Journal Summary BULETIN ADALAH is an academic journal published by UIN Jakarta (Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta), Indonesia. The journal serves as a scholarly platform for the dissemination of research, critical studies, and academic discussions in the fields of Islamic studies, social sciences, and contemporary issues related to Muslim societies. BULETIN ADALAH aims to promote interdisciplinary dialogue by publishing high-quality articles written by academics, researchers, and practitioners. The journal encourages contributions that offer theoretical insights, empirical research findings, and policy-relevant analysis within national and global contexts. The journal is published periodically and is available online through its official website: https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/adalah Editorial Team Structure: Editor-in-Chief: Nur Rohim Yunus Managing Editor: Gilang Rizki Aji Putra Editorial Board Members: Anggit Ardiansyah Reviewers: Experts and scholars from relevant academic disciplines The journal applies a peer-review process to ensure academic integrity, originality, and scholarly quality.
The Unclear Employment Status of Digital Platform Workers in the Indonesian Labor Law System
The development of the digital economy has given rise to a platform-based employment relationship model (gig economy), which places workers in an ambiguous position within the Indonesian labor law system. This article aims to analyze the unclear employment status of digital platform workers from the perspective of Indonesian labor law and formulate ideas for a more adaptive and equitable regulatory reconstruction. This research employs normative legal research methods, utilizing a statutory and conceptual approach. The results indicate that the provisions in Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, as amended by Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation, do not explicitly accommodate platform-based employment models. This unclear status results in the non-fulfillment of workers' normative rights, such as minimum wages, social security, and protection against termination of employment. Regulatory reconstruction is needed to clarify the category of digital employment relationships, ensuring legal certainty and protecting workers' rights. Keywords: Digital Platform Workers, Employment Relations, Gig Economy, Legal Protection, Regulatory Reform
Examining the Role of Village Officials in Land Mafia Crimes (Case Study: Land Plot Sale and Purchase in Sidokerto Village, Buduran District, Sidoarjo Regency)
This study examines the legal relationship between village government and land affairs, as well as the involvement of village officials in land mafia crimes. As the lowest administrative unit, villages hold the authority to issue land documents such as Land Ownership Certificates (SKT), which play a crucial role in the land registration process. However, this authority is often misused by corrupt officials who manipulate documents to serve the interests of land mafias. A case study conducted in Sidokerto Village reveals that illegally issued SKTs are used to legitimize unlawful land transactions. This research adopts a socio-legal (empirical) method with a case study approach. It considers law as both a normative system and a social reality. Primary data were obtained through in-depth interviews with affected residents, village officials, notaries/PPAT, land office (BPN) personnel, and police officers, as well as field observation and legal document analysis. The data were analyzed qualitatively to interpret the gap between legal norms and their implementation, and to uncover patterns of land-related crimes involving village actors. The findings underscore the urgency of stricter oversight, digitalization of land administration at the village level, and policy reform to prevent abuse of authority. Keywords: Village, land affairs, Land Ownership Certificate, land mafia, socio-legal research
A Comparative Study of Legal Systems in the Regulation of Business Activities in Indonesia and Common Law Countries
Economic globalization has intensified cross-border business relations, requiring a comprehensive understanding of the differences among legal systems governing business activities. Differences in legal systems, particularly between the civil law and common law systems, have a significant impact on contract formation, dispute resolution, and the protection of business actors’ interests. Indonesia, as a country that adopts the civil law system, has distinct characteristics in business regulation compared to common law countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States. This article aims to analyze the comparative legal aspects of business law between Indonesia and common law countries, with a focus on sources of law, contract law, and dispute resolution mechanisms. The research method employed is normative legal research using a comparative law approach. The findings indicate that differences in legal systems have direct implications for legal certainty, contractual flexibility, and business strategies adopted by business actors.
