Journal Summary BULETIN ADALAH is an academic journal published by UIN Jakarta (Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta), Indonesia. The journal serves as a scholarly platform for the dissemination of research, critical studies, and academic discussions in the fields of Islamic studies, social sciences, and contemporary issues related to Muslim societies. BULETIN ADALAH aims to promote interdisciplinary dialogue by publishing high-quality articles written by academics, researchers, and practitioners. The journal encourages contributions that offer theoretical insights, empirical research findings, and policy-relevant analysis within national and global contexts. The journal is published periodically and is available online through its official website: https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/adalah Editorial Team Structure: Editor-in-Chief: Nur Rohim Yunus Managing Editor: Gilang Rizki Aji Putra Editorial Board Members: Anggit Ardiansyah Reviewers: Experts and scholars from relevant academic disciplines The journal applies a peer-review process to ensure academic integrity, originality, and scholarly quality.
Kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat terhadap Privasi Digital: Potret, Faktor Determinan, dan Tantangan dalam Mewujudkan Kepatuhan terhadap UU PDP
This article analyzes public legal awareness of digital privacy in Indonesia and its implications for implementing Law No. 27/2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law). Using normative-sociological legal research and secondary data from digital literacy surveys, the study finds that public awareness remains superficial and is not consistently reflected in protective behavior. Low digital literacy, power imbalances between individuals and corporations, and cultural perceptions of privacy as a secondary value contribute to this condition. Major data breach cases reveal a gap between knowledge and action. The article recommends strengthening digital privacy education, literacy campaigns, and accessible complaint mechanisms. Keywords: Legal Awareness, Digital Privacy, PDP Law, Digital Literacy, Legal Culture.
Kebocoran Data dan Tanggung Jawab Hukum Korporasi Digital: Menggagas Rezim Akuntabilitas Mutlak dalam Ekosistem Ekonomi Digital Indonesia
This article examines corporate legal liability for personal data breaches in Indonesia’s digital business sector under Law No. 27/2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law). Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, the study finds weaknesses in proof mechanisms, sanctions, and collective compensation systems. Current regulations rely heavily on fault-based liability, burdening victims despite the massive and asymmetrical nature of data breaches. Cases in digital finance and e-commerce reveal weak corporate accountability and limited victim recovery. The article recommends adopting strict liability, stronger supervisory authority, and accessible class action mechanisms. Keywords: Data Breach, Corporate Liability, Strict Liability, PDP Law, Collective Compensation.
Etika dan Hukum dalam Penggunaan Data Pribadi: Menjembatani Kesenjangan antara Kepatuhan Formal dan Tanggung Jawab Moral di Era Data-Driven Society
This article analyzes the ethical and legal dimensions of personal data use in the digital economy, focusing on Indonesia’s PDP Law (Law No. 27/2022). It assesses the gap between legal compliance and ethical responsibility in data governance. Using normative legal research with conceptual and philosophical approaches, the study finds misalignment between legal standards and ethical expectations. Key principles such as fairness, algorithmic transparency, and user autonomy are not fully reflected in regulation. Digital lending cases show formal compliance may conflict with ethical expectations requiring stronger ethical integration in governance systems. Keywords: Ethical Data, Data Protection Law, Formal Compliance, Fairness, Algorithmic Transparency
Hak Privasi vs Kepentingan Negara dalam Pengawasan Siber: Menemukan Keseimbangan Konstitusional di Era Digital Panopticon
The tension between citizens’ privacy rights and state cyber surveillance has become a major constitutional issue in the digital era. This article analyzes the constitutional limits of state surveillance and explores a balance between security interests and democracy. Using normative legal research with conceptual, statutory, and comparative approaches, the study finds that Indonesia’s cyber surveillance framework lacks proportionality, judicial oversight, and accountability. Regulations under the ITE Law and Intelligence Law grant broad discretion without adequate due process safeguards. The article recommends stronger judicial supervision, limiting executive discretion, and establishing a special supervisory court chamber. Keywords: Privacy Rights, Cyber Surveillance, State Interests, Proportionality, Due Process.
Perlindungan Data Pribadi sebagai Hak Asasi di Era Digital: Menggagas Paradigma Konstitusional dalam Arsitektur Privasi Indonesia
Digital transformation has turned personal data from identity information into a tradable asset. This article examines personal data protection within a human rights framework and evaluates Indonesia’s regime under Law No. 27/2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law). Using conceptual, statutory, and comparative approaches, the study finds that the PDP Law provides a legal foundation but still faces challenges involving independent supervision and remedies for data subjects. Personal data protection represents privacy, dignity, and constitutional rights. The article recommends establishing an independent supervisory authority and strengthening digital literacy. Keywords: Personal Data Protection, Human Rights, Digital Privacy, PDP Law, Constitutional Rights.
