The Integrated Prevention Model for Marijuana Smuggling in Land Border Region of Indonesia-Papua Nugini (Case: Muara Tami District, Jayapura City, Papua Province)

This paper describes the need for an effective preventive model in preventing the smuggling of marijuana in the Indonesia-Papua New Guinea land border area in Muara Tami District, Jayapura Papua. The model applied so far is an outward-looking model where this model implements an integrated cross-border inspection, supervision, and security. The unstructured interview approach and the Delphi method were used in this study so that accurate data was obtained that in practice, the current model used still did not look professional and integrated, namely between cross-border service officers, Police and defense, Ondoaffi. Traditional leaders, religious leaders, and border communities in the Indonesia-Papua New Guinea region. Besides, the integration between Ministries/Institutions related to programs and budgets to prevent marijuana smuggling in the Indonesia-Papua New Guinea border area in Muara Tami District, Jayapura City, Papua Province is also still weak. The reason people who choose to smuggle marijuana is because they do not feel guilty and think that it is a profitable job with a strong social network, the behavior that neutralizes themselves that carrying marijuana is not a crime. Besides, the existence of problems such as geographic, demographic, and disturbance from armed crime groups (OPM) that have not received serious action are also factors related to the above problems. Based on this background, this dissertation provides a strategic step, contained several policy recommendations that can strengthen this model so that it is expected to be maximized and more efficient than the previous model.


A. INTRODUCTION
Drugs have tremendous destructive power where their spread is increasing into Indonesian territory by being smuggled through the border areas (Joko Widodo, 2015). Drug smuggling is an anti-social detriment to society (Dermawan, M. Kemal, 2018) and poses a significant threat to national security, and has the potential to overthrow a country (Willem and Abraham, 2005;Perkins, 2010;Pushpita, 2016).
The problem in the land border area in Indonesia, which borders 3 countries, namely Malaysia, Timor Leste, and Papua New Guinea, is very complex. These problems are not only related to national borders but also issues of cross-border and border development. The land border between Indonesia and Papua New Guinea is one of the land border areas where the smuggling of marijuana drugs is still rife. Marijuana is smuggled through routes along the border in the Muara Tami District. Several cases of marijuana smuggling occurred in 2014 where the smuggled marijuana weighed 7.2 kg and was carried by Papua New Guinea residents, in 2015 there was a similar case with a weight of 4 kg of marijuana and was carried by a resident of Skouw, in 2016 1 kg of marijuana brought by Papua New Guinea residents and in 2017m, the smuggling of marijuana weighing 500 grams took place where the courier was a young man from Mosso Village. In 2018, 3 (three) kg of marijuana was also smuggled and brought by Koya Timur Muara Tami residents, while in 2019, a Papua New Guinea foreigner brought 1 kg of marijuana to the Skouw Border market in Muara Tami District.
Until the end of July 2019, data from the Jayapura City Police Drug Research Unit had revealed 39 cases with 47 suspected drug traffickers. This means that marijuana circulating in the city of Jayapura is a type of drug that has a high demand according to The Resort Police Chief of Jayapura AKBP Victor Dean Makboen. This is very reasonable considering that Jayapura City is the largest city (provincial capital) in Papua Province with a fairly rapid population growth dynamic where the population of Jayapura City is dominated by population groups aged 20-34 years (LintasPapua.com, 2018). This problem is proven through data that confirms that dealers are also marijuana users. The perpetrators came from various backgrounds, such as the case of an 11-year-old student who was caught for bringing marijuana through illegal channels near PLBN Skouw (2017) and another case in which the illegal passer/transporter (AT) is a perpetrator who has been jailed with a case the same (recidivist).
In this regard, although the border is marked or visible because of physical boundaries, such as the land border area of Indonesia-Papua New Guinea which has a national border in the form of a Meredian Monument, invisibility, for example, illegal flows or smuggling, cannot be predicted (Willem 2005). , such as the case of marijuana smuggling in the border area of Indonesia-Papua New Guinea in the Muara Tami District where officers cannot predict the presence of illegal passers/transporters (Djohan, 1996;Willem, 2005), through which route and when. From Endang Rudiatin's research (2012) it is known that the transaction process at the border is "unique", where the incident is difficult to distinguish, whether the trade is legal or illegal. Suko Bandiyono's (2004) research also reveals that it is difficult to see whether a passer is legal or illegal. This happens because in general they often go in and out of social events such as marriage, death, or religion. The people of the Indonesia-Papua New Guinea border have intense interactions with Papua New Guinea people who live around the border because they still have the same kinship and customs.
Regarding smugglers or illegal passers, that they are imaginary, it is difficult to reveal (Willem 2005). They do jobs that can change and increase the cost of living, meaning promising jobs Liempt, 2007;Siegel, 2011;Pushpita, 2016;Hanafiah, 2018). These jobs are promising in terms of people who are in the middle of a weak economic situation or get profit to pursue pleasure (Bentham and Beccaria, 1963;Meier, 1989). This is further like in Endang's research (2012) which states that socio-economic and political conditions can open up opportunities in opening up socio-cultural resources to develop economic interests, meaning that social conditions affect creating space for other interests. It is strengthened that conditions in the border region between Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, especially in the Muara Tami District, need more attention because the government's role in supervising the area is not yet optimal, as well as the role of its citizens who are "passive" due to limited human resources. The connection between education and smuggling in the Indonesia-Papua New Guinea border region is that with a small number of teachers, it will have an impact on the low human resources of border communities, plus problems related to access to schools, including school infrastructure (Kusuma, Sihole and Saptono, 2017).