Ruang Kelas Menuju Metaverse: Peluang dan Tantangan Transformasi Pembelajaran di Pendidikan Dasar
The transformation of 21st-century education demands a shift in classrooms from transmissive learning to student-centered learning oriented toward meaningful learning experiences, particularly in elementary education. In line with the Independent Curriculum (Kurikulum Merdeka), digital technology including the metaverse is viewed as a strategic tool for enriching the learning process. This essay critically examines the transformation of classrooms toward the metaverse, highlighting its opportunities, challenges, and implementation strategies. The study's approach is conceptual and analytical, drawing on theories of social constructivism, experiential learning, and child cognitive development. The study's findings indicate that the metaverse has the potential to increase learning engagement and support concrete, differentiated, and project-based learning. However, its implementation faces challenges related to technology access, teacher readiness, pedagogical design, and ethical issues. Therefore, the use of the metaverse needs to be gradual, contextual, and aligned with the principles of the Independent Curriculum. Keywords: Classroom Transformation; Immersion Technology; Metaverse; Independent Curriculum; and Elementary Education.
Study on Zakat Management in ASEAN Countries
Zakat is an Islamic economic instrument that has a strategic role in improving social welfare and reducing economic inequality. Countries in the ASEAN region have diverse characteristics in terms of government systems, regulations, and institutions for zakat management. This article aims to examine the management of zakat in ASEAN countries by examining the aspects of regulation, institutions, mechanisms for collecting and distributing zakat, as well as the role of the state in its management. The research method used is a literature study with a descriptive-analytical approach to various literature sources, policy documents, and related research results. The results of the study show that zakat management in ASEAN countries shows a variety of models, ranging from systems that are formally integrated with the state to those that are managed semi-formally by non-governmental institutions. These differences are influenced by the legal, social, and political factors of each country. This study is expected to make an academic contribution and become a reference for the development of a more effective and sustainable zakat management policy in the ASEAN region.
Pengaruh Pemahaman Bahasa Arab terhadap Penetapan Hukum dalam Fiqh
Abstract: Arabic plays a crucial role in the study of Islamic law because all primary sources the Qur’an, Hadith, ijma’, and qiyas are written in Arabic. Limited understanding of Arabic structures and meanings can lead to misinterpretation of legal texts and incorrect rulings. This study examines how mastery of the Arabic language affects the accuracy of legal reasoning in fiqh. Using a qualitative-descriptive approach, the research shows that skills in syntax (nahwu), morphology (sharaf), rhetoric (balaghah), and style (uslub) greatly influence a jurist’s ability to derive legal rulings. Therefore, Arabic is not just a means of communication but a key tool for fully understanding Islamic law. Keywords: Arabic Language, Fiqh, Legal Derivation, Islamic Law, Ushul Fiqh
Constitutional Philosophy: The Basic Foundation of the Legal State
This essay examines the role of the constitution as a fundamental element in forming a democratic and just state based on law. In the philosophical dimension, the constitution is seen not only as a legal document but also as a reflection of fundamental values that reflect the identity of a nation, such as justice, freedom, and respect for human rights. This essay explains that a state based on law prioritises the supremacy of law, where all government actions must be based on the law, not the power of specific individuals or groups. According to legal philosophy, an ideal constitution must regulate the separation of powers, checks and balances mechanisms, and protection of citizens' rights. This essay also discusses the challenges that arise if a country does not have a strong constitution, which has the potential to cause legal uncertainty and political instability, and provides recommendations for strengthening the constitution in building a just state based on law.
The Constitution as the Embodiment of Political Philosophical Values
This essay discusses how the constitution manifests the values of political philosophy that underlie a country. The constitution functions as the highest legal document and reflects the ideals of politics, justice, and ideal governance. However, in its implementation, the country often faces a dilemma between the perfect norms of the constitution and the existing social, political, and economic realities. This essay examines various foundations—philosophical, sociological, and legal—that strengthen the constitution as a reflection of the values of political philosophy. In addition, it also discusses the debate on the flexibility of the constitution and the challenges in balancing local and universal values. Finally, this essay offers ideal recommendations so that the constitution remains relevant, can accommodate the dynamics of society, and functions as the central pillar of a democratic state.
