MUHAJIRIN AMSAR CONTRIBUTION ON LEGAL HADÎTS INTERPRETATION

Muhajirin Amsar Contribution on Legal Hadîts Interpretation. Muhajirin Amsar is a native Betawi scholars. Muhajirin Amsar explained hadîts by ignoring other scholars opinion in terms of grammar, so that the reader can immediately understand the content of the hadîts. He also did not provide his own opinion after the scholars opinion, it seems he more likely put the reader to choose freely due to the problem as the issue of khilâfiyyah.


Introduction
The word 'contribution' is originally derived from English word which means to help or donations, for example "his contribution to art literature was very great, which meansa very large contribution to the literature or a meaningful contribution to charity which equal understanding to donations to charity. 1 Furthermore, etymologically speaking the word 'syarh' (interpretation) is derived from the Arabic syaraha which means'to explain', 'to open', 'to pave'. 2 And too, the word 'syarh' is usually used to describe the meaning of the hadîts, while the word 'tafsîr' is usually used to explain the meaning of the Quran.For the impelementation, the word tafsîr-is exclusively concerning with the interpretation of the Quran meaning.While syarh, relies on hadîts interpretation, its content, conclusion (istinbâth) for both legal or moral of the Prophet's words or explaining other disciplines. 3cived: 13th March 2014, revised: 28th August 2014, accepted: 3th December 2014.
Meanwhile, according to the definition the word syarh hadîts is to explain and to interpret the meaning of all its contents of hadîts both legal and wisdom4 .The definition very much relies on the matan of hadîts where as syarh includes all components of hadîts, both sanad and matan is to explain the validity and disability the sanad (chain of hadîts narrators) and matan hadîts as well as its meaning, and conclusion toboth legal and wisdom. 5th the above definition, the hadîts interpretation (syarh) broadly covers the following three important points: (1) Describing the both quantity and quality of hadîts, in terms of the sanad or the matan, both in general and detail.This includes the explanation of its pathways, origin, identity and characteristics of the narrators, as well as analysis of the matan in the view language rules.
(2) Elaborating the meaning and intention of hadîts, which include the explanation how to read the specific pronunciation, grammatical, lexical and each intended meaning.(3) Discovering the law and wisdom contained therein which includes istinbâth toward the law and the wisdom in hadîts, either expressed or implied. 6he interpretation (syarh) of hadîts also means researching, then explaining each component contained in hadîts.In general, the hadîts scholars describe two components namely the sanad and the matan.The sanad is a series of narrators who transmit the matan from primary sources.While the matan is hadîts narration as the supporting elements of its meaning.7  Pragmatically speaking, the syarh hadîts has actually occurred at the birth of the hadîts itself, namely by the Prophet verbally and continued during the period of companions by the scholars, so the periodization of the history of syarh hadîts seems necessary to be distinguished to the historical periodization of the development of the hadîts sciences and the hadîts itself.Many facts prove that syarh hadîts verbally is often done by the Prophet and the companions.Therefore, the period of the historical development of syarh hadîts mainly divided into three periods; are at the time of syarh hadîts at the time of the early period of hadîts (fî 'ashr al-risâlah), syarh hadîts at the time of hadîts narration and compilation (fî ashr alriwâyah wa al-tadwîn), and syarh hadîts after the period of the compilation (ba'da al-tadwîn). 12The latter of those periods is the time when the emergence of several books began such as Syarh Hadîts Bukhârî,