The Authority of the Constitutional Court as a Negative Legislator in Decision No. 135/PUU-XXII/2024: Constitutional Analysis and Its Implications for Indonesia’s Electoral System
This study examines the authority of the Mahkamah Konstitusi as a negative legislator in Decision No. 135/PUU-XXII/2024 and its implications for Indonesia’s electoral system. In principle, the Court functions as a negative legislator, whose role is limited to annulling unconstitutional norms without creating new legal norms. However, the decision separating national and local elections has generated significant debate regarding the boundaries of the Court’s authority. This research aims to analyze whether the Court, in this decision, remains within its role as a negative legislator or has shifted toward a positive legislator, as well as to assess the implications of such a shift on the electoral system. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings indicate that Decision No. 135/PUU-XXII/2024 reflects a tendency of the Court to formulate new legal norms, thereby suggesting a shift toward a positive legislator role. Nevertheless, this shift may be justified within the framework of constitutional interpretation, particularly in addressing legal gaps through judicial law-finding. The implications of this decision extend beyond electoral system design, affecting the principles of separation of powers and constitutional stability in Indonesia. Keywords: Constitutional Court, Negative Legislator, Positive Legislator, Electoral System, Constitutional Law
Peran Pemerintah dalam Penegakan Hukum Digital di Indonesia: Antara Proteksi Warga, Ketertiban Siber, dan Risiko Otoritarianisme Digital
Digital law enforcement requires governments to be not only regulatory but also responsive to technological change. This article explores the multidimensional role of the Indonesian government, including regulation, execution, supervision, and facilitation. Using normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, the study finds that government roles remain fragmented and predominantly repressive rather than restorative. Despite progress in legislation, a persistent paradox exists between maintaining order and protecting digital rights. Cases of platform blocking illustrate tensions between sovereignty and freedom. The government must shift toward a more accountable, facilitative role. Keywords: Digital Law Enforcement, Government Role, Content Blocking, Digital Sovereignty, Accountability
Sinkronisasi Regulasi Teknologi Informasi dengan Hukum Pidana Nasional: Harmonisasi Norma dan Penyelesaian Konflik Yurisdiksi di Era Digital
Information technology regulation in Indonesia, particularly the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, has developed sectorally and often lacks alignment with the national criminal law framework. This article analyzes the level of synchronization, identifies inconsistencies, and proposes an integrative harmonization approach. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, the study finds horizontal disharmony between the ITE Law, the Criminal Code, and related laws. This condition creates legal uncertainty, overlapping offenses, and inconsistent enforcement. Integrated legislative reform and clearer conflict-of-norm guidelines are necessary. Keywords: Regulatory Synchronization, Criminal Law, ITE Law, Norm Harmonization, Lex Specialis
Perubahan UU ITE: Upaya Perlindungan atau Pembatasan Hak Digital? Sebuah Analisis terhadap Reformulasi Norma Pidana Siber di Indonesia
The second amendment to the Electronic Information and Transactions Law introduces key changes, including the affirmation of ultimum remedium and reduced criminal sanctions. This article critically examines whether these reforms genuinely strengthen digital rights protection or merely repackage restrictive norms. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, the study finds that while the amendments improve safeguards, structural gaps remain, particularly the absence of ex ante filtering and vague definitions. Enforcement practices also show inconsistency. The reform is a partial, paradoxical step that still risks limiting fundamental digital rights. Keywords: ITE Law Amendment, Digital Rights, Ultimum Remedium, Freedom of Expression, Criminalization
Problematika Pasal Karet dalam UU ITE dan Implikasinya terhadap Kebebasan Berekspresi: Sebuah Tinjauan Kritis dari Perspektif Negara Hukum Demokratis
Ambiguous provisions in the Electronic Information and Transactions Law have created legal uncertainty and threatened freedom of expression. This article analyzes problematic “rubber articles,” particularly Articles 27 and 28, and their impact on Indonesia’s digital democracy. Using normative legal research with conceptual and statutory approaches, the study finds that unclear formulations violating lex certa enable excessive discretion and criminalization of critical expression. Their implementation produces a chilling effect, limiting public participation and weakening democratic discourse. Reformulating offenses and strictly applying ultimum remedium are essential to safeguard constitutional freedoms. Keywords: Electronic Transactions Law, Rubber Articles, Freedom of Expression, Lex Certa, Chilling Effect
Analisis Kritis terhadap Implementasi Undang-Undang ITE di Indonesia: Menimbang Kembali Kepastian Hukum dan Perlindungan Kebebasan Sipil di Era Digital