B. METHODS
The approach used in this research was a qualitative approach which aimed to obtain data on an integrated crime prevention model that can touch on the characteristics and conditions based on profit, organized crime, social ties, a justification for deviant behavior, geography, demographics, and conditions of interference from Armed Crime Groups (OPM).
The location where the research was conducted is the border area of Indonesia-Papua New Guinea, precisely in Muara Tami District, which is a district directly adjacent to Papua New Guinea, to be precise the Wutung District, Vanimo, Papua New Guinea. This region has a population of 12,626 spread over 2 urban villages and 6 villages with an area of 626.7 km 2 . Besides, this district is also the largest in Jayapura City(Central Bureau of Statistics Jayapura City, 2018). The largest population in Muara Tami district is 0-4 years old, totaling 1,532 people, 5-9 years old as many as 1,329 people, and ages 25-29 years totaling 1,363 people. The village directly opposite the Kampung Wutung (PNG) is the Mosso village which has 486 inhabitants.
To obtain accurate and in-depth data regarding the prevention of marijuana smuggling, the method was carried out in 2 (two) stages, namely unstructured interviews and the Delphi method. The unstructured interview aims to deepen data related to the failure of the marijuana smuggling prevention model and is related to data that can help researchers to find an integrated marijuana smuggling prevention model that can address the characteristics and conditions that can strengthen and support the crim (Sources of Data: Institution related to the border, Security/Defence, Public Figures of Custom/Religion, The Community, NGO, Practitioners, and Academician).
The results of unstructured interviews that have not been resolved became an issue for the Delphi method, where the issue was consulted with experts as a resource that researchers choose based on their competence or expertise so that the issues raised could be answered. The Delphi method in this study was carried out in 2 (two) rounds with the same resource person. Round I aims to obtain input on the issue of marijuana smuggling in the land border area of Indonesia-Papua New Guinea in Muara Tami District. Round II aims to solve the marijuana smuggling issue obtained from the Delphi I round results so that in the second round, and accurate and accountable or adequate consensus answer can be obtained. In this second round, the unsolved issues were continued by the researcher to be analyzed separately.

Analysis of recent research and publications
In creating a model for preventing the crime of marijuana smuggling in the land border area of Muara Tami Papua District, the author used the Delphi methodology which began with unstructured interviews with competent sources who can answer questions so that the researcher can reach the target data. The issues included in Delphi II were differences that originate from the results of Delphi I. These issues are as follows:  Infrastructure facilities that have not been maximal in assisting officers to inspect, supervise and secure border crossers of people and goods, especially on traditional routes that have not been detected• Employment through tourism, management of idle land, and increased trade in natural products have not been maximized and managed properly. The community has not maximally taken advantage of traditional/local market opportunities (trade-in garden products, tourism potential, or new businesses).
 Kinship or in the same environment supports them directly or indirectly, such as not reporting or not reacting when they see residents around them being involved in the crime of marijuana smuggling. The history of disappointment with defense and security institutions is still strong and separatists are mingling with society.
 The weakening of cultural norms and values of border communities where the role of Ondoaffi, religious and community leaders has not been optimal. Besides, the relationship between the government and border communities is still low, especially the relationship between regional and provincial governments.
 Law enforcement and deterrent effects are not maximally carried out, both for smugglers and officers who commit violence/violate the law, including the lack of efforts to educate citizens about the rules of marijuana abuse and the dangers of using marijuana.
By using the Delphi interview guide (Delphi Round I), these issues were re-consulted with the same resource persons and the results were that there were still differences in implementing border development policies where the parties concerned were still doing it individually or prioritizing the sectoral ego K / L in Supervision, Mapping/Data Collection, Inspection, and Security, as well as Human Resource/Natural Resources Management and Planning and Budgeting of Marijuana Smuggling Prevention Activities.

Main Part
From the Delphi round II method, it was found that in carrying out activities in the land border area, the 27 Ministries and Institutions were based on the rules made, or each K/L has its authority in carrying out its duties in budgeting activities and is based on the rules/SOP for activities in the region borders without prior coordination, without sharing data and information related to traditional routes.
In the process of making the model, the differences are shown by the results obtained from Delphi round II, which can be called obstacles. These obstacles were then included in the Delphi process which was confirmed over and over again with the same sources, in this case, practitioners/academics, where the results obtained were subsequently made an important issue in Delphi II. The obstacles/differences that are meant by crime experts will not maximize crime prevention to reduce crime rates and as a form of crime prevention.

