Procedures of Translating Islamic Terms in I Am Malala Novel

The writers focus on the analysis of notes procedures, that is, the translation procedure in translating Islamic terms in I Am Malala novel published in 2014and translated by Ingrid Dwijani Nimpoeno. They described notes procedures applied by Indonesian translator to translate the terms. They applied descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data based on Newmark’s procedure of notes. Besides, they utilize the mono lingual and bilingual dictionaries to support the analysis of the meaning in source and target language.The terms are divided into two categories: terms as knowledge and as worship. This reveals that nine terms translated by using notes within the text (one notes as an alternative to translated word, one notes as a participial group, one notes as an adjectival clause, one notes in brackets, two notes as a noun in apposition, three notes in parentheses); one term translated by using notes within the text (as an adjectival clause) and notes or glossary at the end of book; and third, one term translated by using notes at bottom of page (footnote) and notes or glossary at the end of book. In other words, the procedure of notes within the text is the most dominant.


A. Introduction
There are many languages in the world requires people to think creatively to obtain information from the various source language.Language is the main parts of daily communication.In communication, people use the language to convey and receive message from another.Nowdays, translation has an important role as an alternative to understand the meaning in various language communications.Therefore, efforts to make a qualified translation are needed.By translation, communication between human being in other countries in the world can be achieved more smoothly.
Language, culture, and religion are the three parts which have close relationships of one another.Islam is one of the religions that has specific terms, namely Islamic term and the term that use the religious language require a translator who is able to convey clear messages to the readers to understand the meaning of the source language (SL) to the target language (TL).In other word, the translator should havetranslation ability to give the solution in translating Islamic terms,one of them is the notes procedures.Consequetly, the readers of TL will also feel the greatness of the SL text.
The writersare excited to analyze the novel entitled I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and was Shot by the Taliban written by Malala Yousafzai and Christina Lamb because it has new knowledge,high value in Islamic terms.Malala Yousafzai is the youth Pakistani activist and her partner to write this novel, Christina Lamb, is a British journalist who is Foreign Correspondent for The Sunday Times.It is translated into Indonesian I Am Malala: Menantang Maut di Perbatasan Pakistan-Afganistan by Ingrid Dwijani Nimpoeno as the translator for Indonesian.This novel is the memoir which tells Malala Yousafzai's life who fought for women's rights for education.At that time, the Pakistan government that was influenced by the Taliban prohibited the children to go to school.The world learned Malala from an anonymous blog that she wrote for the BBC Urdu.She was shot by the Taliban on 9 October 2012, because her orations with her father were about education.Accordingly, her action was appreciated and her novel exploded in the world.When she was 17 years old, she got Noble Peace Prize in 2014 for her struggle against the suppression, struggle for education, and especially for the women's rights. 2 In short, Malala's stories in this novel inspire people to reach education.It can be concluded that this novel not only has an interesting and new knowledge, but also high value in Islamic culture.
However, this novel has an interesting of the notes procedures as the additional information to explain the Islamic terms, for instance is the Islamic term salat in the sentence, as follow:

SL:
Zia even wanted to dictate how we should pray, and set up salat or prayer committees in every district… 3 TL: Zia bahkan ingin mendikte cara kami berdoa, membentuk komite shalat atau doa di setiap distrik,…4 In the translation above, she adds notes within the text as an alternative to the translated word.The word salat is translated without notes or additional information creates the problem for non-Muslims readers to understand the meaning.It is unfamiliar term for non-Muslim.She could add notes what the meaning of the word salat by employing coordinate conjunction or, then adds the notes or additional information prayer to explain the Islamic term salat.

Principles of Translation
Translation is described as an activity of changing one language (SL) into another language (TL) by the translator whom he has an obligatory to pay attention to the equal meaning between them.Translation involves two different languages in which there is a relation between them.Consequently, a translator should have adequate skill to transfer the two languages which he is working with.Principles are the crucial part in the translation.Translation principles are necessary as the bridge of transferring of linguistic and extralinguistic.According to Savory, there are twelve principles to get the aim of translation as follows5 : 1.A translation must give the words of the original.12.A translation of verse should be in prose.
It can be said that the first six principles above applied in literal translation when the translation depends on the original text.Then, the rest of six principles are used in idiomatic translation when the translation is free and the translator has rights to elaborate the meaning.But both of the principles must hold the purpose of the translation text itself.Related to this explanation, the notes in translation is possible to be applied to clarify the specific term to render the equivalent meaning.