The Compiler of Bulûgh al-Marâm
The compiler of Bulûgh al-Marâm is Ahmad ibn 'Alî ibn Muhammad Abû al-Fadh al-Kannânî al-Syâfi'î known as Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalânî, a gonfalonier for sunnah, justices, hâfizh and hadîts narrator.He was born in Egypt in Sya'bân773 AH.In the country where he grew up, he memorized the Quran, al-Hawî, and a summary of Ibn al-Hâjib.He sailed to accompany one of his closest colleague to Mecca, hardly learned hadîts and love the subject.He earnestly studied and obtained from the experts in a number of countries such as Hejaz, Sham and Egypt, especially he learned to al-Bulqaynî and Ibn al-Mulaqqan in Iraq and finally they gave him authorization to teach and give fatwa.He also learned Islamic legal theory to al-'Izz ibn Jamâ'ah, the language to al-Majd Fairuzabadî, Arabic to al-Imarî, literature and arûdh to al-Badr al-Busytakî.Then he tried to spread the hadîts and consistently engaged in it to several places, either through teaching or compilation of books for more than 21 years. 16 for his writing not less than 150 titles, and some of which are related to the disciplines of hadîts such as Al-Ishâbah fî Asmâ al-Shahâbah, Tahdzîb al-Tahdzîb, Al-Taqrîb, Ta'jîl al-Manfa'ah   18 In addition to his teaching at his religious school (Pesantren) Al-Nida Al-Islamiy Bekasi and some places outside the Pesantren, Muhajirin Amsar diligently wrote the book in a variety of themes, ranging from hadîts sciences, Islamic jurisprudence, logic, theology, and so forth, which were written in Arabic.Among the works he wrote as the following:

Muhajirin Amsar Method in His Book, Misbâh al-Dhalâm
The word method is derived from English, method which means a planned and orderly way to do something, such as His method of teaching is very up to date which meant his teachingmethodis very modern way. 22Here is the method used by Muhajirin Amsar in explaining the meaning of the hadîts concerning with sleep which could abrogate the matter of wudlû'.
The hadîts text concerning with sleep which could abrogate wudhu': 23
On the matter of sleep which related to someone's wudhû', there are vary in idea which rely on eight schools of thought: (1) Sleeping is not abrogating wudhû' what ever the circumstances, as it is narrated from Abû Mûsâ al-'Asy'arî, Sa'îd ibn Musayyab, Abû Majlaj and others.(2) Sleeping can abrogate the wudhû'regardless the sleep is much or little.Nawâwî said that this opinion relies on Hasan Bashrî, al-Muznî, and Abû 'Ubayd al-Qâsim.(3) Sleeping which takes much in time can abrogate the wudhû' what ever the circumstances.Nawâwî said that this opinion relies on Malik, Ahmad in one of his narration.Rabi'a, Zuhri and Awzâ'î tend to this school of thought.(4) If the sleeping in one pattern of those who pray like people are bowing, prostration and standing is not abrogating it, either in or outside the prayer (shalât).If the sleep lies or supine can also abrogate it.Nawâwî said that this stand point very much relies on Abû Hanîfah, Dâwud schools of thought and the statement of Syafi'i.( 5) The matter does not abrogate it except it occurred in bowing and prostration.The idea relies on Ahmad narration.(6) The matter is not abrogate it in all circumstances and abrogate it outside the prayer (shalât).This opinion is attached to Zayd ibn 'Alî and Abû Hanîfah.( 7) If the matter occurred firmly on the seat does not abrogate it, either sleep takes much in time or little and in or outside the prayer.This idea relies on Syafi'i. 24‫فليتوضاء.‬‫نام‬ ‫فمن‬ ‫السه‬ ‫وكاء‬ ‫العينان‬ ‫احلديث‬ ‫وىف‬ The above hadîts shows that both eyes are bound to the rectum.If the person slept it would tie it apart and he did not know what matches out of the rectum.If the mentioned hadîts general in meaning then it devoted to the hadîts which relies on the bowed head.Therefore, the hadîts compatibility with the translation of the hadîts that sleeping in the waiting prayers caused things were not moving in.So that the seat does not abrogate it.The hadîts in the context of waiting for prayer time at the night of Ramadhan. 26other example is the hadîts related to the qunût in shubuh prayer time which reads:

