). personal communication, Kodingareng Island, 9 May.
Asadullah, M. N., et al., (2020). Child marriage, climate vulnerability and natural disasters in coastal Bangladesh. Journal of Biosocial Science, 53(6). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932020000644
Barkah, Q., et al., (2022). Abandonment of Women’s Rights in Child Marriage; An Islamic Law Perspective. Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial, 17(2), 383–411. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-Ihkam.v17i2.6725
Cameron, L., et al., (2022). Child marriage: using the Indonesian family life survey to examine the lives of women and men who married at an early age. In Review of Economics of the Household. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-022-09616-8
Cedok. (2023). personal communication, Badi Island, 23 May.
Creswell, J. W., & Vicki L. Piano Clark. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 31(4), 388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2007.00096.x
Dakhoir, A., & Lumatus, S. (2023). Meta-Juridical Analysis on the Legal Arguments beyond Changes in Indonesian ’ s Marriage Age Rule. Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial, 18(16), 80–101.
Darmawan, Husna, A., et al., (2022). Marriage Dispensation and Family Resilience: A Case Study of the Bener Meriah Shariah Court, Aceh Province. Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 22(2), 433–454. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v22i2.28827
Djawas, M., et al., (2022). Creating Family Resilience in Indonesia: A Study of “Marriage Guidance” Program in Aceh and South Sumatera. Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial, 17(1), 299–324.
Dost, G., & Mazzoli Smith, L. (2023). Understanding higher education students’ sense of belonging: a qualitative meta-ethnographic analysis. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 47(6), 822–849. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2023.2191176
Erika. (2023). personal communication, Kodingareng Island, 5 May.
Fajri. (2023). personal communication, Kodingareng Island, 5 May.
Fan, S., & Koski, A. (2022). The health consequences of child marriage: a systematic review of the evidence. In BMC Public Health (Vol. 22, Issue 1). BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12707-x
Fatahuddin. (2023). personal communication, Kodingareng Island, 29 May.
Fauzan, Zaelani, et al., (2023). Endogamous Marriage of Prophet ’ s Descendants on the Perspective of Sociology of Islamic Law. Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial, 18(1), 1–26.
Gaffar, Abdul. (2023). personal communication, Kodingareng Island, 6 May.
Garcia-Hombrados, J., & Özcan, B. (2023). Age at marriage and marital stability: evidence from China. In Review of Economics of the Household. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-023-09651-z
Gunawan, S. O., & Bahri, S. (2023). Impacts of Early Childhood Marriage in Indonesia Viewed from Child Protection Laws Perspectives. El-Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga, 6(2), 89–95. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ujhk.v6i2.20262
Gusnita, C. (2022). Fenomena Pernikahan Anak Usia Dini sebagai Penyimpangan Budaya Indonesia. IKRA-ITH HUMANIORA : Jurnal Sosial Dan Humaniora, 7(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.37817/ikraith-humaniora.v7i2.2287
Handayani, Y. S., et al., (2021). Impacts and Problems of Early Marriage During The Covid-19 Pandemic. Syiah Kuala Law Journal, 5(2), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v5i2.21906
Harris. (2023). personal communication, Badi Island, 24 May.
Hasudungan, A. N. (2022). Increasing Child Marriage in Indonesia during the Covid-19 Pandemic: What Causes It? Salus Cultura: Jurnal Pembangunan Manusia Dan Kebudayaan, 2(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.55480/saluscultura.v2i2.62
Herdiana, I., et al., (2018). Family Resilience: A Conceptual Review. 3rd Asean Conference on Psychology, Counseling and Humanities (AC-PCH 2017), 133, 42–48. https://doi.org/10.2991/acpch-17.2018.9
Idris, Muhammad. (2023). personal communication, Badi Island, 6 May.
Idrus, N. I. (2022). Problematizing the Minimum Age of Marriage: The State and Local Perspective on Marriage Dispensation in South Sulawesi. Jurnal Humaniora, 34(2), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.73661
Ishom, M. (2023). The Loose Interpretation of Dominus Litis Principle in Marriage Dispensation for Underage Marriage in Banten. Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 23(2), 329–350. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v23i2.29881
Jumadi. (2023). personal communication, Badi Island, 21 May.
Junaid. (2023). personal communication, Badi Island, 5 May.
Kamaruddin. (2023). personal communication, Kodingareng Island, 23 May.
Kasjim. (2016). Abuse of Islamic Law and child marriage in South-Sulawesi Indonesia. Al-Jami’ah, 54(1), 95–122. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2016.541.95-122
Lami, M., et al., (2023). Prevalence of child marriage and associated factors among reproductive age women in Harari regional state, eastern Ethiopia, 2022: a community-based study. In BMC women’s health (Vol. 23, Issue 267). BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02409-w
Latifiani, D. (2019). the Darkest Phase for Family: Child Marriage Prevention and Its Complexity in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 4(2), 241–258. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v4i2.34708
Lili, Ambo. (2023). personal communication, Kodingareng Island, 30 May.
Lune, Howard & Berg, B. L. (2017). Qualitative Research methods For the Social Sciences 9th edition by Lune. ECIN.
Maina, N. A. (2020). The Socio-cultural and Economic Drivers of Child Marriage and Their Effects on the Well-being of Women in Nyakach Sub-county, Kisumu County [The University of Nairobi]. https://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/154123/Maina_The Socio-cultural and Economic Drivers of Child Marriage and Their Effects on the Well-being of Women in Nyakach Sub-county%2C Kisumu County.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Mia. (2023). personal communication, Badi Island, 19 May.