Notes Procedure
According to Newmark, translation method relates to whole text, translation procedures are utilized in sentences and the smaller units of language. 6Procedure is the problem solving to find the equivalence in translating.Also, procedure is the correct way to obtain solution in translating the uncommon word between the SL and the TL.He mentions eleven translation procedures 7 , namely: From the procedures described above, the writers focused on the notes procedures to analyze the data.It is the notes suggestion by supplying notes in translation.Newmark expresses the notes procedures in the translation which may take various forms, namely notes within the text, notes at bottom of page, notes at the end of chapter and notes or glossary at the end of book, as follows: a. Within the text, includes: 1) As an alternative to the translated word.This is used when the translator gives the additional information with the choices or alternatives word after coordinating conjunction (Hertfordsire, Prentice Hall International Ltd,  1988), p. 81.comma (,).8For example: la gabelle.
The translator adds notes within the text as an alternative to the translated word (the gabelle, or salt-tax…).
2) As an adjectival clause.This is used when the translator shows notes that use the adjectival clause: pronouns (who, whom, which, that, and whose) to connect the dependent clause to the independent clause.9For example: la taille.The translator adds notes within the text as an adjectival clause (la taille, which was the old levy raised in feudal times from the civilian population).
3) As a noun in apposition.This is used when the translator shows the notes explain one noun follows another to describe it, the noun which follows is said to be in apposition to the noun which come before it. 10or example: les traits.The translator adds notes within the text as a noun in apposition (the traits, customs dues…).
4) As a participial group (using present or past participle).This is used when the translator gives notes by using present or past participle.For example: I'octroi.The translator adds notes as a participial by using present or past participle (I'octroi, taxes imposed on food stuffs and wine entering the town).

5)
In brackets.This is used to make corrections of material or moral fact where appropriate within the text.
For example: das Kombinat.The translator adds notes within the text in brackets (the kombinat (a "combine" or "trust")).
6) In parentheses.This way tend to de-emphasize text whereas dashes tend to make material seem even more important.For example: aides.The translator adds within the text in parentheses (aides -these are excise dues on such things as drinks, tobacco, iron, precious metals and leather -were imposed in the eighteenth century).
b. Notes at bottom of page.
This second procedure, notes at bottom of page is equal with Duff's solution of note namely footnote. 11Footnote is a note printed at the bottom of page which provides additional information about something that has been writen on that page. 12c.Notes at the end of chapter.
This note occurs at the end of chapter, but it is uncommon used by the translator.
d. Notes or glossary at the end of book.
Glossary is an alphabetical list, with meanings, of the words or phrases in a text that are difficult to understand a glossary of technical terms. 13

Islamic Terms and Analysis
A term is a word or phrase used as the name of something, especially connective with particular type of language. 14Kaguera said that term is a lexical unit consisting of one or more than word which represents a concept inside a domain, and the terminology is the vocabulary of a subject field or the body of term used with a particular technical application in a subject of study, theory, profession, etc. 15 While based on KBBI, term (istilah) means (1) kata atau gabungan kata yang dengan cermat mengungkapkan makna konsep, proses, keadaan atau sifat yang khas dalam bidang tertentu (2) sebutan: nama (3) kata atau ungkapan khusus.In short, term is special word, phrase and expression in a specific field.Therefore, Islamic term means a special word, phrase and expression in Islamic field.However, in the translation, the translator should add the notes procedure of notes in translating Islamic term.
Moreover, this does not the only one discussing the Islamic term in translation, because the writers found another article by Haja Mohidden bin Mohamed Ali.The present paper focuses on two particular works: Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE, 2003), the Macmillan English Dictionary of English (NODE,  1998), in order to discuss how Islamic terms are being used.It explained that few phrases or sentence are provided to illustrate such terms -even those in common use among English-speaking Muslims.Furthermore, it (1) suggests sample sentences for these terms, so that users of such dictionaries are able to set them in context, and (2) offers a list of common Islamic words for possible inclusion in future editions. 16As a result, the purpose of this is to identify the notes procedures used by the translator to translate the Islamic terms in I Am Malala novel.

This
utilized descriptive qualitative method to analyze the Islamic terms.The writers were not only functioning as the instrument who collect, read and examine the terms, but also are supported by other instruments, such as: other journals, internet and some of reliable dictionaries in the way of analyzing, comparing and concluding them.These are the following steps: 1. Reading the novel in SL and TL.
2. Marking the selecting Islamic terms.