The Nature of Justice in Constitutional Philosophy
This essay discusses the nature of justice in constitutional philosophy as an effort to achieve a balance between individual rights and collective interests. Justice is not a static concept, but continues to evolve along with social and political changes. This essay explains several strategic steps to uphold constitutional justice, including equitable legal reform, strengthening judicial institutions, increasing access to justice, and implementing a multidisciplinary approach in public policy. The state can create a more inclusive and bias-free legal system by understanding justice from a philosophical, sociological, and legal perspective. The active involvement of various stakeholders is key to realising real justice. Thus, this essay emphasises that justice must be realised in normative concepts and sustainable policy practices.
CONSTITUTION AND DEMOCRACY: The Relationship between Law and Popular Sovereignty
This essay discusses the close relationship between the constitution, democracy, and law in realising a sovereign state based on the rule of law. This essay highlights the role of the constitution as the primary foundation that regulates the division of power, individual rights, and governance mechanisms in a democratic system. In this context, popular sovereignty is a fundamental principle that requires the people to actively form and supervise legal policies. This essay explains that the law must reflect the people's will, guarantee justice, and ensure social welfare through a transparent and accountable process. In addition, enforcing the law based on the people's sovereignty requires a fair and participatory system, which allows every individual to participate in legal decision-making. This essay concludes by emphasising that a healthy relationship between the constitution, democracy, and law is the key to creating a just and sovereign state, where the law serves social justice for all people.
Constitutional Changes in the Perspective of Legal Philosophy
This essay discusses constitutional change from the perspective of legal philosophy, focusing on philosophical, sociological, and legal aspects. Constitutional change is considered essential to maintain the relevance of a country's fundamental law. This essay reviews the debate between rigid and living constitutions, reflecting the tension between legal stability and flexibility. From the perspective of legal philosophy, constitutional change is analysed through the concepts of justice, utilitarianism, and social contract theory, which emphasise that change must create justice and reflect social consensus. Sociologically, this essay highlights factors such as demographic changes, developments in social values, and interest group pressures that drive constitutional change. From a legal perspective, this essay emphasises the importance of a legitimate amendment procedure to maintain legitimacy. Overall, this essay suggests that constitutional change should be carried out carefully to remain relevant to the dynamics of society without damaging the legal order.
The Constitution as an Instrument for the Protection of Human Rights
The constitution is the highest fundamental law and is the main instrument in protecting human rights (HAM). This essay discusses the importance of the constitution in guaranteeing individual freedom and balancing state interests with citizen rights. However, implementing human rights in the constitution often faces a dilemma, especially when national interests clash with personal liberty. With a strong philosophical, sociological, and legal foundation, the constitution can effectively ensure justice and freedom for all. In addition, strengthening legal mechanisms, socialising human rights, harmonising with international standards, and increasing community participation are strategic steps to make the constitution the main pillar in enforcing human rights. Thus, the constitution is not only a legal text, but also a dynamic and adaptive tool for protecting rights to the development of the times.
Dynamics of CO2 Emission Flux from the Vegetation Canopy Percentage in the Suropati City Park Ecosystem
In recent years, fossil fuel usage and industrial activities have significantly increased, leading to higher greenhouse gas emissions and impacting global temperature, contributing to global warming and climate change. The carbon footprint measures these emissions through carbon flux rates, influenced by climate conditions, soil and water uptake, organic matter, and microbial activities. The experiment used a gas analyzer and gas chromatograph to measure samples under three conditions. The highest average flux rate was in fully enclosed vegetation (4.04 g CO2/m²/day), followed by not enclosed vegetation (4.01 g CO2/m²/day), and the lowest was 3.91 g CO2/m²/day. Results indicate that vegetation and urban parks reduce CO2 emission fluxes, with each area's vegetation state affecting soil and air temperature, pH content, and soil moisture. However, many aspects such as soil type and climate cognition can influence fluctuation of carbon fluxes in each condition.
Retinal Blood Vessel Segmentation Based on Encoder and Decoder Networks Using Weighted Cross Entropy Loss Function
Retinal disease that has a major impact on human vision is diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is a disease caused by advanced diabetic mellitus. Early detection of the disease is very importance. An automated system that can recognize retinal blood vessel abnormalities is very useful for providing quick information to prevent further damage to the retina. In this study, we propose an automated system for segmenting the blood vessels in retinal fundus images using semantic segmentation based on pre-trained from VGG transfer learning and using median frequency balancing weights for the cross entropy loss function. The median frequency weights are to balance the importance of blood vessel and background pixels to get more accurate training results. The integration of encoder and decoder networks utilizing VGG transfer learning and semantic segmentation can segment retinal blood vessels with a sensitivity value of 85.48% using the DRIVE and STARE database.