The Electronic Information and Transactions Law was enacted to ensure legal certainty in digital activities. However, its implementation has generated controversy due to vague provisions and repressive enforcement. This article critically examines its application in Indonesia, focusing on controversial articles, impacts on freedom of expression, and the effectiveness of revisions. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, the study finds persistent weaknesses, including unclear norms (lex certa) and risks of criminalization. Despite adopting ultimum remedium, enforcement practices remain problematic. Strengthening legal guidelines and judicial oversight is essential. Keywords: Electronic Transactions Law, Legal Certainty, Criminalization, Lex Certa, Freedom of Expression
Rekonstruksi Hukum Siber di Indonesia dalam Perspektif Negara Hukum Digital: Sebuah Keniscayaan Regulasi Adaptif
Digital transformation has reshaped legal relations, creating borderless cyberspace beyond national jurisdiction. This study examines challenges in Indonesia’s cyber law and proposes a digital rule of law approach. It finds current regulations are fragmented, reactive, and often create legal uncertainty. Key areas for reform include personal data protection, liability for digital content, and online dispute resolution. The study concludes that beyond legal reform, adaptive and rights-based regulation is needed, supported by a cyber omnibus law and stronger digital literacy among law enforcement. Keywords: Digital Rule of Law, Cyber Law Reconstruction, Legal Certainty, Personal Data, Omnibus Law
Urgensi Pembaruan Regulasi Teknologi Informasi di Era Disrupsi Digital: Potret Kegamangan Hukum Positif Indonesia dalam Merespons Perubahan Sosial
Digital disruption has created new realities that existing technology laws cannot fully address. This study highlights the need to update regulations in Indonesia to keep pace with rapid technological developments. It finds that many current laws are outdated and unable to regulate innovations such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), and cross-border digital payments. Without adaptive reforms, Indonesia risks legal gaps that threaten its digital sovereignty. The study concludes that regulatory reform should be flexible and adopt an agile governance approach, while strengthening oversight institutions. Keywords: Digital Disruption, Regulatory Reform, Artificial Intelligence, Agile Governance, Digital Sovereignty
Dinamika Hukum dan Teknologi: Antara Inovasi dan Kepastian Hukum dalam Mewujudkan Ekosistem Digital yang Berkeadilan
The relationship between law and technology is paradoxical; while technological advancement drives innovation and societal progress, its rapid pace creates uncertainty and regulatory challenges. This article examines the friction between innovation and legal certainty in Indonesia’s digital governance. Using normative legal research with conceptual and comparative approaches, the study finds that Indonesian law faces a persistent pacing problem, lagging behind technological developments. Key tensions emerge in fintech, artificial intelligence, and platform economies, where rigid regulations hinder experimentation and create risks for innovation and consumer protection. Adaptive legal frameworks are therefore essential. Keywords: Technological Innovation, Legal Certainty, Pacing Problem, Platform Economy, Adaptive Law
Konsep Ruang Siber dalam Perspektif Hukum Modern: Menimbang Ulang Kedaulatan, Yurisdiksi, dan Subjek Hukum di Era Digital
Cyberspace has created a new dimension of existence that transcends the physical boundaries underlying modern law. This article examines cyberspace from theoretical and practical perspectives within contemporary legal frameworks, focusing on sovereignty, jurisdiction, and legal subjects. Using normative legal research combined with philosophical and comparative approaches, the study finds that territoriality rooted in the Peace of Westphalia is no longer effective in governing borderless digital environments. Unilateral jurisdictional claims create sovereignty conflicts and legal uncertainty, while new digital entities challenge traditional legal subject definitions. Modern law must adopt functional sovereignty and structured jurisdictional pluralism. Keywords: Cyberspace, Digital Sovereignty, Jurisdiction, Modern Law, Territoriality
Digitalisasi dan Tantangan Kedaulatan Hukum Nasional: Studi tentang Pergeseran Otoritas dari Negara ke Entitas Digital Global
Digitalization has blurred the geographical boundaries underpinning state legal sovereignty. This article analyzes how digitalization erodes national legal sovereignty through three mechanisms: extraterritorial foreign regulation, dominance of digital platforms as quasi-sovereign actors, and reliance on global technical standards. Using normative legal research with conceptual and statutory approaches, the study finds that Indonesia’s legal sovereignty is continuously negotiated with market forces and transnational regulatory regimes. The Brussels Effect and corporate-controlled code architectures limit national legislation. Maintaining sovereignty requires shifting toward functional sovereignty focused on controlling critical infrastructure and data. Keywords: Legal Sovereignty, Digitalization, Extraterritoriality, Digital Platforms, Data Sovereignty
Analisis Yuridis Penerapan Ultra Petita dalam Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi di Indonesia
This paper is to explain the implementation and implications of ultra petita in the decisions of the Constitutional Court (MK) in Indonesia. Although theoretically constrained by the boundaries of the request (petitum), in practice, the MK often rules beyond what is requested to fulfill the values of substantive justice and the constitution. This study uses a social construction approach to law to see how these decisions are produced and interpreted.