Recording the terms and analyzing
the notes procedures used by the translator to translate them based on Newmark's procedure of notes.
4. Consult the meanings in monolingual and bilingual dictionaries: Cambridge Advanced Learner's dictionary, Oxford dictionary and KBBI.

5.
Finding the analysis result.
In analyzing the terms, the writers used the notes procedures based on Newmark's theory.They are divided into two categories: nine Islamic terms as knowledge and two Islamic terms as the worship.The two tables below describe the terms and their translation by the notes procedures in details.The translator adds notes within the text by present participle (verb say + -ing).She adds notes within the text the sayings of the Prophet in the SL which is translated into perkataan sang nabi saw in the TL to explain the phrase the Hadith.The writers thought that the purpose that she appied this is to achieve its translation and it is a suitable procedure to have notes in this translation.The word of Islamic term maulana in SL is translated into maulana in the target language.According to KBBI, maulana means "(1) gelar kehormatan untuk Tuhan (sebagai pelindung penolong); gelar kehormatan untuk para nabi (sebagai pembimbing umat); (2) gelar kehormatan bagi ulama besar atau sufi; (3) tuan kita".
The translator keeps the word maulana in the TL by borrowing the original word.Then, she gives the explanation at the bottom of page and notes at the end of novel.Here, she adds notes at the bottom of page or footnote tokoh masyarakat to explain of the Islamic word maulana.Also, she adds explanation at the end or glossary of novel that the word maulana is translated into ulama Islam.She states two kinds of notes in her translation, notes at bottom of page or footnote and notes or glossary at the end of novel.The writers thought that it is not effective to provide the explanation in translation because it can make the readers confused.Hence, the translator has to choose one of the notes procedures to achieve the readable of her translation.The word of Islamic term mufti in the SL is translated into mufti in the TL.Mufti in SL is followed by notes within the text which means he is an Islamic scholar and authority on Islamic law in SL which is translated into yang berarti dia seorang ulama dan punya wewenang dalam hukum Islam, in the TL as an adjectival clause.According to Oxford dictionary, mufti is a Muslim who is an expert in legal matters connected with Islam.Though, based on KBBI, muftimeans "pemberi fatwa untuk memutuskan masalah yang berhubungan dengan hukum Islam".

SL: His name was
The translator adds notes within the text ass an adjectival clause.Here, she does not only add notes within the text, but also adds notes or glossary at the end of novel.Consequently, in the TL translation, it consist two kinds of notes.Based on the writers perspective the she should choose one of the kinds of notes to make the readers understand at ease what the meaning of the word Islamic term of mufti.Therefore, notes or the additional information can make the meaning of the word mufti readable clearly.

SL: 'Sunni' comes from the Arabic
for 'one who follows the traditions of the Prophet'.
TL: 'Sunni' berasal dari kata Arab, berarti " orang yang mengikuti tradisi sang Nabi Saw.p.109 The word of Islamic term Sunni in the source language is translated into Sunni in TL.She applies the loan word Sunni in the translation, but she adds notes in the SL one who follows the traditionsof the Prophet which is translated into orang yang mengikuti tradisi sang Nabi Saw in the TL.According to Cambridge dictionary, Sunni is (a member) of the largest Islamic religious group, which follows the teachings only of Mohammed, not those any of the religious leaders who came after him.Meanwhile, based on KBBI, Sunni means ahli sunah.
The translator adds notes within the text as an adjectival clause.This clause one who follows the traditions of the Prophet used to explain the word Islamic term Sunni that aims to give more information to the meaning of that word.It is called the adjective clause because it uses conjunction who to explain the word Sunni.The writers think that the translator used this procedure to make the translation is accepted by the readers.