The Future of Sovereignty in the Digital Age and Cybersecurity in Philosophical Dimension
The development of information and communication technology has created new complex challenges to state sovereignty. Cyber threats, digital attacks, and privacy violations are now serious problems that not only undermine state stability but also disrupt sovereignty in the digital space.
Limitation of Sovereignty based on International Obligations in a Philosophical Dimension
International law recognizes sovereignty as the right of a state to regulate its own internal affairs. However, this recognition is accompanied by limitations aimed at maintaining world order and respecting human rights. Principles such as non-intervention and respect for territorial boundaries are the foundations of international law that support state sovereignty.
Ethical Dilemma between Human Rights and State Sovereignty in Philosophical Dimension
Human rights issues are often a driving factor for foreign intervention in a country's domestic affairs. However, this creates an ethical dilemma between state sovereignty and the protection of human rights. Countries accused of violating human rights often face international pressure and threats of intervention that could disrupt domestic stability.
Foreign Intervention and Threats to Sovereignty in Philosophical Dimension
Foreign intervention in a country's domestic affairs is often a controversial issue in international relations. Intervention can occur in military, economic, or diplomatic forms on the grounds of humanity, democracy, or peace. However, intervention is often considered to violate the principle of state sovereignty and become a tool of great power hegemony.
Globalization Challenges to State Sovereignty in Philosophical Dimension
This essay discusses the challenges faced by state sovereignty in the era of globalisation by integrating the perspective of political philosophy. Globalisation, which increases the interconnectedness of states, has a significant impact on the concept of state sovereignty, especially in economic, cultural, and political aspects. In the financial field, globalisation limits state domestic policies through global market pressures and international agreements. Contemporary political philosophy includes the debate between maintaining state sovereignty and global responsibilities, such as international justice and cross-border solidarity. Cultural globalisation threatens national identity, where global values often replace local cultures. States must formulate wise policies to maintain national autonomy while adapting to global changes. In this context, political philosophy offers a normative framework emphasising the balance between domestic interests and international responsibilities, to realise a more just and harmonious world.
The Significance of Sovereignty in the Context of the Modern State in a Philosophical Dimension
This essay discusses the significance of sovereignty in the context of the modern state, highlighting the transformation of the concept of sovereignty and the development of globalisation, technology, and international interdependence. Initially, sovereignty was understood as the absolute power of a state to regulate its domestic affairs. However, sovereignty must be adjusted to international norms and human rights in the global era. Globalisation and digital threats require states to balance domestic interests and global obligations. This essay also raises the dilemma of international intervention and the role of sovereignty in facing these challenges. Therefore, a more flexible, inclusive, and participatory sovereignty reinterpretation is needed, considering the state's responsibilities to its citizens and international cooperation. With this approach, state sovereignty can remain relevant and effective in responding to the challenges of the times, such as globalisation and climate change, while maintaining identity, security, and social welfare.
Sovereignty is Superiority in the Philosophical Dimension
This essay discusses the concept of sovereignty as the central pillar of a state's identity and superiority in the international order. Sovereignty is not just the highest power, but also the basis for a state's independence, integrity, and authority to determine its fate without external intervention. Through the perspective of thinkers such as Jean Bodin and Hans Kelsen, sovereignty is understood as the right of a state to regulate domestic affairs and maintain its integrity amidst global dynamics. Although globalisation challenges state authority, sovereignty remains a flexible and adaptive principle, allowing states to interact within equal international relations. Sovereignty also affirms the principle of non-intervention respected in international law. In the era of globalisation, despite interdependence, states must be able to maintain autonomy to protect national interests. Sovereignty symbolises the greatness and dignity of a nation that cannot be mortgaged or compromised, reflecting the right of a state to freely determine the direction of policy and maintain domestic and international stability. This essay emphasises that sovereignty must continue to be preserved, respected, and upheld to maintain the independence and identity of the nation.