Diversion Policy for Child Victims of Drug Abuse in Indonesia: A Normative Juridical Analysis
Children represent the future generation and must be granted special legal protection, particularly when they come into conflict with the law. In cases of drug abuse, children often occupy a complex position, not only as perpetrators of criminal acts but also as victims of social environment influences, family conditions, peer pressure, and exploitation by other parties. This study examines whether the mechanism for implementing diversion for children involved in narcotics offenses is in accordance with the objectives of Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System and Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics in Indonesia. Furthermore, it analyzes Indonesia’s criminal law policy regarding the application of diversion in addressing juvenile drug-related offenses. This research employs a normative juridical method with a descriptive-analytical approach, focusing on statutory regulations and legal principles relevant to juvenile justice and drug abuse cases. The findings indicate that children involved in drug abuse should primarily undergo rehabilitation as a form of guidance and recovery rather than be subjected to punitive sanctions. Imposing criminal penalties on children is considered disproportionate, as child drug users are essentially victims of illicit drug trafficking, especially given their vulnerable age. Judicial considerations in deciding such cases include juridical aspects such as the prosecutor’s indictment, criminal charges, witness testimonies, the defendant’s statements, and evidence presented in court, as well as non-juridical aspects, including aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Therefore, diversion policies play a crucial role in ensuring that the best interests of the child are upheld, emphasizing restorative justice and rehabilitation over punishment in handling juvenile narcotics cases. Keywords: Diversion Policy; Child Victims; Drug Abuse; Juvenile Justice System; Rehabilitation
Consumer Legal Protection Against Non-Conformity of Goods in Online Transactions on Shopee Platform Based on Law Number 8 of 1999
The rapid development of information and communication technology has significantly increased electronic commerce transactions through marketplace platforms, one of which is Shopee. However, in practice, issues frequently arise regarding the non-conformity of goods received by consumers with the descriptions, specifications, quality, or images displayed by sellers on the platform. This condition leads to consumer losses and highlights the need for adequate legal protection. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection available to consumers in cases of non-conforming goods in online transactions on Shopee, based on Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, as well as to examine the responsibilities of business actors for consumer losses. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. Data sources are obtained through library research, including primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results indicate that Law Number 8 of 1999 provides comprehensive legal protection for consumers, particularly through the regulation of consumer rights to obtain goods in accordance with the promised value and condition, as stipulated in Article 4, and the obligation of business actors to provide accurate, clear, and honest information as stipulated in Article 7. In cases of non-conformity, consumers are entitled to file complaints, request returns, replacements, or refunds through mechanisms provided by Shopee, as well as through dispute resolution procedures under applicable laws. Therefore, the Consumer Protection Law serves as a strong legal foundation in ensuring legal certainty, justice, and protection for consumers in online buying and selling transactions. Keywords: Consumer Protection; Non-Conformity of Goods; Online Transactions; Shopee; Law Number 8 of 1999
The Implementation of Legal Protection for Minor Victims of Sexual Violence: An Empirical Study in Kronjo District, Tangerang Regency, Banten Province
The implementation of legal protection for child victims of sexual violence in the studied area has been carried out; however, it has not yet reached optimal effectiveness. Strengthening inter-agency coordination, enhancing the capacity of law enforcement officials, and increasing public awareness are necessary to establish a more comprehensive and equitable child protection system. This study addresses the following research questions: (1) How is the current implementation of legal protection for minor victims of sexual violence in Kronjo District, Tangerang Regency? and (2) What factors hinder the effective implementation of such legal protection? Accordingly, this research aims to analyze both the implementation and the challenges faced in protecting minor victims of sexual violence in the region. The research employs an empirical juridical method with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through literature review and field research, including interviews with law enforcement officers, victim advocates, and other relevant stakeholders. Data analysis was conducted descriptively and analytically, with reference to applicable laws and regulations, particularly those concerning child protection. The findings indicate that the implementation of legal protection for child victims of sexual violence in Kronjo District remains suboptimal. This is reflected in several obstacles, including procedural challenges in case handling, limited inter-agency coordination, insufficient human resources, and low public awareness regarding child protection. Nevertheless, protective measures are still carried out through legal processes, psychological assistance, and social rehabilitation for victims. Keywords: legal protection, minors, sexual violence, implementation, victims
Unlawful Act Claims in Land Auction Disputes: A Juridical Analysis of Court Decision No. 29/Pdt.G/2025/PN Kwg
Disputes arising from land auctions frequently involve claims of unlawful acts (perbuatan melawan hukum), particularly where alleged violations of legal rights occur during the auction process. However, not all contested auctions meet the legal threshold for liability under Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code. This study addresses this issue by examining the juridical basis of unlawful act claims and the judicial reasoning applied in Court Decision No. 29/Pdt.G/2025/PN Kwg. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, case, and conceptual approaches. Legal materials, including primary, secondary, and tertiary sources, are analyzed qualitatively to assess the legal standards governing land auction disputes. The findings demonstrate that unlawful act claims in land auction disputes require the fulfillment of key elements: an unlawful act, fault, damage, and causality. The court, in the examined decision, emphasized both procedural and substantive legality, including the validity of the auction object, the authority of auction officials, and the protection of affected parties. The ruling highlights that compliance with established legal procedures serves as a critical benchmark in determining the absence of unlawful conduct. This study contributes to clarifying the limits of civil liability in auction-related disputes and underscores the importance of legal certainty in auction practices. Keywords: Unlawful Act, Land Auction Dispute, Juridical Analysis, Court Decision, Civil Liability.