SL: They become known as Shias,
shortened from Shia-t-Ali, the Party of Ali.
TL: Mereka dikenal sebagai Syi'ah, singkatan dari Shia-t-Ali, partainya Ali.p. 109 The word of Islamic term Shias in SL is translated into Syi'ah in the TL.Shias in the SL is followed by the notes one Shia-t-Ali, the Party of Ali which is translated into Shia-t-Ali, partainya Ali in the TL.According to Cambridge dictionary, Shia means a member of the second largest religious movement within Islam, which is based on the belief that Ali, a member of Mohammed's family, and the teachers who came after him, were the true religious leaders.
The translator adds notes within the text as a noun in apposition.It is the right way to explain the meaning of the Islamic term Shias.In writers opinion, the reason why she uses this procedure is because the non-Muslim readers do not know the real meaning of that word Islamic term of Shias.Consequently, the she should add notes within the text as a noun in apposition that has been mention by Newmark to make the meaning become clear.
6. SL: ..., taking American money while still helping the Jihadis-'strategic assets', as the ISI calls them.TL: ..., menerima uang Amerika tapi masih membantu jihadi-'ases strategis', begitulah ISI menyebut mereka.p. 105 The word of Islamic term jihadis in the SL is translated into jihadi in the TL.Jihadis in SL is followed by notes within the text strategic assets that are translated into ases strategis in the TL.According to Cambridge dictionary, jihad is a HOLY WAR which is fought by Muslims against people who are a threat to the Islamic religion or who oppose its teachings.Haneef states that jihad is an obligation to the individual Muslim, and it is an obligation to the Islamic society as well.Unfortunately, the word jihad has been represented so often in the Western media (and by some well-meaning but ignorant Muslims as well) as meaning "holy war" that this is now accepted as its real meaning. 18e translator adds notes within the text in parentheses.She adds the notes or additional information as the strategy in the translation which aims to make the readers easily understand when they read that translation, but the word is not standart Indonesian language.According to KBBI, aset means sesuatu yang mempunyai nilai tukar.It can be said that the word asset in the SL should translate into aset in the TL to get the equivalent meaning both the SL and the TL.

SL: We also have the Ahl-e-Hadith
(people of the hadith), who are salafists.
TL: Kami juga punya Ahlul Hadits(ahli hadis), yang disebut kaum salafi.p. 110 The phrase of Islamic term Ahle-Hadith in SL is translated into Ahlul Hadits (ahli hadis) in TL.According to KBBI, ahli hadis means orang yang ahli diseluk-beluk hadis.The translator adds notes withis the text in brackets.She explains ahli hadis as the meaning of the phrase Islamic term Ahl-e-Hadits.The reason why she uses these notes is because the non-Muslim readers do not familiar with the meaning of it.She prefers this to avoid the ambiguity of the concept of this Islamic term.The writers supported her translation because it has equivalent meaning between SL and TL.sahib-biasa datang ke rumah kami untuk mengajarkan Al-Quran kepadaku dan anak-anak setempat lainnya.p. 157 The phrase of Islamic term qari sahibs in SL are translated into qari sahib inTL.The phrase Qori sahib comes from Arabic language.According to KBBI, qori means pembaca Al-Quran (laki-laki); a man who is the Al-Quran reader.Whereas, sahib means sahabat.
The word sahib of the SL is plural form.It can be identified from applying suffix -s at the end of the word sahib.The word guru in the TL is the synonym of the word qari in the SL.As a result, the synonym of qari sahibs is guru-guru Islam.Qori sahibs has absorbed into Indonesia with a special designation meaning for a teacher or lecturer in informal school of Islam.The note in this translation is notes within the text in parentheses.The translator explains guru-guru Islam as the meaning of the phrase Islamic term qari sahibs by adding dash in between that phrase qari sahibs.The writersagree with this way in translating the Islamic term qari sahibs because it has equivalent meaning between the SL and the TL. 9. SL: It started with 'Asalaamu alaikum'-'peace be upon you'-but it wasn't peaceful at all.TL: Surat itu dimulai dengan Assalamu 'alaikum -" Damai besertamu"-tapi suratnya sama sekali tidak penuh perdamaian.p. 243 The phrase Islamic term Asalaamu alaikum in the SL is translated into Assalamu 'alaikum in the TL.Both SL and TL are followed by the notes within the text in parentheses "peace be upon you" in SL which is translated into "damai besertamu" in the TL.It is a phrase of greeting used by Muslims both in meeting and leave-taking, which is also repeated at the end of every salat.
The translator adds notes within the text in parentheses.Her aim is to achieve the equivalent meaning by adding the explanation of that phrase.The writers were in line with her translation because the Islamic term Assalamu 'alaikum is translated with an appropriate procedure of notes.
The translator adds notes within the text by adding coordinating conjunction (or) as an alternative to translated word.She intends to obtain the equivalent meaning by adding notes in her translation.However, the writers think that the notes or additional information used by her is not clear.The notes alms are less obvious to translate the word zakat, because it has different Islamic law.Haneef states that the Arabic word zakat, which literary means "purification" has no actual and precise English equivalent; the nearest term to it meaning is "poor-due".Zakat, the fourth of the acts of worship in Islam is thus the Muslim's worship of Allah by means of his wealth through an obligatory form of giving to those in need.
Zakat is one of the central pillars of the Islamic religion which Allah has given the order for in the Qur'an.The command and the rules of zakat is mentioned a significant number of times in the Al Qur'an.Whereas, based on KBBI, sedekah means "pemberian sesuatu kepada fakir miskin atau yang berhak menerimanya, di luar kewajiban zakat dan fitrah sesuai kemampuan pemberi; derma.Furthermore, sedekah is the general term used for giving charity in Islam because of all acts of worship through giving financial classified as sedekah.
2. SL: ..., haj, the pilgrime to Mecca, ... TL: ..., dan haj, ziarah ke Makkah, ...p. 41 The word Islamic term haj (hajj) inSL is translated into haj in TL.The word haj in the SL is followed notes the pilgrimage to Mecca that it is translated into ziarah ke Makkah in the TL as a noun in apposition.According to Cambridge dictionary, hajj is the religious journey to Mecca that all Muslims try to make at least once in their life.Haneef also mentions that hajj is pilgrimage to Makkah in Saudi Arabia constitutes the fifth and of the acts of worship prescribed by Islam.
Translator adds notes within the text as a noun in apposition.Her objective is to explain the meaning of the word Islamic term hajj.Thus, she borrows the original word haj and explains it extensively in order to make understandable translation.Based on the definition above, the writersutter that it is the accepted translation.