Terminology of Sovereignty in Philosophical Dimension
Essay ini mengulas konsep kedaulatan dalam perspektif filsafat, yang melibatkan perjalanan panjang pemikiran dari otoritas absolut penguasa hingga supremasi hukum dan kehendak rakyat. Dimulai dengan Jean Bodin yang memperkenalkan konsep kedaulatan absolut, diikuti oleh perkembangan pemikiran filsuf seperti Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, dan Jean-Jacques Rousseau melalui teori kontrak sosial yang menekankan pada legitimasi rakyat. Hans Kelsen kemudian menggeser fokus kedaulatan menuju sistem hukum, menyarankan bahwa negara seharusnya berlandaskan pada supremasi hukum dan bukan kekuasaan individu. Namun, dengan tantangan globalisasi, konsep kedaulatan tradisional menghadapi perubahan signifikan, di mana negara semakin tergantung pada kerjasama internasional. Kedaulatan kini lebih bersifat dinamis dan kontekstual, harus menyeimbangkan kewajiban internasional tanpa mengabaikan prinsip-prinsip dasar seperti legitimasi kekuasaan, ketertiban sosial, dan perlindungan hak-hak rakyat. Meskipun demikian, kedaulatan tetap berperan penting dalam menjaga stabilitas, keadilan, dan kesejahteraan dalam masyarakat modern yang semakin terhubung.
Sovereignty Depends on the Existence of the State in the Philosophical Dimension
This essay discusses the inherent relationship between sovereignty and the state and the state's role in realising and implementing sovereignty. Sovereignty, which refers to the highest power in a territory, cannot exist without the state as a legitimate political entity. The state is the foundation of sovereignty, acting as an institution that enforces the law, protects the rights of citizens, and maintains order and security. Through the social contract theory, the state emerges from social agreement to ensure security and justice. The state has the power to make laws, enforce rules, and resolve disputes, which reflects the operationalisation of sovereignty in the life of society. In the international context, sovereignty is recognised as the main attribute of a legitimate state, but it is not absolute because the state must comply with international norms. International recognition of the state is essential for the legitimacy of sovereignty, allowing states to interact at the global level. In conclusion, sovereignty can only exist effectively if a state exercises it, so the state acts as a pillar supporting sovereignty in the legal structure and international system.
Relations between State and Sovereignty in the Philosophical Dimension
This essay discusses the fundamental relationship between the state and sovereignty, which are the main pillars of the modern political system. Sovereignty provides legitimacy to the state to run a legitimate and effective government, while the state serves as a vessel for implementing that sovereignty. Using perspectives from classical and modern thinkers such as Schmitt, Hobbes, and Fukuyama, the author explores how sovereignty allows the state to act independently and maintain domestic and international stability. In the context of globalisation, challenges to state sovereignty are increasingly complex, including foreign intervention and limitations on state policy due to international agreements. On the other hand, the importance of stable state institutional strength in maintaining sovereignty is increasingly emphasised, especially in facing external threats and domestic conflicts. The relationship between the state and sovereignty can be maintained sustainably by strengthening state institutions, respecting international law, and promoting public participation in politics. In conclusion, a sovereign state must be able to maintain a balance between power and justice to ensure legitimacy and stability in an ever-evolving political order.
Independence is Sovereignty in the Philosophical Dimension
This essay discusses the close relationship between independence and sovereignty of a state, as well as the challenges faced in the era of globalisation. The independence of a state does not only mean freedom from colonialism, but also includes the full right to regulate domestic affairs without external intervention. State sovereignty is the power to run the government, make policies, and maintain domestic stability. International recognition strengthens independence and autonomy, allowing the state to participate in the global system. However, globalisation creates challenges, where states often face international pressures that reduce the room for sovereignty. Therefore, states must develop strong institutional capacity and strengthen internal stability to maintain sovereignty. By strengthening the legal system and international relations, states can maintain their integrity and respond to increasingly complex global dynamics.