Enhancing Enforcement Strategies Against Illegal Fishing: A Socio-Legal Analysis of Water Police Operations in Jakarta Waters under Law No. 45 of 2009
Illegal fishing remains a persistent challenge in Indonesia, undermining economic sustainability, marine ecosystems, and maritime security. Despite the enactment of Law No. 45 of 2009 on Fisheries, enforcement effectiveness particularly at the operational level remains uneven. This study addresses this gap by examining the strategies employed by the Water and Air Police Directorate (Ditpolair) of Korpolairud Baharkam Polri in combating illegal fishing in the waters of DKI Jakarta. Using a normative-empirical (socio-legal) approach, this research integrates statutory analysis with field data obtained through interviews and observations. The study evaluates enforcement practices, including maritime patrols, vessel monitoring, licensing inspections, and inter-agency coordination. The findings reveal that while current strategies have contributed to suppressing illegal fishing activities, their effectiveness is constrained by structural and operational limitations, including inadequate patrol assets, jurisdictional complexity, and increasingly adaptive criminal networks. This study argues that enforcement remains predominantly reactive and insufficiently supported by integrated surveillance systems and institutional synergy. Strengthening technological capacity, enhancing inter-agency collaboration, and adopting intelligence-led enforcement are critical to improving outcomes. This research contributes to the discourse on fisheries law enforcement by offering a practical and policy-oriented framework to optimize anti-illegal fishing strategies in high-risk maritime zones. Keywords: Illegal Fishing, Law Enforcement Strategy, Water Police, Fisheries Law, Indonesia.
A Juridical Analysis of Rehabilitation Policy as an Alternative to Criminal Punishment for Narcotics Abusers from a Restorative Justice Perspective
Rehabilitation policy as an alternative to criminal punishment for narcotics abusers has a strong juridical foundation and is aligned with the principles of restorative justice. However, its effective implementation requires regulatory harmonization, capacity building of law enforcement officers, and adequate rehabilitation facilities. This study aims to analyze the juridical framework of rehabilitation policies for narcotics abusers from a restorative justice perspective. The main issues addressed are: (1) how medical rehabilitation for drug addicts is implemented in legal practice, and (2) what obstacles hinder its implementation and law enforcement efforts. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials consist of primary sources, including laws and regulations on narcotics and rehabilitation, and secondary sources such as literature, journals, and legal documents. Data were analyzed qualitatively using a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that rehabilitation policies are legally recognized as a form of protection for narcotics abusers, who are essentially victims. Nevertheless, challenges persist, including punitive-oriented perspectives among law enforcement, limited rehabilitation facilities, and suboptimal inter-agency coordination. A restorative justice approach offers a more humane resolution by emphasizing recovery, social reintegration, and the reduction of the negative impacts of imprisonment. Keywords: Rehabilitation, Narcotics Abusers, Alternative Sentencing, Restorative Justice.
Evaluating the Implementation of Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 on Environmental Protection and Management: A Study of AMDAL Compliance in Sand Mining
Poorly managed sand mining activities can lead to environmental degradation, including land degradation, water pollution, and ecosystem disruption. Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 mandates the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessments (AMDAL) as part of environmental protection and management. This study aims to examine the implementation of this regulation, particularly the AMDAL requirement in sand mining activities in Pancanegara Village, Pabuaran District, Serang Regency. It also analyzes the positive and negative impacts of such activities on the local community. This research employs an empirical juridical method, combining a statutory and field approach. Data were collected through literature review and field research and analyzed qualitatively. The findings reveal that the implementation of the AMDAL requirement under Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 has not been optimal. Contributing factors include limited supervision by authorities, low awareness among business actors, and administrative challenges in the licensing process. While sand mining contributes to local economic development, it also results in environmental damage, pollution, and social changes within the community. Keywords: Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021, AMDAL, sand mining, environmental protection, law enforcement.