C. Conclusion
The procedure of notes plays the important part in the translation.It is a reason that the translator must notice in translating the Islamic term.Notes used by the translator have aims to supply the additional information about the meaning of the word or phrase Islamic terms in their translation.Each Islamic term has the meaning itself which is solved by the translator through choosing the right notes in order to get the clear meaning.Accordingly, the translator requires the knowledge of the notes procedures in translating terms to provide the good translation result.
After analyzing the data, the writers draw some conclusions.First, from eleven selected data of Islamic terms, they are divided them into two categories: nine Islamic terms as knowledge and two Islamic terms as worship.Second, the translator uses three notes in her translation, namely: notes within the text, notes at bottom of page (footnote) and notes or glossary at the end of book.As a result, the most frequently notes procedures in I Am Malala novel, 82% of Islamic terms are translated using notes within the text in parentheses.It means that, the notes within the textin parentheses in translating the Islamic terms, especially in novel is not the particular procedure to support more information about the word or phrase Islamic terms than two other notes.
translation should possess the style of the translation.10.A translation should read as contemporary of the translator.11.A translation may add or omit from the original.
Mohamed Ali, "Islamic term in contemporary English", English Today 90, Vol 23, No. 2 (April 2007), in" Article on English and Islam" article collected in 2012 by Abdurrosyid.The Islamic Terms as Knowledge Table 2 The Islamic Terms as Worship Islamic Terms as Knowledge 1. SL: His sermons were often illustrated by world event or historical happening as well as stories from the Quran and the Hadith, the sayings of the Prophet.TL: Khutbah-khutbahnya sering kali dihiasi peristiwa dunia dan peristiwa bersejarah, dan juga kisah dari Al-Quran dan Hadis, perkataan sang Nabi saw.p. 38.The phrase of Islamic term the Hadith in the source language (SL) is translated into Hadis in the target language (TL).The phrase Hadith is followed by the notes within the text the sayings of the Prophet in SL which is translated into perkataan sang Nabi saw in the TL.Based on Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Hadis means sabda, perbuatan, takrir (ketetapan) Nabi Muhammad saw yang diriwayatkan atau diceritakan oleh sahabat untuk menjelaskan dan menentukan hukum Islam. 17 2. SL: My father remembers that one day a maulana called Sufi Moham- 8. SL: We used to have Islamic studies teachers-qari sahibs-who came to our home to teach the Quran to me and other local children.TL: Dahulu, guru-guru Islam -qari 18 Suzanne Haneef, What everyone should know about ISLAM AND MUSLIMS (Delhi: Adam Publisher and Distributor, 1994), p.121.