Absolute Power is Sovereignty in the Philosophical Dimension
This essay examines the concept of sovereignty as the highest power in a state, focusing on the absolutist view that views sovereignty as the absolute power of the ruler. In a historical perspective, especially in medieval Europe, to the era of absolute monarchy, the highest power was considered to belong to the king, who was not limited by law or other institutions. Jean Bodin became an important figure who formulated sovereignty as the power that cannot be divided and comes from divine legitimacy. However, this view was challenged by liberal thinkers such as John Locke, who rejected absolute power and emphasised that true sovereignty lies in the hands of the people. He introduced the idea of limiting power through law and protecting fundamental individual rights, becoming the foundation of the modern legal state theory. In the current democratic system, sovereignty is manifested in the form of the supremacy of law, separation of powers, and popular participation. In the era of globalisation, the concept of absolute sovereignty is increasingly eroded. The state must submit to international law and agreements, showing that sovereignty is now limited and interrelated. This essay closes with a reflection on the fact that absolutism of power as sovereignty has evolved in the dynamics of the times.
The Dilemma of Legal Sovereignty in a Country in a Philosophical Dimension
Esai ini membahas secara mendalam dilema kedaulatan hukum dalam negara modern dari perspektif filosofis, menyoroti ketegangan antara penegakan hukum, hak asasi manusia, dan kekuasaan negara. Dalam konteks negara modern, kedaulatan hukum seharusnya menjamin supremasi hukum yang adil dan mengatur kekuasaan negara agar tidak bertindak sewenang-wenang (Locke, 1689). Namun, dalam praktiknya, sering kali terjadi penyalahgunaan hukum sebagai alat legitimasi kekuasaan, terutama dalam situasi darurat yang mengancam keberlangsungan negara (Schmitt, 1922; Agamben, 2005). Esai ini mengupas paradoks antara kedaulatan hukum dan hak asasi manusia dalam negara demokratis, di mana negara berhak membatasi hak individu demi keamanan nasional, namun berisiko melanggar prinsip-prinsip keadilan (Schmitt, 1922). Dari sudut pandang postmodernisme, kedaulatan hukum dikritik sebagai instrumen dominasi negara terhadap masyarakat, dengan hukum digunakan untuk mengontrol dan menormalisasi perilaku individu (Foucault, 1977). Selain itu, globalisasi dan kemajuan teknologi turut mempersulit penerapan kedaulatan hukum karena pengaruh kuat dari hukum internasional dan tantangan yurisdiksi lintas negara (Habermas, 1998). Esai ini menawarkan solusi filosofis dengan mengintegrasikan prinsip demokrasi konstitusional yang mengedepankan checks and balances serta kesadaran akan kedaulatan Tuhan yang menuntut hukum ditegakkan berdasarkan prinsip moral dan keadilan universal (Rawls, 1971; Al-Attas, 1993). Dengan pendekatan filosofis ini, esai ini mengusulkan transformasi kedaulatan hukum dari sekadar instrumen negara menjadi kesadaran etis yang menghormati nilai-nilai keadilan hakiki.
The Nature of Legal Sovereignty in a Country in a Philosophical Dimension
Essai ini membahas konsep kedaulatan hukum dalam perspektif filsafat politik, mengupas peran fundamental hukum dalam mengatur negara modern yang berlandaskan pada prinsip supremasi hukum (rule of law). Dalam konteks filosofis, kedaulatan hukum tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai instrumen pengaturan, tetapi juga sebagai refleksi nilai-nilai keadilan dan perlindungan hak asasi manusia (Locke, 1689; Rawls, 1971). Pembahasan diawali dengan penelusuran sejarah perkembangan kedaulatan hukum, mulai dari era absolutisme yang menempatkan kekuasaan raja sebagai otoritas mutlak (Hobbes, 1651), hingga munculnya konstitusionalisme yang membatasi kekuasaan negara dan menjamin hak-hak warga negara (Montesquieu, 1748). Essai ini kemudian mengupas paradoks antara kedaulatan hukum dan hak asasi manusia, di mana hukum dapat menjadi alat perlindungan sekaligus pembatasan kebebasan individu (Schmitt, 1922; Agamben, 2005). Selanjutnya, essai ini mengkritisi penerapan kedaulatan hukum dalam negara modern yang sering dipolitisasi untuk legitimasi kekuasaan. Pembahasan juga menekankan pentingnya demokrasi konstitusional dalam menjamin checks and balances agar hukum dapat ditegakkan secara adil dan transparan (Rawls, 1971). Sebagai penutup, essai ini menguraikan tantangan kedaulatan hukum dalam era globalisasi dan kemajuan teknologi. Negara dituntut untuk beradaptasi dengan perkembangan digital agar hukum tetap relevan dalam mengatur yurisdiksi lintas negara dan mengatasi ancaman siber (Habermas, 1998). Essai ini menegaskan bahwa kedaulatan hukum yang kuat dan berkeadilan merupakan fondasi bagi terciptanya negara demokratis yang menjunjung tinggi hak asasi manusia.