‫عليه‬ ‫اهلل‬ ‫صلى‬ ‫الىن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫عنه‬ ‫تعاىل‬ ‫اهلل‬ ‫رض‬ ‫أنس‬ ‫وعن‬ ‫من‬ ‫أحياء‬ ‫على‬ ‫يدعو‬ ‫كوع‬ ‫الر‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫شهر‬ ‫قنت‬ ‫وسلم‬ ‫كه‬ ‫تر‬ ‫مث‬ ‫العرب‬
For Ahmad and al-Dâruquthnî from other narration added as for the shubuh prayer of the Prophet always do the qunût up to his passed away.Muhajirin explained the matter as follows: Muslims agreed to the hadîts related to the matter of the qunût then agreed that Zhuhur, Ashar, Maghrib and Isyâ, the Prophet did not do the qunût unless there is a disaster (nâzilah) and a dispute occured at shubuh for the prayer time.
With this hadîts al-Syâfi'î argued that the matter of the qunût is recommended caused the Prophet did it up to his passing away and it was part of the sunnah ab'âdh that if the matter is forgotten need to be equipped by performing the so called the sujûd sahwi.
Muhajirin said that he received a sequential manner (musalsal) of the hadîts related to the matter of the qunût dawn of his lecturer, Muhammad Yâsîn.He said that in concatenated he received Syâfi'iyyah and not from other scholars.Mâlik said, the Prophet do perform the qunût before bowing.The differences of opinion occurred between Syâfi'iyyah and Mâlikiyyah that the performance of the qunût after bowing or before it.However, they agreed upon the matter of prescribing the qunût.Abû Hanîfah, Ahmad and al-Tsawrî said that the matter was not recommended, mainly in shubuhband other times except the prayer of witir.As the matter of the qunût nâzilah they agreed to its existence caused the Prophet did it for about a month then left it. 27e qunût means prayer while standing in the prayer for a specific place.Syâfi'iyyah said that the qunût moment is after bowing at the last cycles (raka'at).The qunût is indeed recommended loudly at the jahr prayer and silent while at the sirr. 28oviding the interpretation for the same hadîts, al-Shan'ânî said that Anas ibn Mâlik was asked whether the Prophet did the qunût before or after bowing.He said that the Prophet did it after bowing for a month, after he saw that 70 people whom he sent to the polytheists were killed and the Prophet prayed for the syuhadâ (martyrs).Several hadîts that narrated by Anas related to the matter seem contradict each other, then al-Shan'ânî collected all of hadîts and found all are authentic hadîts. 29The qunût was done before bowing or later, he said that the qunût which done before bowing caused of the performance of a longstanding for reciting the sûrah of the Quran.He said that the best of which is the establishment of long prayers.The qunût which performed by the Prophet after bowing in prayer had been done for a month.Then continued this practice until he passed away.If the the long standing in his prayer, indeed caused of reciting the Quran and praying at the same time, said al-Shan'ânî that Anas seems disagreed upon the matter of the Prophet who habitually do the qunût in shubuh prayer time in his life, up to his passed away.The long standing in prayer is generally applicable to all the five times prayers a day. 30 for the hadîts of Abû Hurayrah R.a. which is selected and edited by al-Hâkim that the Prophet when lifting his head from bowing in the second raka'ah at 27  shubuh prayer time, he raised his hands and prayed Allahumma Ihdinî fî man Hadayt until the end.'Abd Allâh ibn Sa'îd al-Maqbarî found that praying in the second raka'ah at shubuh prayer time is habits for the Salaf and Khalaf, al-Hâdî, al-Qâsim, Abû Zayd 'Alî and al-Syâfi'î although differed in narrating the pronunciation.Al-Hâdî with praying that adopted from the Quranic verses by reciting and al-Syâfi'î read Allahumma Ihdinî fî man Hadayt until the end. 31