Analisis Yuridis Optimalisasi Limbah Karet Dalam Rantai Bisnis Berdasarkan Prinsip hukum Ekonomi Lingkungan
Penelitian ini menganalisis optimalisasi nilai ekonomi limbah karet dalam kerangka pembangunan berkelanjutan melalui perspektif hukum ekonomi lingkungan, dengan studi kasus di Kota Serang, Provinsi Banten. Meskipun kerangka hukum nasional seperti Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 telah membuka peluang pemanfaatan limbah B3, implementasinya di tingkat daerah masih menghadapi berbagai kendala. Penelitian sosio-legal ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan data primer melalui wawancara mendalam dengan pemangku kepentingan (regulator, industri, akademisi, masyarakat) dan data sekunder dari studi dokumen peraturan, laporan, serta jurnal ilmiah. Analisis dilakukan secara interaktif menggunakan teori efektivitas hukum Soerjono Soekanto, teori hukum progresif Satjipto Rahardjo, serta konsep ekonomi sirkular dan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 1.500 ton limbah karet tahunan di Kota Serang, hanya 15% yang termanfaatkan, sementara potensi nilai tambah mencapai Rp. 4,5–7,5 miliar per tahun belum tergarap optimal. Ketidakefektifan ini disebabkan oleh keterbatasan pengawas lingkungan (5 orang untuk 150 perusahaan), minimnya insentif fiskal, rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat, serta dominasi budaya industri linier. Penelitian ini merumuskan strategi terintegrasi yang mencakup penerapan prinsip Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) melalui Peraturan Daerah, penguatan inspeksi berbasis teknologi (CEMS, citra satelit), pemberian insentif fiskal, fasilitasi pembiayaan hijau, kebijakan pengadaan pemerintah untuk produk daur ulang (aspal karet, material bangunan), serta pengembangan bank sampah digital dan pelatihan kewirausahaan berbasis limbah. Strategi ini diharapkan mampu menyeimbangkan tiga pilar pembangunan berkelanjutan: profit (penghematan biaya 20-30%, pertumbuhan pasar 15-20%), planet (pengurangan limbah ke TPA 30%, penurunan emisi karbon), dan people (penyerapan tenaga kerja, peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat Rp200.000-500.000 per bulan). Kata Kunci: optimalisasi limbah karet, strategi hukum ekonomi, pembangunan berkelanjutan, ekonomi sirkular, extended producer responsibility, Kota Serang
Efektivitas Cerai Gugat Secara Verstek dalam Penentuan Hak Hadhanah dan Nafkah Anak Pada Pengadilan Agama Serang Banten
Secara normatif, perkara verstek dalam konteks cerai gugat diatur dalam Pasal 116 huruf f Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI), yaitu ketika suami meninggalkan istri selama dua tahun berturut-turut tanpa izin dan alasan sah. Dari perspektif hukum acara, kasus verstek menempatkan Pengadilan Agama pada situasi kompleks karena sering berhadapan dengan tergugat (suami) yang absentee tidak hadir atau tidak diketahui keberadaannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1) mengkaji efektivitas penerapan ketentuan hukum mengenai hak hadhanah (pemeliharaan anak) dan nafkah anak dalam putusan cerai gugat secara verstek di Pengadilan Agama Serang, Banten; dan 2) mengidentifikasi kendala serta implikasi yuridis dari putusan tersebut terhadap pemenuhan hak anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan socio-legal atau yuridis-empiris. Pendekatan ini dipilih karena tidak hanya menganalisis hukum sebagai norma yang otonom (law in the books), tetapi juga memahami hukum sebagai institusi sosial yang beroperasi dalam konteks empiris (law in action). Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dengan hakim, analisis putusan pengadilan, serta studi dokumen, kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas penerapan hukum dalam putusan verstek bersifat parsial. Hak hadhanah efektif secara prosedural karena memberikan kepastian hukum administratif bagi ibu sebagai penggugat, namun lemah secara substansial akibat ketidakhadiran tergugat yang menghalangi penggalian mendalam terhadap kompetensi ibu sebagai pemegang hak asuh. Sementara itu, hak nafkah anak ditemukan tidak efektif, baik dalam penetapan maupun eksekusi. Penetapan nafkah sering dilakukan secara pro justitia tanpa bukti konkret kemampuan ekonomi tergugat, sehingga putusan sulit dijalankan ketika tergugat tidak kooperatif atau tidak memiliki harta yang dapat disita. Ratio decidendi hakim didasarkan pada kepastian hukum dan perlindungan anak, namun terbatas oleh tidak terpenuhinya asas kontradiktif (audi et alteram partem), sehingga berisiko menimbulkan ketidakadilan substantif. Kendala yuridis baik prosedural seperti panggilan tidak sah, maupun materiil seperti norma kabur dan kesulitan eksekusi berdampak signifikan terhadap pemenuhan hak anak, terutama pada hak nafkah yang kerap tidak terealisasi, menjadikan putusan kehilangan daya guna. Kata Kunci: verstek, hadhanah, nafkah anak, putusan cerai gugat.