Mishra, S. B. (2011). Handbook of Research Methodology a Compendium for Scholars and Researchers. In Educreation Publishing (Vol. 9, Issue 1). Educreation Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003465-199001000-00018
Mohammad, M. (2013). Perkawinan Anak di Bawah Umur (Sebuah Kajian Perspektif Hukum Islâm Vis-a-Vis Hukum Positif di Indonesia). AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial, 6(2), 274–309. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v6i2.313
Munirah, N. (2022). Pernikahan Dini di Kalimantan Selatan: Adat atau Tren? Muadalah, 10(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.18592/muadalah.v10i1.8129
Musawwamah, S. (2014). Akseptabilitas Regulasi Kriminalisasi Pelaku Kawin Sirri Menurut Pemuka Masyarakat Madura. AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial, 8(2), 245–278. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v8i2.350
Musawwamah, S et al., (2023). Resistance to Child Marriage Prevention in Indonesia and Malaysia. Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 23(1), 259–280. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v23i1.32014
Nunes, J. V et al.,. (2019). Etnography as a methodological possibility for Information Science. Biblios, 77(77), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.5195/BIBLIOS.2019.498
Nurdin, N., & Grydehøj, A. (2014). Informal governance through patron-client relationships and destructive fishing in Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, 3(2), 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imic.2014.11.003
Nyambang, Imam. (2023). personal communication, Kodingareng Island, 10 May.
Okely, J. (2020). Anthropological Practice Fieldwork and the Ethnographic Method. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003084563
Ouroussoff, A. (2001). What is an Ethnographic Study? Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003085720-4/ethnographic-study-alexandra-ouroussoff
Pozo, L. M. (2020). Embodying Ethnographies from Feminist Perspectives. Revista Estudos Feministas, 28(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2020V28N358097
Prabowo, B. A. (2013). Pertimbangan Hakim Dalam Penetapan Dispensasi Perkawinan Dini Akibat Hamil Di Luar Nikah Pada Pengadilan Agama Bantul. Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum, 20(2), 300–317. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol20.iss2.art7
Putri, N. D et al., (2022). Pre and Post Covid-19 Pandemic : Demography , Education , and Welfare Related to Child Marriage in South Sulawesi , Indonesia. Italienisch, 12(1), 103–108.
Rahiem, M. D. H. (2021). COVID-19 and the surge of child marriages: A phenomenon in Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. Child Abuse and Neglect, 118(95), 105168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105168
Rais, I. (2018). Marriage Dispensation due to Extramarital Pregnancy: The Study on the Decision by the Religious Court of South Jakarta (2010-2011). Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 18(1), 155–176.
Ramlah. (2023). personal communication, Kodingareng Island, 22 May.
Ratnaningsih, M et al., (2022). Child Marriage Acceptability Index (CMAI) as an essential indicator: an investigation in South and Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Global Health Research and Policy, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-022-00252-4
Ridwan, Muhammad. (2023). personal communication, Makassar 6 May.
Risma. (2022). Sistem Dagang Para Istri Nelayan, Realitas Kohesi Sosial di Pulau Kodingareng Kecamatan Sangkarrang Kota Makassar. Universitas Islam Negeri, Makassar.
Rizal. (2017). Fenomena Bunting Lolo Pada Masyarakat Muslim Kepulauan Kecamatan Liukang Tuppabiring Kabupaten Pangkep. In UIN Alauddin Makassar. UIN Alauddin Makassar.
Rusydin. (2023). personal communication, Kodingareng Island, 7 May.
Saleh. (2023). personal communication, Kodingareng Island, 28 May.
Setiadi, S. (2021). Getting Married is a Simple Matter: Early Marriage among Indonesian
Sari. (2023). personal communication, Badi Island, 17 May.
Muslim Girls in Rural Areas of Java. JSW (Jurnal Sosiologi Walisongo), 5(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.21580/jsw.2021.5.2.7970
Silva, H. R. S. (2009). A situação etnográfica: andar e ver. Horizontes Antropológicos, 15(32), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-71832009000200008
Silverman, R. M & Patterson, K. L. (2022). Qualitative Research Methods for Community Development. In Qualitative Research Methods for Community Development. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315797762
Spradley, J. P. (1997). Metode Etnografi. Tiara Wacana.
Subchi, I et al.,. (2021). Legal Policy of Child Marriage In the Covid-19 Pandemic Period. Samarah, 5(2), 846–866. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.10570
Suyono, S. (2018). Kredibilitas Pemuka Pendapat Dalam Tradisi Pernikahan Di Bawah Umur (Pernikahan Dini) Di Madura. Mediakom, 1(2), 192–211. https://doi.org/10.32528/mdk.v1i2.1578
Wahidullah & Umam, R. K. (2019). Problematika Isbat Nikah dalam Optik Perundang-undangan. Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah, 18(2), 113–115.
Wibowo, H. R. et al., (2021). One household, two worlds: Differences of perception towards child marriage among adolescent children and adults in Indonesia. The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific, 8(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100103
Yani. (2023). personal communication, Kodingareng Island, 12 May.
Yukich, J et al., (2021). Projecting the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Child Marriage. Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(6), S23–S30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.037
Zulfadli, Ridwan, M. S & Patimah. (2016). Faktor-Faktor Terjadinya Pernikahan Usia Anak Di Kabupaten Pangkep. Jurnal Diskursus Islam, 4(2), 201–216.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Mustolehudin Mustolehudin, Abd Kadir Ahmad, Sabara Sabara, Joko Tri Haryanto, Sitti Arafah, Nur Fadhilah Mappaselleng
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