DELPHI CYCLE II
 The investigation facilities and security are not maximal yet  Inspection of border, people/goods are not professional/ineffective  Minimum job vacancy  Low human resource improvement  Low Management of natural resources/tourism resources  Less involvement of local residents  Weak role of customs public figures and religion public figures  Legal precaution is not maximal  The education for border community about the misuse of drugs is not maximal  BNN of Jayapura City is not established yet  Less strong relationship between the local government (provincial government) and the city government  The sectoral ego of K/L in monitoring, mapping, data collecting, investigation and security and management of human resources/natural resources and prevention and budgeting for the prevention activity of drugs smuggling The crime prevention model cannot be designed if there are still obstacles or differences. This difference means that sectoral egos in terms of border management that can prevent the crime of marijuana smuggling can be carried out through efforts or strategies that can integrate programs/activities where these efforts can be used to formulate models, along with SOPs for border management. Opinion Selmini (2010) explains that prevention emphasizes efforts to produce integrated crime prevention, through coordination or synergy which is important to do in increasing effectiveness, efficiency, and productivity to achieve optimal goals. Without good synergy or coordination in preventing smuggling, it will be difficult to achieve the goals that all elements, both government and non-government and border communities want to achieve. Maximum synergy or coordination is needed so that the achievement of goals can run more smoothly, effectively, and efficiently than before. The crime prevention model cannot be designed if there are still obstacles or differences. This difference means that sectoral egos in terms of border management that can prevent the crime of marijuana smuggling can be carried out through efforts or strategies that can integrate programs/activities where these efforts can be used to formulate models, along with SOPs for border management. Opinion Selmini (2010) explains that prevention emphasizes efforts to produce integrated crime prevention, through coordination or synergy which is important to do in increasing effectiveness, efficiency, and productivity to achieve optimal goals. Without good synergy or coordination in preventing smuggling, it will be difficult to achieve the goals that all elements, both government and non-government and border communities want to achieve. Maximum synergy or coordination is needed so that the achievement of goals can run more smoothly, effectively, and efficiently than before.
The outward-looking model is an integrated model that is expected to prevent marijuana smuggling. In its implementation, this model experiences many challenges and obstacles so that smuggling which is predicted to be eradicated, in fact still occurs, even the users are increasing and it is more worrying where the users are also students. Through the use of an integrated model, coordination can be maximized due to follow-up. The follow-up is a real action that is expected to give rise to the belief that the government is serious about making Muara Tami and its people live in prosperity and security.
As stated by Heal (1992), the combination of ideas from the parties from the policymakers, academics, and the practice can produce a maximum prevention model. This combination of ideas can answer the question related what kind of an integrated model of prevention of the crime of marijuana smuggling which can touch the characteristics and conditions based on rational choice, organized crime, established social relations, and the justification of perpetrators for crimes committed in Indonesia's land border areas and Papua New Guinea in the Muara Tami District of Jayapura. The theoretical approach related to this among others is explained by  and Liempt (2007) which touches on the characteristics that the smuggling of marijuana is an organized crime as a result of the perpetrator's rational judgment in considering the advantages and risks of being caught by the minor (Larry J. Siegel and Coleman's view), 2011). Besides, in this theory, it is also explained that the characteristics of social / kinship networks can act as reinforcements or ties that facilitate and support the crime of smuggling marijuana in the Indonesia-Papua New Guinea border area, and touch the characteristics of neutralization as an attempt by the perpetrator to strengthen his innocence/justification by the perpetrator in strengthening the motive for smuggling marijuana in the border region of Indonesia-Papua New Guinea (Sykes and Matza, 1957).

D. CONCLUSIONS
The design of an integrated crime prevention model in dealing with marijuana smuggling in the Indonesia-Papua New Guinea Border region in the Muara Tami District is feasible. This is in line with the results of interviews with resource persons from government circles, experts/practitioners, NGOs, border residents, traditional and religious leaders. The purpose of designing an integrated model is because the existing model has not been able to function optimally so that the designed model can increase knowledge to deal with gaps, potentials, and challenges faced and it is predicted to be more dynamic. Through maximum synergy and coordination, cross-border barriers and problems will be unraveled, including inspection and supervision of traditional routes, as well as a new model designed to be a breakthrough or impetus for ministries that have policies in the land border area of Indonesia-Papua New Guinea in Muara District. Tami is more serious in programming activities so that all related parties can be integrated, to produce an effective and efficient Out Put in preventing the crime of marijuana smuggling.
This journal presents an integrated crime prevention model and reconstructs the old model contained policies that can address all existing problems. Information regarding these problems is the result obtained from observations, research, interviews, and the results of the Delphi I and 2 method processes. As for the integrated process, this journal discusses the development or fulfillment of infrastructure/support/samples / data; land border supervision, security and services; development of human resources in border communities and management of tourism potential as well as increasing commodities; increasing the participation of border communities in rationalizing cultural norms and values as a deterrent to deviant behavior; strengthening Ministries and Institutions in the prevention of marijuana smuggling crimes, legal protection for border checks, security, surveillance, and border services; and enhancing border diplomacy and bilateral cooperation.