Hak Immunitas Wartawan Dalam Menjalankan Tugas Ditinjau Dari Perspektif UU Pers dan UU Nomor I Tahun 2023 Tentang KUHP
Penelitian ini mengkaji kesenjangan antara norma perlindungan wartawan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 tentang Pers dengan praktik pemidanaan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP Baru). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum empiris dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan empiris. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dengan aparat penegak hukum, wartawan, dan Dewan Pers, serta analisis dokumen kasus dan literatur hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa UU Pers memberikan perlindungan melalui definisi kegiatan jurnalistik, jaminan kemerdekaan pers sebagai hak asasi, hak tolak, serta mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa melalui Dewan Pers. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 145/PUU-XXIII/2025 mempertegas bahwa pemidanaan wartawan hanya dapat dilakukan setelah mekanisme Dewan Pers ditempuh. Namun, KUHP Baru memuat ketentuan berpotensi menjerat kerja jurnalistik, seperti delik pencemaran nama baik, berita bohong, penghinaan terhadap pemerintah, serta perluasan alat bukti elektronik yang mengancam hak tolak wartawan. Kesenjangan antara norma dan praktik disebabkan oleh faktor hukum berupa multi-interpretasi norma, pengabaian asas lex specialis derogat legi generali, dan inkonsistensi implementasi nota kesepahaman Dewan Pers dengan aparat penegak hukum. Faktor non-hukum meliputi rendahnya pemahaman aparat tentang UU Pers, tekanan politik dan ekonomi, budaya litigasi masyarakat, lemahnya perlindungan internal perusahaan pers, serta maraknya oknum wartawan tidak profesional. Implikasi kesenjangan ini adalah munculnya chilling effect, menurunnya kualitas informasi publik, melemahnya fungsi kontrol sosial pers, dan kemunduran kualitas demokrasi. Penelitian merekomendasikan penguatan kapasitas aparat penegak hukum, optimalisasi nota kesepahaman Dewan Pers dengan aparat, penguatan perlindungan hukum oleh perusahaan pers, serta harmonisasi peraturan perundang-undangan untuk memastikan UU Pers berfungsi sebagai lex specialis yang efektif melindungi kemerdekaan pers. Kata Kunci: Perlindungan Wartawan, Kriminalisasi Pers, Lex Specialis, KUHP Baru
Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Pekerja Atas Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja (PHK) Sepihak Oleh Pengusaha Di Kabupaten Serang
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perlindungan hukum terhadap hak pekerja atas Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja (PHK) sepihak oleh pengusaha di Kabupaten Serang serta mengkaji upaya hukum yang ditempuh pekerja dalam memperjuangkan hak-haknya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis empiris dengan pendekatan sosiologis, melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi terhadap pekerja korban PHK sepihak, mediator Dinas Tenaga Kerja, serta pendamping hukum di Kabupaten Serang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan hukum, baik preventif maupun represif, belum berjalan optimal. Perlindungan preventif menghadapi kendala serius karena pengusaha kerap mengabaikan prosedur PHK sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 151 UU Ketenagakerjaan, seperti melakukan PHK secara lisan tanpa surat peringatan, menggunakan alasan efisiensi yang tidak transparan, memaksa pekerja mengundurkan diri (forced resignation), serta melakukan PHK dengan motif pemberangusan serikat pekerja (union busting). Selain itu, lemahnya pengawasan ketenagakerjaan akibat keterbatasan jumlah pengawas dan tidak adanya daya paksa dari rekomendasi yang dikeluarkan semakin memperburuk efektivitas perlindungan preventif. Sementara itu, perlindungan represif melalui jalur mediasi dan litigasi juga menghadapi berbagai hambatan. Akses pekerja terhadap keadilan terhambat oleh rendahnya kesadaran hukum pekerja, keterbatasan biaya, serta lemahnya posisi tawar pekerja di hadapan pengusaha. Upaya hukum non-litigasi melalui mediasi di Dinas Tenaga Kerja Kabupaten Serang memiliki tingkat keberhasilan sekitar 60 persen, namun efektivitasnya sangat bergantung pada itikad baik pengusaha karena mediator tidak memiliki kewenangan memaksakan kesepakatan. Sebaliknya, upaya litigasi di Pengadilan Hubungan Industrial (PHI) menghadapi kendala pembuktian dan biaya, meskipun proses peradilan relatif cepat. Dengan demikian, diperlukan penguatan substansi hukum melalui pemberian sanksi tegas bagi perusahaan yang melakukan PHK sepihak, peningkatan kapasitas dan jumlah pengawas ketenagakerjaan, serta optimalisasi peran serikat pekerja dan lembaga bantuan hukum dalam memberikan pendampingan kepada pekerja korban PHK sepihak di Kabupaten Serang. Kata Kunci: Perlindungan Hukum; PHK Sepihak; Pekerja; Upaya Hukum; Kabupaten Serang