The Dilemma of State Sovereignty in a Country in a Philosophical Dimension
Esai berjudul "Dilema Kedaulatan Negara pada Suatu Negara dalam Dimensi Filsafat" membahas secara mendalam konsep kedaulatan negara dalam konteks globalisasi, intervensi asing, dan perkembangan teknologi yang mengaburkan batas-batas tradisional negara. Dalam dimensi filsafat politik, kedaulatan sering dipandang sebagai kekuasaan tertinggi yang mutlak dalam mengatur urusan dalam negeri tanpa intervensi eksternal. Namun, era modern menantang konsep ini dengan fenomena interdependensi internasional dan tuntutan perlindungan hak asasi manusia. Esai ini mengeksplorasi kritik terhadap konsep kedaulatan absolut dari perspektif filsuf politik klasik seperti Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, dan Immanuel Kant, serta pemikiran kontemporer dari Giorgio Agamben dan Carl Schmitt. Paradoks kedaulatan diulas dalam konteks kebutuhan negara akan kekuasaan absolut untuk menjaga ketertiban sekaligus pembatasan kekuasaan agar tidak menjadi tirani. Selain itu, esai ini menawarkan solusi filosofis berupa demokrasi konstitusional, mekanisme checks and balances, dan supremasi hukum dalam mengatasi dilema kedaulatan. Akhirnya, esai ini mengusulkan pergeseran konsep dari kedaulatan negara tradisional menuju kedaulatan hukum, di mana negara tunduk pada norma internasional untuk menjaga hak asasi manusia dan perdamaian dunia. Dengan pendekatan ini, kedaulatan negara dapat tetap relevan dalam tatanan global yang semakin terhubung.
The Nature of State Sovereignty in a Philosophical Dimension
Esai berjudul Hakikat Kedaulatan Negara dalam Dimensi Filsafat membahas secara mendalam konsep kedaulatan negara dari perspektif filsafat politik. Dalam esai ini, dikaji bagaimana pandangan para filsuf terkemuka seperti Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, dan Immanuel Kant tentang kedaulatan negara sebagai dasar legitimasi kekuasaan dan pengaturan kehidupan bernegara. Esai ini diawali dengan pengantar mengenai latar belakang konsep kedaulatan negara dalam sejarah pemikiran politik, mulai dari teori kontrak sosial hingga perkembangan pemikiran modern yang mengaitkan kedaulatan dengan demokrasi dan hak asasi manusia. Selanjutnya, esai ini mengeksplorasi perdebatan filosofis tentang kedaulatan absolut negara versus perlindungan hak individu, serta bagaimana dilema antara kebebasan dan ketertiban menjadi isu sentral dalam filsafat politik. Pada bagian tengah, esai mengupas pengaruh globalisasi, teknologi digital, dan interdependensi internasional terhadap kedaulatan negara, termasuk tantangan terhadap pengendalian negara dalam mengatur wilayah dan rakyatnya. Selain itu, dibahas pula konsep kedaulatan digital sebagai respons terhadap era teknologi informasi dan keamanan siber. Sebagai penutup, esai ini menekankan pentingnya menyeimbangkan kedaulatan negara dengan penghormatan terhadap hak asasi manusia dan prinsip demokrasi dalam menciptakan negara yang berkeadilan dan berdaulat secara nyata. Pandangan filosofis ini diharapkan memberikan perspektif yang lebih dalam mengenai hakikat kedaulatan negara dalam menghadapi dinamika politik global yang terus berubah.