Closing Remarks
Referring to the above methods used in the two books of syarh, Subul al-Salâm and Mishbâh al-Dhalâm show that both lecturers have similarities and differences in explanation.The similarities of the both scholars devide into eight points of opinion concerning with the hadîts related to the matter of sleep and wudhû'.The difference is that al-Shanâ'nî explained the hadîts in terms of grammar before explaining its contain, then he provides his own opinion after the other earlier scholars opinion.While KH Muhajirin Amsar explained hadîts by ignoring other scholars opinion in terms of grammar, so that the reader can immediately understand the content of the hadîts.He also did not provide his own opinion after the scholars opinion, it seems he more likely put the reader to choose freely due to the problem as the issue of khilâfiyyah.Each has its own added value and has made a significant contribution in the context of hadîts legal description that contained in the book of Bulûgh al-Marâm including Muhajirin Amsar, The native Betawi scholars.[] Syarh Hadîts Historical development of syarh hadîts experiencing a long story and dynamic.Hasbi al-Shiddiqy 8 found syarh hadîts developments occurred in the seventh period or the last period of the development of the hadîts and its sciences.The Seven periods made by Hasbi Al-Shiddiqy are as follows: (1) The birth of the hadîts up to the Prophet passed away; (2) The restriction of hadîts narration; (3) The development and the journey of compiling hadîts narration, since the late 41 AH up to 1 AH; (4) The codification of hadîts in the second Centuy AH.; (5) The screening and selection of hadîts in the 3 rd century of Hijriah; (6) The codification of the forgotten hadîts since the beginning of the fourth century up to 646 AH;(7) The Writing books of syarh, takhrîj and so it began in the middle of seventh century AH. 9 As for Muhammad 'Abd al-'Zîz al-Khûlî divides syarh hadîts development phase into five periods, and the last period is systematization, compilation and writing the the book syarh since the fourth century AH. 10 While Other hadîts figure, Nuruddin 'It divides the history of the science of hadîts into seven phases: (1) The birth of the hadîts sciences since the companions period up to the hundredth century AH; (2) The completion, since the beginning of the second century to the beginning of the third century AH; (3) The compilation hadîts sciences books separately, since the third century until the middle of the fourth century AH; (4) The compilation of main books of hadîts sciences since the middle of the fourth until the seventh century AH; (5) The maturation and refinement of of hadîts sciences since the end of the seventh century until the tenth century AH; (6) The stagnation, since the tenth century to the fourteenth century AH; (7) The second resurrection since the fourteenth century AH and so on. 11 Fath al-Bârî by Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalânî, Umdat al-Qârî by Badr al-Dîn al-'Aynî, Irsyâd al-Sârî by Al-Qathalânî, Fâid al-Bârî by Nur Shah Anwar al-Kasymiriy, and so on for syarh hadîts books.As it is known that Bulûgh al-Marâm by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalânî 13 concerning with the legal aspects of hadîts which has several syarh books, such as Subul al-SalÂm, 14 the work of al-Shan'ânî and Mishbâh al-Dhalâm by Muhajirin Amsar.The discussion is focused on Mishbâh al-Dhalâm, 15 Muhajirin Amsar's work and his methods in explaining the legal aspects of hadîts, Although it is possible to discuss other methods other than the author's book of Syarh Bulûgh al-Marâm in his early time such as al-Shan'ânî.

Biography of Muhajirin Amsar Mishbâh
bi Rijâl al-Arba'ah, Musytabih al-Nisbah, Talkhîsh al-Kabîr fî Takhrîj Ahâdîts al-Rafi'î al-Kabîr, Takhrîj al-Mashâbih and Ibn Hâjib, Takhrîj al-Kasysyâf, Ittihâf al-Mahârah, Al-Muqaddimah, Badl al-Mâ'un, Nukhbah al-Fikr and its interpretation and the most monumental in this field is Fath al-Bârî fî Syarh Shahîh al-Bukhariy.After compiling this sunnah encyclopedia, he passed away after isyâ' time on Saturday evening of 18th of Dzû al-Hijjah in 852 AH. 17 al-Zhalâm compiler is Muhajirin Amsar al-Dârî, Betawi scholar and religious expert (ulama), born in Kampung Baru Cakung Barat, Cakung, East Jakarta on November 10, 1921.The name al-Dâriyis originally taken from Ma'had Dâr al-Ulûm, where he studied at Mecca.The most of its alumni made the use of the name al-Dârî behind each name.Muhajirin Amsar learned to several scholars as can be noted to Guru Asmat in his homeland, Kampung Baru Cakung Barat, H.Mukhayar, H.Ahmad, KH Hasbiallah Klender, H.Anwar, H.Hasan Murtaha, Sheikh Muhammad Tahir Ahmad ibn Muhammad, the disciple of Syaykh Mansur KH Salih Ma'mun Banten, KH Abdul Majid and Habib Ali Kwitang.Then he continued his formal education at Dâr al-Ulûm al-Dîniyyah, Mecca Saudi Arabia from 1947 up to 1955.While in Mecca he also enrolled in the foyer of Masjid al-Haram and every summer he learned in Masjid Nabawi in Medina.