Analisis Yuridis Konflik Kewenangan Kepolisian Republik Indonesia Dengan Badan Narkotika Nasional Dalam Penanganan Tindak Pidana Narkotika di Indonesia
Penelitian ini menganalisis dualisme kewenangan penyidikan tindak pidana narkotika antara Kepolisian Republik Indonesia (Polri) dan Badan Narkotika Nasional (BNN) serta implikasi yuridisnya terhadap efektivitas penegakan hukum. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif yang diperkaya dengan data empiris melalui wawancara mendalam dengan aparat penegak hukum di Polres Tangerang Selatan dan BNN Provinsi Banten, serta kajian putusan pengadilan dan peraturan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dualisme kewenangan bersumber pada konstruksi hukum yang tidak harmonis antara Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2002 tentang Polri yang memberikan kewenangan umum penyidikan kepada Polri, dan Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika yang memberikan kewenangan khusus kepada BNN. Kedua undang-undang tidak mengatur mekanisme koordinasi, hierarki, atau prioritas kewenangan secara tegas, sehingga menciptakan konflik norma horizontal dan tumpang tindih kewenangan. Perbedaan mendasar juga ditemukan dalam batas waktu penangkapan (1×24 jam untuk Polri versus 3×24 jam untuk BNN), yang semakin memperparah ketidakpastian hukum. Implikasi yuridis dualisme ini mencakup ketidakpastian hukum (rechtssicherheit) karena tidak jelasnya lembaga yang berwenang, ketidakadilan (gerechtigkeit) akibat perbedaan prosedural yang berpotensi melanggar prinsip persamaan di hadapan hukum, serta inefisiensi (zweckmäßigkeit) berupa duplikasi sumber daya dan pemborosan anggaran. Penelitian ini menawarkan model harmonisasi kewenangan, yaitu model koordinasi fungsional yang diperkuat dengan mekanisme penugasan bersama sebagai transisi menuju model subsidiaritas. Rekomendasi jangka pendek meliputi pembentukan peraturan bersama antara Kapolri dan Kepala BNN serta forum koordinasi rutin, sedangkan rekomendasi jangka panjang mencakup revisi Undang-Undang Narkotika dengan mengadopsi pendekatan subsidiaritas dan harmonisasi batas waktu penangkapan. Kata Kunci: Dualisme Kewenangan, Penyidikan Narkotika, Polri, BNN
Efektivitas Tindakan Preventif Dan Persuasive Babinkantibmas Dalam Penanggulangan Penyalahgunaan Narkotika Di Kecamatan Pakuhaji Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Kepolisian
Penelitian ini menganalisis efektivitas tindakan preventif dan persuasif Bhabinkamtibmas dalam penanggulangan penyalahgunaan narkotika di Kecamatan Pakuhaji, Kabupaten Tangerang, serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor penghambatnya. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah yuridis empiris dengan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif eksploratif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), observasi partisipatif, dan studi dokumentasi terhadap Bhabinkamtibmas, tokoh masyarakat, aparat pemerintah, dan pemangku kepentingan terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tindakan preventif dan persuasif Bhabinkamtibmas di Kecamatan Pakuhaji efektif dalam membangun ketahanan sosial terhadap bahaya narkotika. Efektivitas tersebut tercermin dari tiga indikator utama: pertama, meningkatnya kepercayaan masyarakat yang ditandai dengan partisipasi aktif warga melaporkan aktivitas mencurigakan; kedua, keberhasilan pendekatan personal persuasif dalam mendorong korban penyalahguna narkotika menjalani rehabilitasi sesuai amanat Pasal 54 dan 55 Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009; ketiga, efektivitas peran mediasi dalam mencegah eskalasi konflik horizontal dan tindakan main hakim sendiri. Ditinjau dari perspektif hukum kepolisian, tindakan tersebut telah sesuai dengan kewenangan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2002 tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, khususnya Pasal 13, Pasal 14 ayat (1) huruf g, dan Pasal 15 ayat (2) huruf c tentang diskresi kepolisian. Namun, optimalisasi tugas Bhabinkamtibmas menghadapi hambatan internal (keterbatasan personel dan beban administrasi) serta hambatan eksternal (kultur masyarakat tertutup, modus operandi jaringan narkoba yang canggih, dan masalah sosial-ekonomi). Hambatan tersebut membentuk lingkaran setan yang saling menguatkan. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan pemenuhan rasio personel ideal, reformasi sistem administrasi berbasis teknologi, penguatan forum kemitraan polisi-masyarakat, serta program pemberdayaan ekonomi bagi warga rentan. Kata Kunci: Efektivitas Hukum, Tindakan Preventif, Tindakan Persuasif, Bhabinkamtibmas, Penanggulangan Narkotika, Community Policing, Kecamatan Pakuhaji.